Mobile QR Code QR CODE
Export citation EndNote




ํ”Œ๋ผ์ด์• ์‹œ, ๊ณ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ, ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”, ํ•ด์ˆ˜, hydrocalumite
fly ash, blast furnace slag cement, alkali activation, sea water, hydrocalumite

  • 1. ์„œ ๋ก 

  • 2. ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฐœ์š”

  •   2.1 ์‹œํ—˜์žฌ๋ฃŒ

  •   2.2 ์‹œํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ณ„ํš

  • 3. ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ

  •   3.1 ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ฐ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

  •   3.2 X์„  ํšŒ์ ˆ๋ถ„์„(X-ray diffraction, XRD) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

  •   3.3 ์—ด์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„(Thermogravimetric analysis, TGA) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

  •   3.4 MIP(Mercury introsion porosimetry) ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

  • 4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

1. ์„œ    ๋ก 

๊ฑด์ถ• ๋ฐ ํ† ๋ชฉ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์ ธ ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์•ฝ 100์–ต ํ†ค์— ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ์†Œ๋น„๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜(mixting water) ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 10์–ต ํ†ค์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ ๋ถ€์กฑ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ–ฅํ›„ 10๋…„ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋ฌผ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.1) ๊ตญ์ œ์ธ๊ตฌํ–‰๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ(Population Action International) ๋ฐ ๊ตญํ† ๊ตํ†ต๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜์ž์› ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฌผ ๋ถ€์กฑ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ์ •์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ง๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๊ฑด์„ค ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ๋„ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฑด์„ค ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜(fresh water)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ•ด์ˆ˜(sea water)์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,2) ๊ฑด์„ค ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์— ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒ ๊ทผ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋ถ€์‹ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ์‹œ ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค.3) ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์„ค์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.2,4-6) Kaushik2) ๋“ฑ์€ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์žฌ๋ น 7์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 13%์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Abrams4) ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์žฌ๋ น 3์ผ ๋ฐ 7์ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด, Wegian5)์€ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ข‹์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์žฌ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผยท์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Lee1) ๋“ฑ์€ ์ฒ ๊ทผ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฒ ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ถ€์‹์— ๋” ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. El-Didamony6) ๋“ฑ์€ ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ์— ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŽ˜์ด์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ํŽ˜์ด์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ํŽ˜์ด์ŠคํŠธ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ์— ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํŽ˜์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ˆ˜์— ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋‚ดํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์—ผ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์™€ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํŽ˜์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ˆ˜์— ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑด์„คํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต ํฌํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ™”ํ•™์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ7)์™€ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ธ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ด์• ์‹œ์— ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒฝํ™”์ฒด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ™”๋œ ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„, ํก์ˆ˜์œจ, X์„  ํšŒ์ ˆ๋ถ„์„(X-ray diffraction), ์—ด์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„(thermogravimetric analysis) ๋ฐ MIP(mercury intrusion porosimetry) ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฐœ์š”

2.1 ์‹œํ—˜์žฌ๋ฃŒ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด H ํ™”๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ด์• ์‹œ(fly ash)์™€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด H ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ(blast furnace slag cement)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™”ํ•™ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์€ XRF(X-ray fluorescence) ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด Table 1์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ผ์ด์• ์‹œ์™€ ๊ณ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด XRD(X-ray diffraction)๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ Fig. 1์— ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ XRD ํŒจํ„ด์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Table 1 Chemical compositions (oxides in wt%) of raw fly ash (FA) and blast furnace slag cement (BFSC) 

SiO2

Al2O3

Fe2O3

CaO

MgO

Na2O

TiO2

SO3

K2O

MnO

FA

51.29

22.16

9.71

6.44

1.72

1.73

1.36

1.24

1.87

0.08

BFSC

25.74

9.54

2.62

51.77

3.77

0.3

0.51

4.38

0.84

0.19

/Resources/kci/JKCI.2016.28.3.299/images/Figure_CONCRETE_28_3_05_F1.jpg

Fig. 1 XRD patterns for the raw materials: (a) fly ash and (b) blast furnace slag cement

