Mobile QR Code QR CODE : Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers

  1. ์ •ํšŒ์›โ€ค์ฐฝ์›์‹œ์ •์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์œ„์› (Changwon Research Instituteโ€คkjpark@chari.re.kr)
  2. ์ข…์‹ ํšŒ์›โ€ค๊ต์‹ ์ €์žโ€ค๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋„์‹œ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜ (Corresponding Authorโ€คPusan National Universityโ€คhuyjung@pusan.ac.kr)



์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ตํ†ต, ๊ณต๊ณต์ž์ „๊ฑฐ, ๊ณต์œ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ, ์ตœ์ ํ™”, ์šด์˜ํšจ์œจํ™”, ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ง€์ˆ˜
Eco-friendly transportation, Public bicycle, Shared bike, Optimization, Operational efficiency, Efficiency index

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ 

์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์™€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ตํ†ต์ •์ฑ…์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ •์ฑ…์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋น ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ด์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ 2000๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋„์‹œ์— ๋„์ž…๋˜์–ด ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ–ฅํ›„ MaaS (Mobility as a Service)์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋ฒ„์Šค๋‚˜ ๋„์‹œ์ฒ ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” First/Last mile mobility๋กœ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋‹ค.

๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ค‘ ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ์˜ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ด๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ดํ›„, ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์œ ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์™”์œผ๋‚˜, ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์ด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์šด์˜๋น„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ์˜ ์žฌ์ • ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ 5๋…„(2015๋…„~2019๋…„)๋™์•ˆ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„์ด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 570๋งŒ๊ฑด์—์„œ 2019๋…„ ์•ฝ 490๋งŒ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 80๋งŒ๊ฑด์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์€ 43.7์–ต์›์—์„œ 55.1์–ต์›์œผ๋กœ 11.4์–ต์›์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์–‘์  ํ™•์žฅ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์šด์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋”์šฑ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์˜ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ณด์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๋งค์นญ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ณด์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๋งค์นญ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์— ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋น„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์š”์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์š”ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง€ํ˜•์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์ธ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํŠน์ • ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์— ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์ค‘๋œ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋“ค์„ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์— ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์†Œ์š”๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ์˜ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์—ญ์‹œ ์šด์˜๋น„์˜ 70 % ์ด์ƒ์€ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„์™€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ตฌ์ž…์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์šด์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ„ํƒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์šด์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋งค๋…„ ์ด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ ์€ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ด์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ์ด์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์—†๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์ด์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ์ˆ˜์š”์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ํ•„์š” ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋ณด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์— ์ ์šฉํ•ด ๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Œ€๋น„ ๊ณผยท๋ถ€์กฑ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋”์šฑ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์šด์˜๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ์˜ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ธ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จผ์ € ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๋ถ„์„ ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์˜ 1๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ด์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ GIS ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ Network Analysis๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์ด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€์—ฌ/๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€์—ฌ/๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉ ์ˆ˜์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ์ • ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ์ ์ • ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ํ•„์š”๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๋ณด์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์‹œ๋ฒ”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•ด ๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ๊ฐ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๊ณผ๋ถ€์กฑ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์šด์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

