1. Introduction
Electric vehicles are actively being researched and commercialized in each country
due to global warming caused by fossil fuels [1]. The battery pack is an important energy source that determines the mileage of an
electric vehicle and is sensitively affected by the external air temperature . In
other words, the mileage decreases under sub-zero temperature conditions in winter,
and thermal runaway has a risk of fire or explosion at high temperature conditions
in summer [2]. Therefore, the optimal temperature control of the battery pack is a very important
factor, and the temperature control of the battery pack using a PCM has been promoted
by many researchers.
Research on a battery pack under the conditions of sub-zero air temperature was
conducted using the air-cooling method by Peng et al. [3]. Research on a battery pack under high temperature conditions was conducted by using
water cooling and air cooling by Al-Zareer [4]. These systems have disadvantages such as increased vehicle weight, installation
complexity, and maintenance issues [5].
In general, the thermal energy of an electric vehicle discharges high-temperature
heat energy from the driving motor and battery pack under charging and discharging
conditions. Cooling heat is produced for the driving motor and battery pack by using
a chiller in summer.
Shin et al. did research and experimental studies and reported that PCM with high
thermal conductivity is the most suitable material for maintaining the temperature
of a battery pack. The material can be used by storing and optimally distributing
heat generated from the battery pack [6]. Jiang et al. demonstrated that the heat transfer characteristic of PCM increases
as the operating time of the battery increases and that PCM cooling transfers heat
more effectively compared to other cooling methods [7]. PCM is a material that guarantees the thermal stability of the battery pack. It
is flexible, permanent, easy to install, and has the advantage of minimizing the weight
added to the vehicle without an external power supply and maintenance [8].
Zaho et al. [9] concluded that after conducting experiments on traditional methods and PCM, PCMs
more effectively reduce battery temperature than other methods. Karimi et al. [10] conducted experiments on a li-ion battery with PCMs and observed that battery temperature
was reduced by about 70% when compared to one without PCMs. From the above literature,
the motivations for this study are described below:
$\color{color-4}{·}$ Due to more advantages with PCM, it is clear that PCM is
the best substitute when compared with other traditional methods.
$\color{color-4}{·}$ Much research was carried out on a li-ion battery, but there
is scarce research on temperature changes in a lithium polymer battery. Hence, in
this research, we selected a lithium polymer battery as a research subject.
$\color{color-4}{·}$ Many researchers have focused their research on cooling of
the battery, but very little research is available on warming of the battery during
winter season in cold climatic conditions. In this study, we focused on warming of
the battery at low temperatures.
$\color{color-4}{·}$ No research work has been carried out on RT15, RT31, EG26,
and EG28 PCMs. In this study, we used these PCMs.
The novelties in this paper are:
$\color{color-4}{·}$ Heat transfer and thermal energy storage characteri-stics
of four PCMs such as RT15, RT31, EG26, and EG28 are analyzed from solid to liquid
phase when heated and from liquid to solid phase when cooled.
$\color{color-4}{·}$ The thermal properties of the one-cycle phase trans-formation
from liquid to solid were analyzed.
$\color{color-4}{·}$ Thermal conduction and thermal storage tests were performed
on four PCMs in the environment of -20 to 60$^{\circ}$C.
$\color{color-4}{·}$ In order to confirm the hysteresis of thermal pro-perties,
expanded graphite PCM was analyzed and applied in order to perform optimal temperature
control of the battery pack.
$\color{color-4}{·}$ A BTMS was designed and manufactured using the thermal characteristics
of PCM and an optimized hysteresis PI control method, and the performance of the proposed
temperature control system was verified through experiments.