ํ”Œ๋ผ์ด์• ์‹œ๋Š” quartz, mullite, magnesioferrite ๋ฐ CaO์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์งˆ๊ณผ ๋„“์€ ์–ธ๋• ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋น„๊ฒฐ์ •์งˆ(amorphous phase)์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค(Fig. 1(a)). ๊ณ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ธ ๊ณ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ(slag)์— ํฌํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ํด๋ง์ปค(clinker)์™€ ์„๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ถ„์‡„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ(blended cement)๋กœ,8) XRD ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ธ C3S, C2S, C4AF ๋ฐ C3A์™€ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์งˆ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ”ํžˆ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” akermanite,9) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„๊ณ ์™€ ๋น„๊ฒฐ์ •์งˆ(amorphous phase) ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ฒฐ์ •์งˆ(amorphous phase)์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ด์• ์‹œ์™€ ๊ณ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ(binder)๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ ๊ฒฝํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์ œ๋Š” ์ˆœ๋„โ‰ฅ98%์ธ ์•Œ๊ฐฑ์ด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ(sodium hydroxide, NaOH)๊ณผ SiO2 26.5%, Na2O 10.6% ๋ฐ H2O 62.9%์ธ ์•ก์ƒ๊ทœ์‚ฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ(sodium silicate, Na2SiO3)์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•ด์ˆ˜(sea water) ๋ฐ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜(distilled water)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์‹œํŽธ์€ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์‹œํŽธ๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋งŒ ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, pH ์ธก์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 8.13์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

ICP-AES(inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spec-trometry)์™€ IC(ion chromatography)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์ˆ˜์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” Table 2์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Table 2 Chemical analysis of sea water (ppm)

Ca2+

K+

Mg2+

Na+

Cl-

SO42-

400

440

1200

8400

21000

2500

2.2 ์‹œํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ณ„ํš

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜(mixing water)์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ(binder)์˜ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„๋Š” 0.4๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ด์• ์‹œ์™€ ๊ณ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ผ์ด์• ์‹œ์™€ ๊ณ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„๋Š” 6:4, 7:3 ๋ฐ 8:2๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ๊ณผ ๊ทœ์‚ฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์˜ 5%๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Table 3). ์‹œํ—˜ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์šฉ ์‹œํŽธ ์ œ์ž‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ด์• ์‹œ์™€ ๊ณ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๋’ค, ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์ œ(์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ+๊ทœ์‚ฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ)์™€ ์„ž์€ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŽ˜์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” 25.4ร—25.4ร—25.4mm ๋ชฐ๋“œ์— ํƒ€์„คํ•˜์—ฌ, 23ยฐC์˜ ํ•ญ์˜จํ•ญ์Šต๊ธฐ์— ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œํŽธ์€ ์žฌ๋ น 3, 7 ๋ฐ 28์ผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ฐ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ์žฌ๋ น์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ์ธก์ •๊ฐ’์€ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์€ ๊ฐ ์žฌ๋ น์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹œํŽธ์„ ์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ์ ˆ๊ฑด ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํ‘œ๊ฑด ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ฐ’์„ ํ‰๊ท ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ์ธก์ • ํ›„ ํŒŒ์‡„๋œ ์‹œํŽธ์„ ํŒŒ์šฐ๋” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„์„œ XRD ๋ฐ TGA๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. XRD๋Š” /Resources/kci/JKCI.2016.28.3.299/images/PIC75D0.gif, 2ฮธ=5ยฐ~60ยฐ, 1ยฐ/min์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, TGA๋Š” SDT Q600 ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํŽธ์„ ์งˆ์†Œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ 10ยฐC/min์˜ ์Šน์˜จ์†๋„๋กœ ์ƒ์˜จ์—์„œ 950ยฐC ๊นŒ์ง€ ์Šน์˜จ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ, ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด MIP ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œํŽธ์€ ์ด์†Œํ”„๋กœํ•„ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ(isopropyl alcohol)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์šฉ๋งค์น˜ํ™˜๋ฒ•(solvent exchange method)10)์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ •์ง€์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„ ๊ฑด์กฐ์‹œ์ผœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 3 Mixture proportions

Sample

ID

Mixing water/

Binder

Mixing water

Binder

Activator

(wt% of binder)

DW*

SW*

FA*

BFSC*

NaOH

Na2SiO3

D64

0.4

40

-

60

40

5

5

D73

0.4

40

-

70

30

5

5

D82

0.4

40

-

80

20

5

5

S64

0.4

-

40

60

40

5

5

S73

0.4

-

40

70

30

5

5

S82

0.4

-

40

80

20

5

5

*DW: distilled water, SW: sea water, FA: fly ash and BFSC: blast furnace slag cement

3. ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ

3.1 ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ฐ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