1.3 ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จผ์ € ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Jeong et al.(2021)๋Š” ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ ๋ฆผํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด SARIMA์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ณ„ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„๋ณ„ ์ ๋ฆผ ์ •๋„, ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋Ÿ‰. ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค์ต์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•œ ์ตœ์  ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋ผ์šฐํŒ… ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์†ก ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์ด ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์˜ ์ ๋ฆผํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์—†์–ด์งˆ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณผ์†Œ์ ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ ๋ฆผ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ๋‹จ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Lee(2012)์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€๊ฐ€์น˜์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ด ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ง€๋ถˆ์˜์‚ฌ์•ก(WTP)์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์˜ 1๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Kim et al.(2020)๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€๊ฐ€์น˜์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๊ณต์˜ ์ „๋™์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์ธ E-๋”ฐ๋ฆ‰์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์ • ์ด์šฉ์š”๊ธˆ ๋ฐ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Sa et al.(2020)๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋”ฐ๋ฆ‰์ด์˜ O/D ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์ค‘ ์˜ค์ „ ์ถœ๊ทผ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ง€์™€ ๋„์ฐฉ์ง€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ตœ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผํ–‰๊ฒฝ๋กœ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ•„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ€์ง‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ํ†ตํ–‰์ด ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จผ ๋Œ€์—ฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋„์ฐฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๊ธธ์ด ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐยท๋ณดํ–‰์ž ๊ฒธ์šฉ๋„๋กœ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ฃผํ–‰์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Min and Jung(2021)๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€์—ฌ ์ด๋ ฅ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ๋จธ์‹  ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•, ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์š”์˜ˆ์ธก์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Kim et al.(2021)๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , IPA ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํžˆ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ด์šฉํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Kim and Lee(2020)์€ ์ˆ˜์›์‹œ์˜ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ณต์œ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜์‹์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต์œ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Do and Noh(2014)์€ ๋Œ€์ „์‹œ์˜ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ํƒ€์Šˆ์˜ ์ด์šฉ์ˆ˜์š”์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฒ„์Šค์Šนํ•˜์ฐจ ์ธ์›, ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋„๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅ, ๊ณต์›์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์ˆ˜๋ณ€๊ณต๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, ์ Š์€์ธต์˜ ๋น„์œจ ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ์ˆ˜์š”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด๋ผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Borgnat et al.(2011)๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋ฆฌ์šฉ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹œยท๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ด์šฉ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ด์šฉ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š” ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ ์ž…์ง€์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Efthymiou et al.(2013)์€ ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์˜ ์œ„์น˜, ๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉ์˜ ์šฉ์ด์„ฑ, ์ด์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€, ์—ฐ๋ น ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ณต์œ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ด์šฉํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ์ž„์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Oโ€™Brien et al.(2014)์€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ†ต๊ทผ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ ˆ์ €ํŠน์„ฑ ๋“ฑ ๋„์‹œ๋ณ„ ํ†ตํ–‰ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ์ธ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ, ๋Œ€์ „์‹œ, ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ, ์ˆ˜์›์‹œ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์ธก์ •, ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ์ˆ˜์š”, ์ด์šฉํŠน์„ฑ, ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๋“ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ํ•ด์™ธ์˜ ๊ณต์œ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์œ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ด์šฉ์ˆ˜์š”, ์ด์šฉํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์š”์ธ, ํ†ตํ–‰ํŒจํ„ด ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ์  ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ์ ์ • ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ํ• ๋‹น ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2. ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ์ตœ์ ํ• ๋‹น ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ

2.1 ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์™€ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ

๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์ธ ์„œ์šธ์˜ ๋”ฐ๋ฆ‰์ด, ์ฐฝ์›์˜ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž, ๋Œ€์ „์˜ ํƒ€์Šˆ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—๋Š” ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์—ฌ, ๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ด์šฉ์ž์˜ ํ†ตํ–‰ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€ํ˜•์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŽธ๋„ ์ด์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์•„์งˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ถœโ€งํ‡ด๊ทผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ์—…์‹œ์„ค ๋“ฑ์— ์ด์šฉ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค(Lee and Ko, 2020). ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ง€์™€ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ง‰๊ธธ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ง‰๊ธธ์— ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์™ธ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ด์šฉํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋‚˜ ํŠน์ • ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์— ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์ด๋‚˜, ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์œ„์ ์ธ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ฐ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€์—ฌ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์šด์˜ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜์— ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋”์šฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ/๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚จ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šด์˜ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋†’์•„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€์—ฌ/๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜์™€ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ์ตœ์  ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.2 ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ์ตœ์  ํ• ๋‹น ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ

์šฐ์„  ์ž„์˜์˜ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ k์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ ์ • ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ $S_{k}$๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ณต์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์šด์˜์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ ํŠน์ •์‹œ์ ์— k ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์— ๋ณด์œ ์ค‘์ธ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ $B_{n}$์ด๋ผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์šด์˜์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€์—ฌ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋งŒํผ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ, $S_{k}$๋Š” ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ k์— ๋ณด์œ ์ค‘์ธ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜($\max(B_{n})$) ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ™์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉด Eq. (1)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(1)
$S_{k}\ge\max(B_{n})$

์ฆ‰, k ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์˜ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ/๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋Š” $\max(B_{n})$์„ ๊ตฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. $\max(B_{n})$์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์šด์˜์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ $B_{1}$์ด๋ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ํŠน์ • ๋‹จ์œ„์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ $B_{2}$๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, $B_{2}$๋Š” $B_{1}$์—์„œ ๋‹จ์œ„์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€์—ฌ๋Ÿ‰($X_{1}$)๋ฅผ ๋นผ๊ณ , ๋‹จ์œ„์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉ๋Ÿ‰($Y_{1}$)์„ ๋”ํ•œ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ k์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์˜ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ณด์œ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜($B_{n}$)์€ Table 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ฆ‰, ๊ณต๊ณต์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด k ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋‹จ์œ„์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณ„ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€์—ฌ๋Ÿ‰($X_{n}$) ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉ๋Ÿ‰($Y_{n}$)์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํŠน์ •์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ k์˜ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ณด์œ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜($B_{n}$)๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ $B_{1}$์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์šด์˜์ค‘ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์—์„œ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” $B_{n}$์ด ๊ฐ ๋‹จ์œ„์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ณ„ ๋Œ€์—ฌ๋Ÿ‰์ธ $X_{n}$๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•ญ์ƒ ํฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— $B_{n}\ge X_{n}$์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ $B_{n}$์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹์„ $B_{1}$์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋ฉด Eq. (2)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Table 1. A Generalization Process for the Relationship between the Number of Bicycles in the Station and the Rental and Return of Bicycles

