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Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute

J Korea Inst. Struct. Maint. Insp.
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  • Korea Citation Index (KCI)

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๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ , CSA ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ, ๊ท ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ท ์—ดํ•˜์ค‘, ํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€
Steel fiber, CSA expansion agent, Crack resistance, Initial cracking load, Fracture energy

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋Š” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ์žฅ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•˜ ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ธ์žฅ์˜์—ญ์— ๋ณด๊ฐ•์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ณด๊ฐ•์žฌ๋Š” ์ฒ ๊ทผ์ด๋ฉฐ, RC (Reinforced Concrete) ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์žฅ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ท ์—ด์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ฐ•์žฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ, ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ  (Steel fiber)๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ณด๊ฐ•์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ญํ•™์  ์žฅ์ ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค (ACI 1999; Adbar et al., 1997; Cho et al., 2012). ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ฌ์œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ† ๋ชฉ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ, ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ • ์„ฑ, ์—ฐ์„ฑํ™•๋ณด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ•˜์ค‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ ์›์ธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ท  ์—ด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ท ์—ด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ™”์—ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ท ์—ด (Rhee et al., 2010), ๊ฑด์กฐ์ˆ˜์ถ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ท ์—ด (Song et al., 2001), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ด ํ™”์ธ์ž ์œ ์ž…์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ฒ ๊ทผ๋ถ€์‹ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์••๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ท ์—ด (Song et al., 2005) ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์ด๋‹ค.

์žฌ๋ฃŒ์ ์ธ ๊ท ์—ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฑด์กฐ์ˆ˜์ถ• ์ € ๊ฐ์ œ๋‚˜ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜ผํ™”์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋„ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค์šฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋‹ค (Yoo et al., 2012; Maltese et al., 2005). ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜ ์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์˜ ์ฒด์ ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ท ์—ด์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜ ๊ณ  ๊ฑด์กฐ์ˆ˜์ถ• ์ €๊ฐ์ œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ทน์ˆ˜์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์žฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ท ์—ด ์„ ์ €๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค (Yoo et al., 2012).

๋†’์€ ๋‹จ์œ„์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋Š” ํƒˆํ˜•ํ›„ ์ฒด์ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ท ์—ด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด๋ฐ, ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์„ฑ ํ˜ผํ™”์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ˜ผ์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ท ์—ด๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €ํ•ญ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์ผ ๊ตฌ์†๋œ ๋ถ€์žฌ์—์„œ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋งค๋ฆฝ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•์žฌ๋‚˜ ์„ฌ์œ  ๋ณด๊ฐ•์žฌ๋Š”

๋ฐ˜๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์••์ถ•๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์  ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ ˆ์‹ฑ (Chemical prestressing)์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค (Park et al., 2001; Sahamitmongkol et al., 2002).

ํ™”ํ•™์  ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์‹ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑด์กฐ์ˆ˜์ถ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ท ์—ด ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ์„  (Han et al., 1998; 2001; Nagataki and Gomi, 1998), ์ธ์žฅ๊ฒฝํ™” ๋ฐ ์—ฐํ™” ํŠน์„ฑ (Ahn et al., 2003; Ahn, 2003; Kim, 2003)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ค๋‚ด์‹คํ—˜์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ํ˜„์žฅ์ ์šฉ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ (Cho et al., 1999)๋„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋งค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ฐ•์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™์  ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์‹ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๊ณผ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์— ํ˜ผ์ž…๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญํ•™์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ๊ท ์—ด ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” CSA (Calcium Sulfo Aluminate) ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ์™€ ๊ฐ• ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์ž…ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด ๋ถ€์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์—ญ ํ•™์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ธ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ณด ๋ถ€์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ท ์—ด ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ  ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋ฐ CSA ํŒฝ์žฅ์žฌ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ

2.1. ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ  ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด ํŠน์„ฑ

์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ ๊ท ์—ด ์„ ๋‹จ์—์„œ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ง„ํ–‰์˜์—ญ์€ Fig. 1(a)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ท ์—ด๋ถ€๋ถ„ (micro-cracking)๊ณผ Fig. 1(b)์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง•๋ถ€ ๋ถ„ (bridging)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ท ์—ด๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์†์ƒ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ทน์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€, ๊ณจ์žฌ์™€ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์˜ ์†์‹ค ๋“ฑ ๋ฏธ์†Œ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง•๋ถ€ ๋ถ„์€ ๊ท ์—ด๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ณจ์žฌ๋‚˜ ์„ฌ์œ  ๋ณด๊ฐ•์žฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ท ์—ด ์„ ๋‹จ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ง„ํ–‰์˜์—ญ์€ ์—ฐํ™” ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ ํŒŒ ๊ดด๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค (Okamura and Maekawa, 1991).

๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ  ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์™€ ๊ท ์—ด ๊ฑฐ๋™ ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณจ์žฌ, ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ํŽ˜ ์ด์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ฐ•๋„์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณจ์žฌ์˜ pull out, ํŒŒ๊ดด ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‘๋ ฅ์ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ• ์„ฌ์œ  ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ pull out, ๋˜๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‘๋ ฅ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ  ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ ์šฐ ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ท ์—ด ์—ด๋ฆผ ํญ (Critical cracking opening width)์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์„ฌ์œ  ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค (Ahn, 2003).

Fig 1.