ํ”Œ๋ผ์ด์• ์‹œ(fly ash, ์ดํ•˜ FA)์™€ ๊ณ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ(blast furnace slag cement, ์ดํ•˜ BFSC)์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„๋ฅผ 6:4, 7:3 ๋ฐ 8:2๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ๊ณผ ๊ทœ์‚ฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์ œ๋กœ, ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” Table 4 ๋ฐ Fig. 2์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. Puertas11) ๋“ฑ์€ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์„ ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ FA์™€ ๊ณ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ๋ฏธ๋ถ„๋ง(ground granulated blast furnace slag, GGBFS)์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŽ˜์ด์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ๋ฏธ๋ถ„๋ง(GGBFS)์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ๋ฏธ๋ถ„๋ง(GGBFS)์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„์™€์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.11) ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์ œ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ๊ณผ ๊ทœ์‚ฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.12) ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ์˜ ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ๊ณผ ๊ทœ์‚ฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฐ 5%์”ฉ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, Fig. 2์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด FA์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋น„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€(BFSC ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋น„ ๊ฐ์†Œ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ ์ค‘ BFSC ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋น„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€(FA์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋น„ ๊ฐ์†Œ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์˜ FA์™€ ๊ณ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ FA์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.13,14) ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ™”๋œ ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด(Table 5 ๋ฐ Fig. 3), ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ(S64, S73 ๋ฐ S82)๋“ค์˜ ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ FA์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€(BFSC ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋น„ ๊ฐ์†Œ)ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Zhu13) ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, FA ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹œํŽธ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ณต๊ทน ๋ฐ ๊ท ์—ด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ทน ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์žฌ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์žฌ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์žฌ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์€ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” Ismail15) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Ismail ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, FA์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์žฌ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. Ismail ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‹œํŽธ์€ ์žฌ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์žฌ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.15)

El-Didamony6) ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ณ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ณ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ๋‚ด์— NaCl, MgCl2, Na2SO4 ๋ฐ MgSO4์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ์—ผ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ด‰์ง„์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ FA์™€ BFSC๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹œํŽธ(D64/S64, D73/S73 ๋ฐ D82/S82)๋“ค์˜ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์ด ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. S64 ๋ฐ D64 ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์˜ ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, S64 ๋ฐ D64์˜ ์žฌ๋ น 7์ผ์—์„œ 28์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋„์ฆ์ง„์œจ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์•ฝ 68% ๋ฐ 39%๋กœ, S64 ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„์ฆ์ง„์œจ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. S82 ๋ฐ D82 ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•  ๋•Œ, ์žฌ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

/Resources/kci/JKCI.2016.28.3.299/images/Figure_CONCRETE_28_3_05_F2.jpg

Fig. 2 Compressive strengths of samples with three different ratios of FA to BFSC, and sea or distilled water. The labels โ€œDโ€ and โ€œSโ€ represent the distilled water and sea water. The numbers represent weight ratios of FA to BFSC

Table 4 Results from the compressive strength testing

Sample ID

Compressive strength (standard deviation), MPa

3-day

7-day

28-day

D64

D73

D82

S64

S73

S82

5.95 (0.09)

4.66 (0.42)

3.7 (0.38)

5.61 (0.41)

4.95 (0.31)

3.02 (0.38)

9.07 (0.32)

6.8 (0.54)

4.86 (0.55)

7.94 (0.86)

7.14 (0.09)

4.78 (0.04)

12.58 (0.35)

9.84 (1.32)

8.16 (1.12)

13.34 (0.58)

11.12 (0.13)

7.52 (0.66)

/Resources/kci/JKCI.2016.28.3.299/images/Figure_CONCRETE_28_3_05_F3.jpg

Fig. 3 Absorptions of samples with three different ratios of FA to BFSC

Table 5 Results from the absorption testing

Sample ID

Absorption (standard deviation), %

3-day

7-day

28-day

D64

D73

D82

S64

S73

S82

34.4 (0.18)

36.17 (0.16)

38.82 (0.95)

33.02 (0.13)

35.22 (0.03)

36.87 (0.45)

32.99 (0.09)

34.41 (0.24)

37.34 (0.33)

33.38 (0.26)

35.29 (0.23)

36.97 (0.01)

34.06 (0.62)

33.08 (4.12)

35.62 (2.55)

33.84 (0.23)

34.49 (1.73)

38.87 (0.04)

3.2 X์„  ํšŒ์ ˆ๋ถ„์„(X-ray diffraction, XRD) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด XRD๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝํ™”๋œ ์‹œํŽธ ๋‚ด์— ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ XRD ํŒจํ„ด๋“ค์„ Figs. 4~6์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. XRD ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ์—์˜ ๊ฒฝํ™”๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ FA ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์ธ quartz, mullite ๋ฐ magnesioferrite๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, BFSC ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋˜ C3S (hatrurite), C2S(larnite), C4AF(brownmillerite) ๋ฐ C3A๊ฐ€ ํ•จ์œ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