2. Modeling of Battery Pack with PCM Thermal Characteristics
In a battery pack, as electrons move during the charging and discharging process,
thermal energy is generated in the battery pack. In addition, this heat is in thermal
equilibrium in the process of transferring heat to the atmosphere together with the
PCM of the battery. The battery pack utilizes this thermal equilibrium principle to
control heat by optimizing the operating temperature range of the battery pack by
utilizing the cold and hot latent heat energy stored in the PCM. In this state, the
equation for the amount of heat generated from the battery pack when the electric
vehicle is charging or discharging is Eq. (1) [11].
where
$~ q_{\textit{battery}}\left(t\right)$ : Heat generated by battery [J]
$I\left(U\hbox{--}V\right)$ : Heating potential
$IT$ : Entropy coefficient
This thermal energy is absorbed by the PCM combined with the battery pack, and
the equation for thermal energy transferred from the battery pack to the PCM at this
time is Eq. (2).
where
[$h$]: Heat transfer coefficient per battery [Kwm/k]
[$A$]: Cross-sectional area of battery [mm]
$\textit{T}$ : Initial Battery Temperature [K]
$T_{a}$ : Ambient temperature [K]
[$c_{p}$]: Specific heat [J/kg K]
[$\textit{m}$]: Battery mass [Kg]
The battery pack generates heat through electron transfer during charging and
discharging, and this heat will be balanced by the amount of PCM and convective heat
transfer. The PCM is additionally placed around the battery pack to safely maintain
the thermal state of the battery pack and to manage thermal control.
When the vehicle is stopped or parked for a long time, the amount of thermal energy
transferred from the PCM to the battery pack is given in Eq. (3).
Thermal energy may be transferred or supplied from the PCM while the battery is
in operation or inactive. The safe operating temperature range of the battery pack
is 25 to 40$^{\circ}$C.
PCM must have excellent thermal conductivity and thermal storage properties in
order to achieve thermal equilibrium for the battery pack under optimal temperature
conditions [12,13]. For example, in extreme conditions below zero, an electric vehicle must store thermal
energy of a battery pack generated during driving in a PCM and then supply high-temperature
thermal energy to the battery pack when parking and driving. Additionally, in high
temperature conditions above 40$^{\circ}$C, the vehicle's cooler operates to cool
the battery pack and stores the cooling heat energy in a PCM to provide cooling heat
to the battery pack while the vehicle is parked and driven in high temperature conditions.
PCM can be installed very quickly and easily in an external form without using
a power source, and the material guarantees the thermal stability of the battery pack.
In this study, heat conduction and thermal storage characteristic tests were performed
on four PCMs in an environment of -20 to 60$^{\circ}$C. Hysteresis of thermal characteristics
was analyzed for expanded graphite PCMs EG26 and EG28, which have the best thermal
characteristics. The hysteresis measured through the experiment can predict the latent
heat or heat storage amount of the PCM, and the temperature threshold of the PCM for
heat energy transfer of the battery pack can be known.
PCM is in a solid state at low temperatures and begins to melt when heated, and
when the temperature is continuously increased, PCM is completely transformed into
a liquid state. The PCM performance curve is shown in the graph below in Fig. 1. Conversely, if the temperature is low, the PCM is solidified in a liquid state,
and if the temperature is continuously low, the PCM becomes a completely solid state.
The temperature characteristic curve of PCM shows different inclined curves when the
temperature rises and falls. The temperature deviation value of this curve is called
latent heat, and this latent heat absorbs or releases high temperature and cooling
energy in the process of repeated melting and solidification.
where
$q_{\textit{Heating}}$ : heat generated in battery operation
[$\textit{m}$]: Mass of battery [kg]
[$c_{p}$]: Specific heat in [J/kg K]
$\Delta T_{\textit{heating}}$ : Temperature difference [K]
The hysteresis curve of PCM in Fig. 1 is used to control the on/off switch based on a PID controller. In this paper, the
hysteresis curve of thermal energy was derived as shown in Fig. 6 through experiments on the thermal characteristics of the solid-to-liquid and solid-to-liquid
phase transformation cycles of PCM EG26 and EG28. The amount of latent heat storage
capacity with this hysteresis is given by Eq. (4) for heating and cooling conditions of PCM.
Fig. 1. Thermal Hysteresis Evaluation Model.