123

Number of bikes in the station

Number of rentals

Number of returns

Prerequisite

1

$B_{1}$ $X_{1}$ $Y_{1}$ $B_{1}\ge X_{1}$

2

$B_{2}=B_{1}-X_{1}+Y_{1}$ $X_{2}$ $Y_{2}$ $B_{2}\ge X_{2}$

3

$B_{3}=B_{2}-X_{2}+Y_{2}= B_{1}-(X_{1}+X_{2})+(Y_{1}+Y_{2})$ $X_{3}$ $Y_{3}$ $B_{3}\ge X_{3}$

...

...

...

...

...

n

$B_{n}=B_{1}-\Sigma X_{n-1}+\Sigma Y_{n-1}$ $X_{n}$ $Y_{n}$ $B_{n}\ge X_{n}$
(2)
$B_{n}= B_{1}-\Sigma X_{n-1}+\Sigma Y_{n-1}\ge X_{n}\\ B_{1}\ge X_{n}+\Sigma X_{n-1}-\Sigma Y_{n-1}$

๋งŒ์•ฝ, $B_{1}$์ด $X_{n}+\Sigma X_{n-1}-\Sigma Y_{n-1}$์ด ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด (Eq. (2))์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, $B_{1}=\max(X_{n}+\Sigma X_{n-1}-\Sigma Y_{n-1})$์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด $B_{n}$์„ Eq. (3)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(3)
$B_{n}=\max(X_{n}-\Sigma X_{n-1}+\Sigma Y_{n-1})-\Sigma X_{n-1}+\Sigma Y_{n-1}$

Eq. (3)์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด k ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ณ„ ๋Œ€์—ฌ๋Ÿ‰($X_{n}$) ๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉ๋Ÿ‰($Y_{n}$)์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด k ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ/๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ณด์œ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜ $B_{n}$์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, $B_{n}$์ด ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’์€ Eq. (1)์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด k ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์˜ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ/๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ Eq. (4)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ณ„ ๋Œ€์—ฌ๋Ÿ‰/๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(4)
$ \begin{align*} \max(B_{n})=\max[\max(X_{n}-\Sigma X_{n-1}+\Sigma Y_{n-1})\\ -\Sigma X_{n-1}+\Sigma Y_{n-1}] \end{align*}$

3. ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ์ตœ์ ํ• ๋‹น ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์˜ ์ ์šฉ

3.1 ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ์ด์šฉํŒจํ„ด ๋ถ„์„

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์— ์ ์šฉํ•ด ๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์˜ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ์ ์ • ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์žํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์˜ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์ด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์ด ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋จผ์ €, ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด 2019๋…„ ๋ง์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์˜ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์€ ์ด 298๊ฐœ์†Œ ์ค‘ 16๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ํ์ง€๋˜์–ด ์ด 282๊ฐœ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์˜ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด 6,399๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ์ค‘์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์€ Fig. 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Fig. 1. Status of Nubija Stations in Changwon-si
../../Resources/KSCE/Ksce.2022.42.1.0075/fig1.png

๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์˜ ์ด์šฉํŒจํ„ด์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2019๋…„ 1์›” 1์ผ~2019๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ 1๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ 4,917,323๊ฑด์˜ ์ด์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ „์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐยท์ข…์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 282๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ตํ–‰๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 282ร—282๊ฐœ์˜ ํ†ตํ–‰ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” O/D Matrix ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ†ตํ–‰ํŒจํ„ด๋ณ„ 3,000ํ†ตํ–‰ ์ด์ƒ, 2,000ํ†ตํ–‰ ์ด์ƒ, 1,000ํ†ตํ–‰ ์ด์ƒ, 365ํ†ตํ–‰ ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ†ตํ–‰ํŒจํ„ด๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์ด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ•ฉ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„์ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ํ†ตํ–‰๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ด์šฉํŒจํ„ด์˜ ํ†ตํ–‰๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ˆ„์ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” Table 2์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์ด์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ธฐยท์ข…์  ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์ด์šฉํŒจํ„ด์€ 1๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๊ฐ„ ์ด๋™๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋Š” 0๊ฑด์˜ ์ด์šฉํŒจํ„ด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 14,118ํ†ตํ–‰๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋™ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 3,000ํ†ตํ–‰ ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์šฉํŒจํ„ด์ด ์ „์ฒด ํ†ตํ–‰๋Ÿ‰์˜ 11.6 %, ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 2,000ํ†ตํ–‰ ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์šฉํŒจํ„ด์ด ์ „์ฒด ํ†ตํ–‰๋Ÿ‰์˜ 21.7 %๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 365ํ†ตํ–‰(1ํ†ตํ–‰/์ผ) ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์šฉํŒจํ„ด์€ ์ „์ฒด ํ†ตํ–‰๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์•ฝ 30.5 %๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์ „์ฒด ์ด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ค‘ ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ†ตํ–‰๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์ด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘์ค‘๋จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

Table 2. O/D Analysis Result of Nubija Usage Record

Trips

Cumulative percentage

Total trips

4,917,323

100.0 %

More than 365 Trips

3,419,150

69.5 %

More than 1,000 Trips

2,112,106

43.0 %

More than 2,000 Trips

1,065,229

21.7 %

More than 3,000 Trips

570,375

11.6 %

Table 3. Results of Calculating Optimal Number of Bicycle Holders for Nubija Station

Classification

Number of Bicycle holders

Classification

Number of Bicycle holders

Total number of optimal bicycle holders (A)

9,101

Total number of Insufficient bicycle holders (C)

3,664

Total number of actual bicycle holders (B)

6,399

Total number of extra bicycle holders (D)

962

A-B

2,702

C-D

2,702

3.2 ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ์ตœ์  ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜ ์‚ฐ์ •

2.2์ ˆ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ์ตœ์  ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์˜ ์šด์˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์˜ค์ „ 4์‹œ~์ต์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 1์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, 282๊ฐœ์˜ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐ ์ผ์ž๋ณ„ $\max(B_{n})$๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•œ ํ›„ 2019๋…„ ์ค‘ $\max(B_{n})$์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฐ’์„ ์ ์ • ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฐ์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด Table 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

์šฐ์„  ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ์ตœ์  ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ฉ์‚ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด ํ•„์š” ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋Š” 9,101๊ฐœ๋กœ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ณด์œ ์ค‘์ธ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜์— ๋น„ํ•ด 2,702๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ์ตœ์  ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์‚ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 3,664๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ตœ์  ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๋Š” ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์‚ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 962๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ์ตœ์  ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜์™€ ๋‚จ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ด ํ•ฉ๊ณ„(C-D)๋Š” ์ด ํ•„์š” ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ณด์œ ์ค‘์ธ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜(A-B)์˜ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ Fig. 2์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์ด์šฉ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 2,000ํ†ตํ–‰ ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ตํ–‰ํŒจํ„ด(๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰ ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ)๊ณผ ๊ฐ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๊ณผ๋ถ€์กฑ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ GIS์ƒ์— ๋„์‹ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๊ณผยท๋ถ€์กฑ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ํ†ตํ–‰ํŒจํ„ด ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ํ†ตํ–‰๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์ด์šฉ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 2. Result of Over-Shortage Status by Station and O/D Analysis (more than 2,000 trips)
../../Resources/KSCE/Ksce.2022.42.1.0075/fig2.png

4. ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ง€์ˆ˜(Public Bicycle Efficiency Index)์˜ ์‚ฐ์ •

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์— ์ ์šฉํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋จผ์ €, ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์Šคํ…Œ์…˜๋ณ„ ์ด์šฉ์ˆ˜์š”์— ๋งž๋Š” ์ ์ • ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ $S_{k}$, ์‹ค์ œ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ $\overline{S_{k}}$๋ผ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์€ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜์™€ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ง€์ˆ˜(PBEI)๋Š” $S_{k}$์™€ $\overline{S_{k}}$์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ๊ณฑ์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์— ์ œ๊ณฑ๊ทผ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ Eq. (5)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(5)
$$ P B E I=\sqrt{\frac{\sum_{k=1}^{n}\left(S_{k}-\overline{S_{k}}\right)^{2}}{n}} $$ $$S_{k} : ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ k์˜ ์ ์ • ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜$$ $$\overline{S_{k}} : k ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ๋ณด์œ ์ค‘์ธ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜$$ $n : ์ด ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์ˆ˜$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ง€์ˆ˜(PBEI)๋Š” 0์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ์ˆ˜์š”์— ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™•์ถฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ’์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ์ˆ˜์š” ๋Œ€๋น„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ถฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ง€์ˆ˜์— 3.2์ ˆ์—์„œ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•œ ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์˜ 282๊ฐœ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ์ ์ • ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜์™€ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” 27.8๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์ด์šฉ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ยทํ™•์ถฉ ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

5. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์šด์˜ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ์ˆ˜์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ตœ์  ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์— ์ ์šฉํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ์ ์ • ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ์— ์ ์šฉํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์— ๋ณด์œ ์ค‘์ธ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐยท์ข…์  ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๊ณผยท๋ถ€์กฑ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ–‰๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ํ†ตํ–‰๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ ์€ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์˜ ์šด์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์˜ ์ด์šฉ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ณ  ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ†ตํ–‰ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์˜ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ถฉํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ์ ์ • ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜ ์‚ฐ์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์˜ ์šด์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋งค๋…„ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์ด์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๊ตยทํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ˆ„๋น„์ž ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

ํ•œํŽธ, ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ BRT ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ์ถ”์ง„ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2021๋…„ 9์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฒ„์Šค ์ค€๊ณต์˜์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ–‰๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ MaaS ๊ตฌ์ถ•์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ MaaS ๊ตฌ์ถ•์‹œ BRT, ์ค€๊ณต์˜์ œ ๋ฒ„์Šค์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด์šฉ์ž์˜ FMM/LMM์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•  ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒํผ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—†๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์˜์—ญ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€์‹œ ์ง€์ž์ฒด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์šด์˜์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์„ ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ด์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๋ณ„ ํ•„์š” ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ ์ˆ˜์š”์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜์‹œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ๊ทœ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๋ณ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€์—ฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€์ˆ˜์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ทœ๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ก ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒ€ ์ง€์ž์ฒด์—์„œ๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ณต์˜์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ฐ MaaS ๊ตฌ์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…(2๋…„)์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ.

References

1 
Borgnat P., Abry P., Flandrin P., Robardet C., Rouquier J. B., Fleury E. (2011). "Shared bicycles in a city: A signal processing and data analysis perspective.", Advances in Complex Systems, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 415-438DOI
2 
Do M. S., Noh Y. S. (2014). "Analysis of the affecting factors on the bike-sharing demand focused on Daejeon City.", Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, KSCE, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 1517-1524 (in Korean)DOI
3 
Efthymiou D., Antoniou C., Waddell P. (2013). "Factors affecting the adoption of vehicle sharing systems by young drivers.", Transport Policy, Vol. 29, pp. 64-73DOI
4 
Jeong H. Y., Lee T. H., Kim J. K., Kim O. J., Kim C. Y. (2021). "A dynamic relocation routing model for mitigating the hot-spot congestion of public bike: A case of Nubija in Changwon city.", The Korean Data and Information Science Society, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 75-95 (in Korean)DOI
5 
Kim S. H., Lee N. I. (2020). "A study on the satisfaction differences in dockless bike in Suwon city.", Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, KSCE, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 157-166 (in Korean)DOI
6 
Kim S. Y., Lee K. H., Ko E. J. (2021). "An analysis of factors affecting satisfaction with seoul public bike.", Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 475-486 (in Korean)DOI
7 
Kim S. Y., Lee K. H., Ahn D. E., Ko E. J. (2020). "Assessment of the willingness to pay of public electric bicycle service-A case study of Seoul in Korea.", Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, Vol. 36, No. 12, pp. 163-169 (in Korean)DOI
8 
Lee K. H. (2012). "Assessment of the use value of public bicycle service: Focus on changwon-si in Korea.", Journal of the Kora Planners Association, Vol. 47, No. 7, pp. 119-128 (in Korean)Google Search
9 
Lee K. H., Ko E. J. (2020). "Analysis of factors influencing the travel mode choice of bicycle by trip purpose-a case study of Seoul.", Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, Vol. 21, No. 10.5762/ KAIS.2020.21.12.33, pp. 33-42DOI
10 
Min S. A., Jung Y. S. (2021). "Comparative study of prediction models for public bicycle demand in Seoul.", The Korean Data and Information Science Society, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 585-592DOI
11 
Oโ€™brien O., Cheshire J., Batty M. (2014). "Mining bicycle sharing data for generating insights into sustainable transport systems.", Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 34DOI
12 
Sa K. E., Seo J. M., Lee S. G. (2020). "Analysis of origin- destination characteristics and the shortest travel path of public bike users in the morning peak-hour period.", Journal of the Urban Design Institute of Korea Urban Design, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 105-120 (in Korean)DOI