Figs. 4~6์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์— ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œํŽธ(D64, D73 ๋ฐ D82)์—์„œ๋งŒ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋Š” ํ”ผํฌ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ, ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œํŽธ(S64, S73 ๋ฐ S82)์—์„œ๋งŒ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋Š” ํ”ผํฌ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋Š” ํ”ผํฌ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ์— ํ•จ์œ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ์‹œํŽธ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์€ C-S-H(calcium silicate hydrate), Ca(OH)2 ๋ฐ calcite์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

/Resources/kci/JKCI.2016.28.3.299/images/Figure_CONCRETE_28_3_05_F4.jpg

Fig. 4 X-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns of D64 and S64 samples. The numbers in ( ) indicate ICDD PDF numbers

/Resources/kci/JKCI.2016.28.3.299/images/Figure_CONCRETE_28_3_05_F5.jpg

Fig. 5 X-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns of D73 and S73 samples. The numbers in ( ) indicate ICDD PDF numbers

/Resources/kci/JKCI.2016.28.3.299/images/Figure_CONCRETE_28_3_05_F6.jpg

Fig. 6 X-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns of D82 and S82 samples. The numbers in ( ) indicate ICDD PDF numbers

Puertas11) ๋“ฑ์€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋ฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ, ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์ œ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ์–‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ธ ettringite๋Š” ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ๋œ D64, D73 ๋ฐ D82์˜ ์‹œํŽธ์—์„œ๋งŒ ํ™•์ธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, BFSC ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ์— ํ•จ์œ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ gypsum์€ D64 ๋ฐ D73 ์‹œํŽธ์—๋งŒ ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œํŽธ(S64, S73 ๋ฐ S82)๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ D64, D73 ๋ฐ D82 ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋œ ettringite์™€ gypsum์€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ S64 ์‹œํŽธ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋งŒ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๊ทธ ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋Š” akermanite9)๊ฐ€ ํ•จ์œ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค ๋‚ด์— ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” hydrocalumite์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ hydrocalumite๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, BFSC์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€(FA ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋น„ ๊ฐ์†Œ)ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก hydrocalumite ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ”ผํฌ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Hydrocalumite๋Š” ์ด์˜จ ๊ตํ™˜, ์—ผํ™”๋ฌผ ์ด์˜จ ํก์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ํ•จ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉฐ,16,17) ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ™”ํ•™์‹์€ 3CaOยทAl2O3ยทCaX2/mยทnH2O๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค.17)

ํ™”ํ•™์‹์—์„œ X๋Š” ์ผ๊ฐ€ ์Œ์ด์˜จ(univalent anion) ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๊ฐ€ ์Œ์ด์˜จ(bivalent anion)์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, m์€ ์ผ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๊ฐ€ ์Œ์ด์˜จ์˜ ์›์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜(valence number), n์€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์†์— ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ํ•จ์œ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์˜ ์–‘์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ nโ‰ค20 ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์Œ์ด์˜จ X๋Š” NO3-, NO2-, OH-, CO32- ๋ฐ SO42-๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๊ฐ€ ์Œ์ด์˜จ์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” hydrocalumite๋Š” NO3ํ˜• hydrocalumite, NO2ํ˜• hydrocalumite ๋ฐ OHํ˜• hydrocalumite๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ๋‹ค.

NO3ํ˜•, NO2ํ˜• ๋ฐ OHํ˜• hydrocalumites๋Š” Cl-์™€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ด์˜จ ๊ตํ™˜์œผ๋กœ NO3-, NO2- ๋ฐ OH-๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  Cl-๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž์œ  Cl-์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, hydro-calumite์—์„œ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” Cl-๋Š” ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. Hydrocalumite์˜ ์Œ์ด์˜จ ๊ตํ™˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ NO2ํ˜• hydrocalumite๋Š” ์ฒ ๊ทผ ๋ถ€์‹ ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. NO2ํ˜• hydrocalumite๊ฐ€ ์ฒ ๊ทผ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ž์œ  Cl-์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฒ ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ถ€์‹์š”์ธ์ธ Cl-๋Š” ํก์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ , NO2-๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋œ NO2-๋Š” ์ฒ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ถ€๋™ํƒœ ํ”ผ๋ง‰ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๋•๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.18)