Fig. 2. Block Diagram for Controller.
3. Design of Feedback Controller with PCM Hysteresis Thermal Characteristics
The configuration of the thermal management control system of the battery pack
with PCM proposed in this paper is shown in Fig. 2. The optimal temperature condition is set as a command value, and the measured temperature
value of the battery pack is fed back to calculate an error value. This error value
is compensated by the PI controller, and the on/off state is determined by the PCM
hysteresis thermal characteristic to determine the operating state of the chiller
to control the high temperature and cooling heat of the PCM. It controls the optimum
temperature of the battery pack.
The reduced transfer functions in Fig. 2 are obtained by each component in the controller. The outlet PCM temperature is given
as feedback controller temperature input. After error correction, this input temperature
is given as input for the PI controller. The controller equation for PI is represented
as $g_{P}\left(t\right)$ in Eq. (5).
The proposed model in Fig. 2 implements a temperature controller with a very slow response of the thermodynamic
system. The PI controller compensates for the temperature deviation value and controls
the chiller operation (on/off) based on the state curve of the hysteresis controller.
At this time, the dynamic control of the chiller uses Eq. (6).
where $B\left(t\right)$ is the temperature recorded by the PCMs during operating
condition of the battery.
The battery electric potential state of heat generated due to charging and discharging
condition is given as $g_{Bat}\left(t\right)$ and is shown in Eq. (7),
Considering the load condition, the battery’s dynamic equation can be obtained
as an approximate model as in Eq. (8). Also, the dynamic equation in which the generated thermal energy is transferred
to the PCM is Eq. (9). The reduced form of the transfer function of the battery and PCM is given as $G_{B}\left(s\right),$
as shown in Eq. (10).
where
$a=R_{1}R_{2}R_{3}$, $b=R_{1}R_{2}$, $c=R_{1}R_{3}$
$d=R_{2}R_{3}$, $\mathrm{e}=C_{1}C_{2}C_{3}$, $f=C_{1}C_{2}$
$g=C_{1}C_{3}$, $h=C_{2}C_{3}$, $i=R_{1}C_{1}$
$j=R_{2}C_{2}$, $k=R_{3}C_{3}$
The reduced transfer function $G_{O}\left(s\right)$ of the entire system can be
expressed as the temperature output value of the battery pack with respect to the
temperature control command value as in Eq. (10), and the transfer function at this time is as Eq. (11).
where
$G_{P}\left(s\right)$ : PI controller equation
$G_{H}\left(s\right)$ : Hysteresis equation to controller
$G_{Bat}\left(s\right)$ : Battery equation
$G_{B}\left(s\right)$ : Reduce battery and PCM equation
$G_{O}\left(s\right)$ : Controller output
$T_{o} {\quad}$: Final PCM temperature$~ \left[K\right]$
$T_{i} {\quad}$: Initial PCM temperature $\left[K\right]$
By using the temperature control in Fig. 3 and Eq. (10) with PI control, as suggested in this paper, the expanded graphite PCM can stably
under-control the battery temperature within the range of 28 to 34$^{\circ}$C. The
cooler can control the heat of the PCM by using an air-cooled cooling method. The
proposed control method in Fig. 3 was implemented using a PIC 18 series microcomputer.
Fig. 3. Battery Pack: (a) Design, (b) H/W Realization.
Fig. 4. Thermal Controller using PIC18F8720 MICOM.
4. Experimental Results
4.1 Experiment Setup
To verify the proposed control method in Fig. 3, a battery pack system was designed as shown in Fig. 3(a). Five lithium polymer pouch batteries were connected in series, and a PCM was installed
outside the battery pack. A chiller was installed outside the battery pack for thermal
control and measurement, and a thermocouple sensor was installed in each cell to measure
the temperature change during charging and discharging of the lithium polymer battery.
as shown in Fig. 3(b).
