| Keywords |
Extremum seeking control; HVAC system; Energy efficiency; Real-time optimization; Model-free; control |
| Abstract |
This study comprehensively reviews technical trends and applications of Extremum Seeking Control (ESC) for enhancing the efficiency of energy-intensive building Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. ESC offers a model-free, real-time optimization alternative to traditional control strategies. We examine ESC's fundamental principles and its algorithmic progression from single-variable methods to advanced multivariable, Newton-based, input-output correlation (IOC ESC), and decentralized approaches, alongside practical considerations like anti-windup techniques. Literature review confirms ESC's effectiveness in achieving significant energy savings and performance gains in various HVAC applications, encompassing multi-unit systems (Variable Refrigerant Flow, Rooftop Unit) and sophisticated heat pumps (CO2, high-temperature).
Notable results include a 52% COP increase for room air conditioners, 48% energy savings for mini-split systems, and a 7.7% COP improvement for CO2 heat pumps. ESC are also being innovatively applied to tasks like model-free staging logic. These results underscore ESC's role as a potent and practical tool for optimizing complex, dynamic HVAC systems. |