Hydrocalumite๋Š” XRD ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ™•์ธ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(Figs. 4~6), ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋œ hydrocalumite๋Š” 3CaOยทAl2O3ยทCaCl2ยท10H2O19,20)์œผ๋กœ ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์Œ์ด์˜จ X ์ž๋ฆฌ์— Cl-๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜์˜ ์–‘์€ ๋™์ผํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ hydrocalumite์˜ ํ”ผํฌ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋œ hydrocalumite๋Š” ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ๋‚ด์˜ Cl-์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. XRD ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค(D64, D73 ๋ฐ D82) ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ettringite๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค(S64, S73 ๋ฐ S82) ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ettringite๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(Figs. 4~6). ๋˜ํ•œ, ettringite๋Š” 3CaOยท Al2O3ยทCaSO4ยท10H2O20)์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, Cl-๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์Œ์ด์˜จ ๊ตํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 3CaOยทAl2O3ยท CaSO4ยท10H2O์—์„œ 3CaOยทAl2O3ยทCaCl2ยท10H2O์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋„๋˜์–ด hydrocalumite๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์€ S82<S73<S64 ์ฆ‰, BFSC์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€(FA ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋น„ ๊ฐ์†Œ)ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ hydrocalumite ํ”ผํฌ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” BFSC์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€(FA ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ)ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ettringite์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋Ÿ‰๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ Cl-๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์Œ์ด์˜จ ๊ตํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ettringite์—์„œ hydrocalumite๋กœ ์œ ๋„๋œ ์–‘์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

3.3 ์—ด์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„(Thermogravimetric analysis, TGA) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๋ถ„์‡„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ด์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„(thermogravimetric analysis, TGA)์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. TGA๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์†๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ€์—ดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ป์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด TGA์™€ TGA ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„๊ณก์„ (differential thermogravimetry, DTG)์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. TGA์—์„œ ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ์†์‹ค์€ DTG์—์„œ ํ”ผํฌ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด์„์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์—ด๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ Table 6์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. Table 6์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ์ด๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์˜จ๋„๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 7์—์„œ๋Š” 3.2์ ˆ์˜ XRD ํŒจํ„ด ํ‘œ์‹œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์—์„œ๋งŒ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 6 Temperature range of weight loss for reaction products from TGA

Phase

Temperature range of weight loss

C-S-H

โˆ™105ยฐC21) 

โˆ™120~145ยฐC22)

โˆ™106ยฑ4ยฐC for 1st peak, 129ยฑ4ยฐC for 2nd peak23)

โˆ™C-S-H loses its water over a broad temp-erature range, but the maximum loss occurs at 120~160ยฐC24)

Ettringite

โˆ™80~130ยฐC24) 

Akermanite

โˆ™760~870ยฐC25)

Gypsum

โˆ™80~220ยฐC(max.167ยฐC) via transformation  to anhydrite26)

โˆ™100~200ยฐC due to dehydration27)

Calcite

โˆ™665~800ยฐC27)

โˆ™750ยฐC28)

Ca(OH)2

โˆ™450ยฐC28)

Hydrocalumite

โˆ™270~300ยฐC20)

/Resources/kci/JKCI.2016.28.3.299/images/Figure_CONCRETE_28_3_05_F7.jpg

Fig. 7 TGA and DTG of samples: (a) D64 and S64 samples (b) D73 and S73 samples, and (c) D82 and S82 samples

TGA์—์„œ 50~200ยฐC ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ettringite์™€ C-S-H์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์†์‹ค(water loss)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด D64 ๋ฐ S64 ์‹œํŽธ์ด ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. Ettringite์™€ C-S-H์˜ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ(Table 6), DTG์—์„œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ”ผํฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒน์ณ์ ธ์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ettringite์™€ C-S-H์˜ DTG ํ”ผํฌ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ, XRD ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.28) Figs. 7(a) ๋ฐ 7(c)์˜ DTG ํ”ผํฌ์—์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•œ ettringite์™€ C-S-H๋Š” ๊ฐ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์˜ XRD ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋œ ettringite์™€ C-S-H์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. Fig. 7์˜ DTG ํ”ผํฌ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด FA์™€ BFSC์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋น„์—์„œ BFSC ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€(FA ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ)ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ettringite ๋ฐ C-S-H์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ BFSC์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€(FA ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ธ ettringite ๋ฐ C-S-H ์ƒ์„ฑ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹œํŽธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ทน ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.29,30)