Also, to perform the proposed thermal feedback control in Fig. 3 and Eq. (10), a circuit was designed using a PIC MICOM, as shown in Fig. 4. The designed battery thermal management controller can control the PCM temperature
for melting and solidification as the battery temperature rises and falls. The designed
thermal controller consists of a temperature sensor (AD595), a BQ77915 for battery
cell charging and discharging control, a current and voltage sensor, and a switching
circuit to control the chiller. This controller board controls the voltage of the
battery pack during charging and discharging of the electric vehicle battery pack
and also performs temperature control using PCM.
Table 1. Physical parameters of RT15, RT31, EG26, and EG28.
|
Parameters
|
RT15
|
RT31
|
EG26
|
EG28
|
|
Density [kg/m3]
|
750
|
880
|
850
|
500
|
|
Heat storage capacity [kJ/kg]
|
155
|
165
|
140
|
160
|
|
Thermal conductivity [w/mK]
|
2.0
|
2.0
|
2.2
|
2.5
|
|
Melting point [°C]
|
15
|
31
|
26
|
28
|
Table 2. Temperature comparison of battery at 25$^{\circ}$C, 60$^{\circ}$C, and 0$^{\circ}$C.
|
PCM
|
Battery Temp with no PCM[°C]
|
Battery Temp with PCM[°C]
|
|
25 to 25
|
25 to
60
|
-10 to
0
|
25 to
25
|
25 to
60
|
-10 to
0
|
|
RT15
|
37
|
49
|
-4
|
31
|
45
|
-6
|
|
RT31
|
37
|
49
|
-4
|
30
|
40
|
-3.5
|
|
EG28
|
37
|
49
|
-4
|
27
|
36
|
-1.8
|
|
EG26
|
37
|
49
|
-4
|
31
|
37.5
|
-2.0
|
Fig. 5. PCM Characteristic Evaluation Setup.
Fig. 6. Hysteresis Evaluation from PCM Properties.
4.2 PCM Thermal Performance Test
In order to evaluate the heat storage, melting, and solidification capacity of
the PCM under extreme temperature conditions, it was constructed as shown in Fig. 5. Thermal conductivity test subjects were installed in the battery module with 2 types
of paraffin-based PCM, RT15 and RT31, and expanded graphite-based EG26 and EG28. These
heat conduction and heat control experiments consist of a thermal measuring device
(DAQ), a signal conditioner, a computer, and a resistive load device.
In this experimental method, the experiment is performed under three conditions.
The battery is first heated to room temperature (25$^{\circ}$C) and then heated from
25 to 60$^{\circ}$C. Third, we heat the temperature environment to 0$^{\circ}$C with
the battery pack exposed to -10$^{\circ}$C. We performed the experiment in a controlled
environment for 6 hours. All batteries were initially charged to 4.0V, paused for
30 minutes, and then periodically discharged to 2.6V to measure heat transfer to the
PCM. For these experimental conditions, repeated experiments were initially performed
at room temperature (25$^{\circ}$C), high temperature (60$^{\circ}$C), and extreme
conditions (-20$^{\circ}$C).
As PCMs applied in this experiment, paraffin-based RT15 and RT31 and graphite
diffusion series EG26 and EG28 were used, and the physical parameters of these PCMs
are shown in Table 1. Table 2 shows the results of measuring the change in temperature characteristics of a battery
module to which PCM is applied and a battery module to which PCM is not applied in
the experimental apparatus of Fig. 6. The thermal properties of the selected PCM can be easily confirmed from the experimental
results.
For the battery module without PCM, the battery temperatures of RT15, RT31, EG26,
and EG28 were 37$^{\circ}$C, 49$^{\circ}$C, and -4$^{\circ}$C at 25$^{\circ}$C, 60$^{\circ}$C,
and 0$^{\circ}$C, respectively. For RT15, RT31, EG26, and EG28, each battery temperature
was controlled differently, as shown in Table 2 according to the latent heat temperature characteristics of PCM. In particular, it
was confirmed that EG28 satisfies the optimum temperature conditions for battery cells
at 27$^{\circ}$C, 36$^{\circ}$C, and -1.8$^{\circ}$C under the experimental conditions.
