ACI Subcommittee 445-1 (2002), Examples for the Design for Structural Concrete with
                           Strut-and-Tie Models; SP-208, Reineck R. H. eds, American Concrete Institute, Michigan,
                           USA.
                        
                      
                     
                        
                        Adebar, P., Kuchma, D., and Collins, M. P. (1990), Strut-and-Tie Models for the Design
                           of Pile Caps: An Experimental Study, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 87, No. 1, pp. 81-92.

 
                     
                        
                        Adebar, P. and Zhou L. (1993), Bearing Strength of Compressive Struts Confined by
                           Plain Concrete, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 90, No. 5, pp. 534-541.

 
                     
                        
                        Adebar, P. and Zhou L. (1996), Design of Deep Pile Caps by Strut-and-Tie Models, ACI
                           Structural Journal, Vol. 93, No. 4, pp. 437-448.

 
                     
                        
                        American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (2010), AASHTO
                           LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 5th Edition, Washington, D.C., USA.
                        
                      
                     
                        
                        American Concrete Institute (1999), Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
                           (ACI 318-99) and Commentary (ACI 318R-99), Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA.
                        
                      
                     
                        
                        American Concrete Institute (2011), Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
                           (ACI 318M-11) and Commentary, Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA.
                        
                      
                     
                        
                        Blevot, J. and Fremy R. (1967), Semelles sur Pieux, Annales de l'Institut Technique
                           du Batiment et des Travaux Publics, Vol. 20, No. 230, pp. 223-295.
                        
                      
                     
                        
                        British Standards Institution (1997), Structural Use of Concrete; BS8110, Milton Keynes,
                           UK.
                        
                      
                     
                        
                        Clarke, J. L. (1973), Behavior and Design of Pile Caps with Four Piles, Report No.
                           42.489, Cement and Concrete Association, London, UK.
                        
                      
                     
                        
                        Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (2008), CRSI Design Handbook 2008, 10th Edition,
                           Illinois, USA.
                        
                      
                     
                        
                        Canadian Standards Association (2004), Design of Concrete Structures for Buildings,
                           A23.3-M04, Rexdale, Ontario, Canada.
                        
                      
                     
                        
                        Jeun, C. H. and Yun, Y. M. (2010), Validity Evaluation of Effective Strength of Concrete
                           Strut using Strut-Tie Model Analysis of Structural Concrete, Journal of the Korean
                           Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 30, No. 5A, pp. 443-462.
                        
                      
                     
                        
                        Mitchell, D., Collins, M. P., Bhide, S. B., and Rabbat, B. G. (2004), AASHTO LRFD
                           Strut-and-Tie Model Design Examples, Portland Cement Association, Illinois, USA.
                        
                      
                     
                        
                        Park, J. W. (2005), Strength Prediction of RC Pile Caps Using 3-Dimensional Strut-Tie
                           Model Approach, Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 25, No. 5A,
                           pp. 771-116.
                        
                      
                     
                        
                        Park, J. W, Kuchma, D., and Souza, R. (2008), Strength Predictions of Pile Caps by
                           A Strut-and-Tie Model Approach, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 35, pp.
                           1399-1413.

 
                     
                        
                        Sabnis, G. M. and Gogate, A. B. (1984), Investigation of Thick Slab (Pile Cap) Behavior,
                           Proc., ACI Journal, Farmington Hills, Michigan, Vol. 81, pp. 35-39.

 
                     
                        
                        Suzuki, K., Otsuki, K., and Tsubata, T. (1998), Influence of Bar Arrangement on Ultimate
                           Strength of Four-Pile Caps, Transactions of the Japan Concrete Institute, Vol. 20,
                           pp. 195-202.
                        
                      
                     
                        
                        Suzuki, K., Otsuki, K., and Tsuchiya, T. (2000), Influence of Edge Distance on Failure
                           Mechanism of Pile Caps, Transactions of the Japan Concrete Institute, Vol. 22, pp.
                           361-368.
                        
                      
                     
                        
                        The International Federation for Structural Concrete(fib) (2010), Model Code 2010
                           Volume 2, The International Federation for Structural Concrete(fib), Lausanne, Switzerland.
                        
                      
                     
                        
                        Willam, K. J. and Warnke, E. P. (1974), Constitutive Model for the Triaxial Behavior
                           of Concrete. Proc., International Association of Bridge Structures, Vol. 19, pp 1-30.
                        
                      
                     
                        
                        Yun, Y. M. (2005), Effective Strength of Concrete Strut in Strut-Tie Model (I): Methods
                           for Determining Effective Strength of Concrete Strut, Journal of the Korean Society
                           of Civil Engineers, Vol. 25, No. 1A, pp. 49-59.
                        
                      
                     
                        
                        Yun, Y. M. and Kim, B. H. (2008), A Two-Dimensional Grid Strut-Tie Model Approach
                           for Structural Concrete, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 134, No. 7,
                           pp 1199-1214.