TGA ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, FA ๋ฐ BFSC์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„๊ฐ€ 8:2์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(D82 ๋ฐ S82)๋Š” ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์˜ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์ด ์•ฝ 90% ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์˜ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ 10% ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,31,32) 10% ์ด๋‚ด์˜ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ์˜ ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ์— ์•ฝ 8MPa ์ •๋„์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ, ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค(D64/S64, D73/S73 ๋ฐ D82/S82)์˜ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ์ด ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” 1% ๋‚ด์™ธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š”, ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์˜ 1% ๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์—๋Š” 270~300ยฐC ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํ”ผํฌ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋œ hydrocalumite๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋ฉฐ, XRD ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ์—์„œ๋งŒ hydrocalumite๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

3.4 MIP(Mercury introsion porosimetry) ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ์— ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ ์‹œํŽธ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ณต๊ทน๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ(pore size distribution)๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ MIP ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ทน์˜ ๋ˆ„์ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ ๋กœ๊ทธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ Figs. 8~10์˜ (a) ๋ฐ (b)์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. Figs. 8(a)~10(a)์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์ด ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์ด๊ณต๊ทน์šฉ์ (total pore volume)์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. D64์™€ S64, D73๊ณผ S73 ๋ฐ D82์™€ S82 ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๊ณต๊ทน์šฉ์ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.0213mL/g, 0.0158mL/g ๋ฐ 0.0064mL/g์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ž์˜ XRD ๋ฐ TGA ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค ๋‚ด์— ๋ฐ˜์‘์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” hydrocalumite์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ด๊ณต๊ทน์šฉ์  ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”์ธ์€ hydrocalumite ์ƒ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, D64์™€ S64, D73๊ณผ S73 ๋ฐ D82์™€ S82 ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๊ณต๊ทน์šฉ์ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” hydrocalumite ์ƒ์„ฑ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” XRD์—์„œ S64, S73 ๋ฐ S82 ์ˆœ์„œ์˜ hydrocalumite ํ”ผํฌ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. XRD ๋ฐ TGA ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, S82 ์‹œํŽธ์— ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ hydrocalumite์˜ ์–‘์€ ๋ฏธ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ D82์™€ S82 ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๊ณต๊ทน์šฉ์ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ณต๊ทน๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ(pore size distribution)์™€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

/Resources/kci/JKCI.2016.28.3.299/images/Figure_CONCRETE_28_3_05_F8.jpg

Fig. 8 Pore size distribution curves of D64 and S64 samples measured at 28 days: (a) cumulative distribution and (b) log differential distribution

/Resources/kci/JKCI.2016.28.3.299/images/Figure_CONCRETE_28_3_05_F9.jpg

Fig. 9 Pore size distribution curves of D73 and S73 samples measured at 28 days: (a) cumulative distribution and (b) log differential distribution

/Resources/kci/JKCI.2016.28.3.299/images/Figure_CONCRETE_28_3_05_F10.jpg

Fig. 10 Pore size distribution curves of D82 and S82 samples measured at 28 day: (a) cumulative distribution and (b) log differential distribution

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด FA์™€ BFSC์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋น„์—์„œ BFSC ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€(FA ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ)ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ด๊ณต๊ทน์šฉ์ ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, FA ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ด๊ณต๊ทน์šฉ์ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. TGA ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ BFSC ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€(FA ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œํŽธ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ด ์‹œํŽธ ๋‚ด ๊ณต๊ทน์˜ ์šฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. Provis33) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋„, ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ์—์„œ FA๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ณต๊ทน์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 50nm ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๊ณต๊ทน๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ•๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,34,35) BFSC์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก 50nm ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๊ณต๊ทน๋“ค์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ ์ค‘ BFSC์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณต๊ทน ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

4. ๊ฒฐ    ๋ก 

1)์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด FA์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€(BFSC ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„ ๊ฐ์†Œ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ ์ค‘ BFSC ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. BFSC์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ธ ettringite ๋ฐ C-S-H ์ƒ์„ฑ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹œํŽธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ทน ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

2)๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„(FA:BFSC=6:4, 7:3 ๋ฐ 8:2)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์˜ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ•๋„์ฆ์ง„์œจ์€ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

3)๋ฐ˜์‘์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ธ ettringite๋Š” ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Cl-๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” hydrocalumite๋Š” ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ์—์„œ๋งŒ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜์˜ ์–‘์ด ๋™์ผํ•จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์—์„œ BFSC์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ hydrocalumite ํ”ผํฌ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ๋‚ด์˜ Cl-์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ hydrocalumite[3CaOยท Al2O3ยทCaCl2ยท10H2O]๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ BFSC ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ettringite์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋Ÿ‰๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, Cl-๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์Œ์ด์˜จ ๊ตํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ettringite์—์„œ hydrocalumite๋กœ ์œ ๋„๋œ ์–‘์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