At the hot temperature condition of 60$^{\circ}$C, the battery with no PCMs was 49$^{\circ}$C,
but with PCMs, the battery temperature was recorded as 45$^{\circ}$C, 40$^{\circ}$C,
36$^{\circ}$C, and 37.5$^{\circ}$C, respectively.
In the extreme cold condition, the battery temperature with no PCMs was -4$^{\circ}$C,
and with PCMs, temperatures were -6$^{\circ}$C, -3.5$^{\circ}$C, -1.8$^{\circ}$C,
and -2.0$^{\circ}$C, respectively. Also, high thermal gradients were observed in the
battery with the PCMs and battery with no PCMs. At room temperatures, ${\Delta}$T
was 10$^{\circ}$C. At 60$^{\circ}$C, ${\Delta}$T was 7$^{\circ}$C, and at extreme
cold climatic conditions, the thermal gradient ${\Delta}$T was 2$^{\circ}$C.
In order to perform optimal temperature control of the battery pack, a battery
pack temperature control system (BTMS) was designed using a hysteresis PID control
method that considers the thermal characteristics of the PCM shown in Fig. 2. PCM stores high heat when it changes from solid state to liquid state based on the
phase change point, and PCM stores cooling heat when the phase changes from liquid
state to solid state. In this study, the optimum melting point and optimum solidification
temperature were observed for the selected PCM by obtaining the low melting point
of each PCM, and a hysteresis curve was derived based on the characteristics. As a
result of evaluating the optimum temperature for the Rubitherm PCM of EG26 and EG28,
it was observed that the battery temperature could be controlled to the optimum temperature
condition due to the thermal latent heat characteristics of the PCMs.
Therefore, in order to properly control the heat energy absorption and emission
of the PCM for optimal temperature control of the battery, the microcontroller uses
the chiller of the cooling device to properly control the temperature of the battery
pack with the PCM. Expanded graphite PCMs EG26 and EG28 have different thermal properties
when heated from 20$^{\circ}$C to 50$^{\circ}$C, as shown in Fig. 6.
The physical parameters of extended graphite PCM EG26 and EG28 are shown in Table 1. As shown in Fig. 6, it can be seen that the phases of EG26 and EG28 are transformed by different phase
shift curves. The experimental results of Fig. 6 are summarized as follows. The phase of EG26 changes to liquid at 32.7$^{\circ}$C,
and EG26 changes at 40.0$^{\circ}$C by raising the temperature from 20$^{\circ}$C
to 50$^{\circ}$C and then lowering it to 50$^{\circ}$C to 20$^{\circ}$C. PCM also
stores potential thermal energy during the solid-to-liquid and liquid-to-solid phase
transitions. The latent heat section is 30$^{\circ}$C to 35$^{\circ}$C for EG26 and
30$^{\circ}$C to 40$^{\circ}$C for EG28. The operating range of the battery pack is
optimized from 25$^{\circ}$C to 40$^{\circ}$C, making the EG28 with a wide latent
heat section more suitable for optimum temperature control.
The temperature control of the battery pack uses these physical temperature characteristics
to control the operation of the chiller. In the thermal management control, the chiller
is turned off at 32$^{\circ}$C for EG26 and 34$^{\circ}$C for EG28 in the rising curve,
where the temperature gradually increases when heat is transferred from the battery
pack to the PCM. Also, when the battery pack is cooled from 50$^{\circ}$C to 20$^{\circ}$C,
the EG26 and EG28 have a descending curve in which the temperature decreases, and
the chiller turns off at 20$^{\circ}$C. In this way, the chiller of the battery pack
with PCM can be controlled.
Fig. 7. Experimental Result of Battery Pack Temperature: (a) Initial battery temp=25$^{\circ}$C, Chamber temp=25$^{\circ}$C, (b) Initial battery temp=25$^{\circ}$C, Chamber temp=45$^{\circ}$C, (c) Initial battery temp=-10$^{\circ}$C, Chamber temp=0$^{\circ}$C.
