| Keywords |
Cardiovascular disease; Risk factors; Cognitive function; Depressive symptoms; Older adults |
| Abstract |
In this cross-sectional study, we examined the effect of cardiovascular risk factors on cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms in older Korean women aged 60 years and older (N=3,034). Cardiovascular risk factors included smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, underweight/obesity, unintentional weight loss. Cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms were assessed with Mini-Mental Status of Examination and Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression 10, respectively. Logistic regression analyses showed that odds ratio (OR) of cognitive impairment was 2.79 (95% confidence interval, CI, 2.220∼3.515, p<0.001), 2.97 (95% CI, 2.323~3.793, p<0.001), and 4.38 (95% CI, 2.861~6.711, p<0.001) for one, two, and three and more risk factors. The ORs of one and two risk factors for cognitive impairment remained significant even after adjustments for age, body mass index, income, education, religion, type of house, impaired activities of daily living, fall experience, hospitalization, and medications. The OR of depression was 1.81 (95% CI, 1.439~2.272, p<0.001), 2.24 (95% CI, 1.757~2.585, p<0.001), and 3.44 (95% CI, 2.268~5.207, p<0.001) for one, two, and three and more risk factors. The ORs of one, two, three and more risk factors for depression remained significant even after adjustments for all the covariates. |