4)๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค์ด ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์ด๊ณต๊ทน์šฉ์ ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œํŽธ๋“ค ๋‚ด์— ๋ฐ˜์‘์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” hydrocalumite์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ด๊ณต๊ทน์šฉ์  ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”์ธ์€ hydrocalumite ์ƒ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

5)๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ์— ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ๋” ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2014๋…„๋„ ์ •๋ถ€(๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ฐฝ์กฐ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€)์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์—…(NRF- 2014R1A1A3052424)์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

References

1 
1.Lee, Y.S., Jang, J.G., Saito, T., and Otsuki, N., โ€œPossibility of sea water as a greener material in concreteโ€, Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute, Vol.23, No.2, 2011, pp. 767-768.Google Search
2 
2.Kaushik, S.K., and Islam, S., โ€œSuitability of sea water for mixing structural concrete exposed to a marine environmentโ€, Cement & Concrete Composites, Vol.17, 1995, pp.177-185.DOI
3 
3.Lee, H.J., โ€œSeawater in the mixtureโ€, Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute, Vol.13, No.3, 2001, pp.92-96.Google Search
4 
4.Abrams, D.A., โ€œTests of impure waters for mixing concreteโ€, ACI Journal Proceedings, Vol.20, No.2, pp.442-486.Google Search
5 
5.Wegian, F.M., โ€œEffect of seawater for mixing and curing on structural concreteโ€, The IES Journal Part A: Civil & Structural Engineering, Vol.3, No.4, 2010, pp.235-243.DOI
6 
6.El-Didamony, H., Amer, A.A., and Ela-ziz, H.A., โ€œProperties and durability of alkali-activated slag pastes immersed in sea waterโ€, Ceramics International, Vol.38, 2012, pp.3773-3780.DOI
7 
7.Moon, H.Y., โ€œBlast-furnace slag cementโ€, Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute, Vol.3, No.1, 1991, pp.18-23.Google Search
8 
8.KS L 5210, Portland blast-furnace slag cement, 2013.Google Search
9 
9.Kim, M.S., Jun, Y., Lee, C., and Oh, J.E., โ€œUse of CaO as an activator for producing a price-competitive non-cement structural binder using ground granulated blast furnace slagโ€, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.54, 2013, pp.208- 214.DOI
10 
10.Zhang, J., and Scherer, G.W., โ€œComparison of methods for arresting hydration of cementโ€, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.41, 2011, pp.1024-1036.DOI
11 
11.Puertas, F., Martรญnez-Ramรญrez, S., Alonso, S., and Vรกzquez, T., โ€œAlkali-activated fly ash/slag cement strength behaviour and hydration productsโ€, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.30, 2000, pp.1625-1632.DOI
12 
12.Palomo, A., Grutzeck, M.W., and Blanco, M.T., โ€œAlkali- activated fly ashes: a cement for the futureโ€, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.29, 1999, pp.1323-1329.DOI
13 
13.Zhu, H., Zhang, Z., Zhu, Y., and Tian, L., Jun, Y., โ€œDurability of alkali-activated fly ash concrete: Chloride penetration in pastes and mortarsโ€, Construction and Builiding Materials, Vol.64, 2014, pp.51-59.DOI
14 
14.Yang, T., Yao, X., and Zhang, Z., โ€œQuantification of chloride diffusion in fly ash-slag-based geopolymers by X-ray fluorescence(XRF)โ€, Construction and Building Materials, Vol.69, 2014, pp.109-115.DOI
15 
15.Ismail, I., Bernal, S.A., Provis, J.L., San Nicolas, R., Brice, D.G., Kilcullen, A.R., Hamdan, S., and Van Deventer, J.S. J., โ€œInfluence of fly ash on the water and chloride permeability of alkali-activated slag mortars and concretesโ€, Construction and Building Materials, Vol.48, 2013, pp.1187-1201.DOI
16 
16.Grishchenko, R.O., Emelina, A.L., and Makarov, P.Y., โ€œThermodynamic properties and thermal behavoir of Friedelโ€™s saltโ€, Thermochimica Acta, Vol.570, 2013, pp.74-79.DOI
17 
17.Tatematsu, H., Nakamura, T., Koshimizu, H., Morishita, T., and Kotaki, H., โ€œCement-additive for inhibiting concrete- deteriorationโ€, Patent US5435846 A, 1995.Google Search