4.3 Experiment Results and Discussion
To verify the performance of the proposed experimental model, the experimental
device was configured as shown in Fig. 5, and the temperature control of the battery pack was implemented using the algorithm
shown in Fig. 2. The control condition in Fig. 2 applied at this time is the same as that of EG 28, and the chiller configures the
controller to be off at 28$^{\circ}$C and on at 34$^{\circ}$C. In addition, the charging/discharging
of the batteries was performed by charging each battery voltage to 3.6V, resting for
30 minutes, and then discharging the battery pack up to 40% while recording the battery
pack temperature change.
In this experiment, as shown in Fig. 7, the thermal control performance experiment was studied for EG28 through a thermal
sensor at 5 points under 3 temperature conditions. The first experimental condition
is a graph of battery temperature that occurs when the chamber is 25$^{\circ}$C, and
the initial temperature of the battery pack is 25$^{\circ}$C, as shown in Fig. 7(a), when discharging and charging for 60 minutes and 100 minutes. The temperature of
the battery pack increases during discharging, the chiller operates when the battery
pack temperature is 34$^{\circ}$C, and the chiller turns off when the battery pack
temperature is 28$^{\circ}$C during charging.
In Fig. 7(b), when the temperature of the battery pack rises in the chamber at 45$^{\circ}$C,
the chiller operates when the initial temperature of the battery pack is 34$^{\circ}$C,
and the temperature of the battery pack decreases so that the battery pack temperature
is 28$^{\circ}$C. The chiller is controlled off. At this time, the chiller was operated
for about 70 minutes. In the third experiment, the battery temperature drops rapidly
from the battery pack temperature of 25$^{\circ}$C to the chamber temperature of 0$^{\circ}$C,
as shown in Fig. 7(c). At this time, the battery pack operates stably in the range of 15$^{\circ}$C to
less than 30$^{\circ}$C by the latent heat energy of EG28. Through this experiment,
the stable performance of the temperature control system of the battery pack to which
the proposed PCM is applied was confirmed.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, we proposed a temperature control system for battery packs with
EG28, an extended graphite PCM, as a method to control the optimal temperature of
electric vehicle battery packs under extreme conditions. Even in extreme environments,
the battery pack must be controlled to a safe temperature operating range of 25-40$^{\circ}$C.
The battery pack proposed in this paper stores the thermal energy of the battery pack
generated during driving in extreme conditions and PCM, and the battery pack will
manage thermal energy during parking and driving.
In order to verify the temperature control performance, heat conduction and heat
storage characteristic tests were performed on four PCMs in an environment of -20
to 60$^{\circ}$C. In order to perform optimal temperature control of the battery pack,
a BTMS was designed and manufactured using the thermal characteristics of PCM and
the optimized hysteresis PI control method shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The proposed temperature
control system was tested as shown in Fig. 5.
From the results, it was observed that out of the four PCMs, expanded graphite
PCMs performed better and controlled the battery temperature within safe operating
conditions. After this, we analyzed EG28 and EG26 PCMs’ properties and applied them
on the BTMS to control the chiller operating points. Through this, the proposed thermal
control system yielded the best results.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by a research grant from the Busan University of Foreign
Studies in 2021. It supported the funds to develop this work and also to attend a
technical seminar. Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to "Busan
University of Foreign Studies."