18 
18.Kim, J.Y., and Kim, W.K., โ€œDurability of epoxy-modified mortars containing nitrite-type hydrocalumiteโ€, Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute, Vol.25, No.2, 2013, pp.215- 216.Google Search
19 
19.Paat, A., and Traksmaa, R., โ€œInvestigation of mineral composition of oil shale ash stored in ash fields of the balti power plantโ€, Oil Shale, Vol.22, No.3, 2005, pp.445-451.Google Search
20 
20.Palmer, S.J., Smith, M.K., and Frost, R.L., โ€œThe effect of high concentrations of calcium hydroxide in neutralised synthetic supernatant liquor-Implications for alumina refinery residuesโ€, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.17, 2011, pp.56-61.DOI
21 
21.Hashem, F.S., Amin, M.S., and El-Gamal, S.M.A., โ€œImprove-ment of acid resistance of Portland cement pastes using rice husk ash and cement kiln dust as additivesโ€, Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry, Vol.111, 2013, pp.1391-1398.DOI
22 
22.Bakolas, A., Aggelakopoulou, E., Moropoulou, A., and Anagnostopoulou, S., โ€œEvaluation of pozzolanic activity and physicomechanical characteristics in metakaolin-lime pastesโ€, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol.84, 2006, pp.157-163.DOI
23 
23.Sha, W., and Pereira, G.B., โ€œDifferential scanning calorimetry study of hydrated ground granulated blast-furnace slagโ€, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.31, 2001, pp.327-329.DOI
24 
24.Sha, W., โ€œDifferential scanning calorimetry study of the hydration products in Portland cement pastes with metakaolin replacementโ€, Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Building Technology, Vols.I, II, 2002, pp. 881-888.DOI
25 
25.Orsini, P.G., Buri, A., and Marotta, A., โ€œDevitrification of glasses in the akermaniteโ€gehlenite systemโ€, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol.58, 1975, pp.306-311.DOI
26 
26.Yu, Q.L., and Brouwers, H.J.H., โ€œGypsum: an investigation of microstructure and mechanical propertiesโ€, Proceedings 8th fib International PhD Symposium in Civil Engineering, 2010, pp.20-23.Google Search
27 
27.Vassileva, C.G., and Vassilev, S.V., โ€œBehaviour of inorganic matter during heating of Bulgarian coals: 1. Lignitesโ€, Fuel Processing Technology, Vol.86, 2005, pp.1297-1333.DOI
28 
28.Bakolas, A., Aggelakopoulou, E., Moropoulou, A., and Anagnostopoulou, S., โ€œEvaluation of pozzolanic activity and physicomechanical characteristics in metakaolin-lime pastesโ€, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol.84, No.1, 2006, pp.157-163.DOI
29 
29.Park, H., Jeong, Y., Jun, Y., Jeong J.H., and Oh, J.E., โ€œStrength enhancement mechanism in clinker-free CaO-GGBFS system by addition of gypsumโ€, Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute, Vol.27, No.1, 2015, pp.497-498.Google Search
30 
30.Rattanasak, U., Pankhet, K., and Chindaprasirt, P., โ€œEffect of chemical admixtures on properties of high-calcium fly ash geopolymerโ€, International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials, Vol.18, No.3, 2011, pp.364-369.DOI
31 
31.Pane, I., and Hansen, W., โ€œInvestigation of blended cement hydration by isothermal calorimetry and thermal analysisโ€, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.35, 2005, pp.1155-1164.DOI
32 
32.Jeong, Y., Park, H., Jun, Y., Jeong, J.H., and Oh, J.E., โ€œMicrostructural verification of the strength performance of ternary blended cement systems with high volumes of fly ash and GGBFSโ€, Construction and Building Materials, Vol.95, 2015, pp.96-107.DOI
33 
33.Provis, J.L., Myers, R.J., White, C.E., Rose, V., and Van Deventer, J.S.J., โ€œX-ray microtomography shows pore sturcture and tortuosity in alkali-activated bindersโ€, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.42, 2012, pp.855-864.DOI
34 
34.Mehta, P.K., and Monteiro, P.J.M., Concrete: microstructure, properties, and materials: McGraw-Hill New York, 2006.Google Search
35 
35.Jun, Y., and Oh, J.E., โ€œUse of gypsum as a preventive measure for strength deterioration during curing in Class F fly ash geopolymer systemโ€, Materials, Vol.8, 2015, pp. 3053-3067.DOI