REFERENCES
Angani Amarnathvarma, Kim Euisong, Shin Kyoojae, 2020, Improvement of Thermal Performance
of Electric Vehicle Battery Pack with Phase-change Material., Sensors and Materials,
Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 1609-1622
Talluri T, Kim TH, Shin KJ., 2020 Jan., Analysis of a Battery Pack with a Phase Change
Material for the Extreme Temperature Conditions of an Electrical Vehicle., Energies.,
Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 507
Peng Xiongbin, et al. , 2020, A Thermal Investigation and Optimization of an Air-Cooled
Lithium-Ion Battery Pack., Energies, Vol. 13, No. 11, pp. 2956
Maan Al-Zareer , Ibrahim Dincer , Marc A.Rosen , 2019, A novel approach for performance
improvement of liquid to vapor based battery cooling systems., Energy Conversion and
Management, Vol. 187, pp. 191-204
Rao Z., Wang S., 2011, A review of power battery thermal energy management., Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 15, No. 9, pp. 4554-4571
Him Chan Kim , Eui song Kim , Hyeon Jung Lee , Myeong JIn Seo , Teressa , Amarnathvarma
Angani , Kyoo Jae Shin. , 2019, Thermal Management System in Electric vehicle Battery
Pack Using Phase Change Material., IEIE Summer Conference, Vol. , pp. 807-811
Jiang G. , Huang J. , Fu Y. , Cao M. , Liu M. , 2016, Thermal optimization of composite
phase change material/expanded graphite for Li-ion battery thermal management., Applied
Thermal Engineering, Vol. 108, pp. 1119-1125
Sangmin Oh , Junchan Lee , Hyeonjung Lee , Dongu Shin , Teressa Thalluri , Kyoojae
Shin. , 2019, Design of Battery Thermal Management Unit with PCM for Electrical Vehicle:
Part I: Modelling and Analysis of Pouch Type Battery Cell., In 2019 IEEE Eurasia Conference
on IOT Communication and Engineering (ECICE), pp. 82-85.
Zhao, Yanqi , et al. , 2019, Active cooling based battery thermal management using
composite phase change materials., Energy Procedia, Vol. 158, pp. 4933-4940
Karimi, Gholamreza , Mohammadmehdi Azizi , Aziz Babapoor. , 2016, Experimental study
of a cylindrical lithium ion battery thermal management using phase change material
composites., Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 8, pp. 168-174
Kim, Himchan , Euisong Kim , Myeongjin Seo , Taehyeong Kim , Amarnathvarma Angani
, Kyoojae Shin. , 2019, Design of Battery Thermal Management Unit with PCM for Electrical
Vehicle: Part II: Experimental Investigation on Pouch Type Battery Cell., In 2019
IEEE Eurasia Conference on IOT Communication and Engineering (ECICE), pp. 255-258.
Talluri, Teressa , Jong Hwan Seo , Ji-Young Kim , Dae Gyu Shin , Kyoo Jae Shin. ,
2019, Improving Performance of the Lithium Polymer Battery Module Part 2: Investigating
Thermal Performance of PCM in Cold Temperature., In 2019 IEEE International Conference
on Architecture, Vol. construction environment and hydraulics (icaceh), pp. 56-58
Sabbah R , Kizilel R , Selman JR , 2008 Aug 1., , Active (air-cooled) vs. passive
(phase change material) thermal management of high power lithium-ion packs: Limitation
of temperature rise and uniformity of temperature distribution., Journal of Power
Sources, Vol. 182, No. 2, pp. 630-8
Author
Kyoo Jae Shin is a professor of intelligence robot science at the Busan University
of Foreign Studies (BUFS), Busan, South Korea. He is the director of the Future Creative
Science Research Institute at BUFS. He received his B.S. degree in electronics engineering
in 1985, an M.S. degree in electrical engineering from Cheonbuk National University
(CNU) in 1988, and his Ph.D. degree in the electrical science from Pusan National
University (PNU) in 2009. Dr. Shin was a professor at the Navy Technical Education
School and a main director for research associates of a dynamic stabilization system
in Dusan Defense Weapon Research Institute. Also, he has researched and developed
the following: a fish robot, submarine robot, agricultural automatic bug spray robot
in a glass room, automatic milking robot using a manipulator, personal electrical
vehicle, smart accumulated aquarium using heat pump, solar tracking system, 3D hologram
system, and gun/turret stabilization system. He has interest in an intelligence robot,
image signal processing application system, and smart farm and aquarium using new
energy and IoT technology.