Fracture progress in concrete (Ahn 2003)

JKSMI-18-125_F1.jpg

2.2. CSA ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ

์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํด๋ง์ปค๋Š” 4๋Œ€ ์กฐ์„ฑ๊ด‘๋ฌผ (C3A,C2S ,C3A , C4AF)์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, C 4 A 3 S ยฏ ๊ณ„ ํด๋ง์ปค๋Š” ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์›๋ฃŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๊ณ„ ๊ด‘๋ฌผ C 4 A 3 S ยฏ , ฮฒ C 2 S - C 4 A 3 S ยฏ ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ๋กœ๋Š” ์นผ์Š˜ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋„ค์ดํŠธ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ (CAH)๊ณผ ์นผ์Š˜์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ดํŠธ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ (CSH)์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. C 4 A 3 S ยฏ ๊ณ„ ํด๋ง ์ปค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ธ ํ™”ํ•™์กฐ์„ฑ์ด CaO - A l 2 O 3 - S O 3 ๋กœ์„œ, A l 2 O 3 ์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉด ์กฐ๊ฐ•์„ฑ, SO3 ์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ณ ๊ฐ•๋„์„ฑ, CaO ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๋งŽ ์œผ๋ฉด ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค (Kim, 2003). JIS A 6020์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์„ž์˜€์„๋•Œ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ํŠธ๋ฆฐ์ž์ดํŠธ ๋˜ ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์นผ์Š˜์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์™€ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋ฅผ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์‹œํ‚ค ๋Š” ํ˜ผํ™”์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต Kํ˜•, Sํ˜•, Mํ˜•๊ณผ ์„ํšŒ ๊ณ„ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ (Oํ˜•)์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ „์ž๋Š” ์—ํŠธ๋ฆฐ์ž์ดํŠธ์˜ ํ˜• ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›„์ž๋Š” ์‚ฐํ™”์นผ์Š˜์„ ์ฃผ์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์นผ์Š˜์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 2์—์„œ๋Š” Nagataki (1998)์˜ CSA๊ณ„ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ™”ํŒฝ์ฐฝ๊ณผ์ • ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์นผ์Š˜์€ 3CaOโ€ข3Al2O3โ€ขCaSO4 ๋ฐ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์„๊ณ ์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์นจ์ƒ์˜ ์—ํŠธ๋ฆฐ์ž์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ (1)~์‹ (3)์—์„œ๋Š” Kํ˜•, S ํ˜•, Mํ˜•์˜ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘์‹์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, CSA ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ผ€๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ (Kim et al., 2003; Han et al., 1998; 2011)์— ์ž˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(1)
3CaO โ‹… 3 Al 2 O 3 โ‹… Ca SO 4 + 8 Ca SO 4 + 6 CaO + 96 H 2 O โ†’ 3 3 CaO โ‹… Al 2 O 3 โ‹… Ca SO 4 โ‹… 21 H 2 O
(2)
CaO โ‹… Al 2 O 3 + 3 Ca SO 4 + 2 H 2 O + 2 Ca OH 2 + 24 H 2 O โ†’ 3 CaO โ‹… Al 2 O 3 โ‹… 3 Ca SO 4 โ‹… 32 H 2 O
(3)
3CaO โ‹… Al 2 O 3 + 3 Ca SO 4 + 2 H 2 O + 26 H 2 O โ†’ 3 CaO โ‹… Al 2 O 3 โ‹… 3 Ca SO 4 โ‹… 32 H 2 O
Fig 2.

Chemical compound of CSA expansion material (Nagataki and Gomi, 1988)

JKSMI-18-125_F2.jpg

3. ์‹คํ—˜๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ

3.1. ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ

CSA ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ์™€ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์ž…ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ w/c (water to cement) ๋น„๋Š” 0.4๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, CSA ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ ํ˜ผ์ž…์€ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์˜ 10%๋กœ ์น˜ํ™˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์ฒด์ ์— 1.0%๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด 0.5~1.5% ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ  ์ฒด์ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค (Ahn, 2003; ACI 544, 1999). ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ๋ญ‰ ์นจํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ๊ณ„ ์œ ๋™ํ™”์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ค‘ ๋Ÿ‰ 0.15% ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 1์—์„œ๋Š” CSA ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์„ฑ๋ถ„์„, Table 2์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ˆ˜๋กํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œํŽธ์ œ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์€ Table 3์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ Kํ˜• CSA ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Table 3์—์„œ N์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด๋ฅผ, S๋Š” CSA ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€ ๋ฅด๋ฅผ, NSF๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์™€ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ, SSF๋Š” CSA ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€ ๋ฅด์— ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์ž…ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ท ์—ด์ œ์–ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํŒฝ ์ฐฝ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ํ™”ํ•™์  ํ”„ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์‹ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘ ์ด ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณผํŒฝ์ฐฝ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ท ์—ด๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ 10%์˜ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋ฐ”์ธ๋”๋Ÿ‰์„ CSA ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ ๋กœ ์น˜ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (Park et al., 2001).

Table 1.

Chemical composition of CSA expansion admixture (Unit: %)

Ig.loss Insol. SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 Sum F-CaO
0.8 1.4 4.0 10.0 1.2 52.5 0.6 30.0 99.1 16.0
Table 2.

Indent type steel fiber and shape

Type Length (mm) Width (mm) Thickness (mm) Aspect ratio (l/d) Tensile strength (MPa)
Indent shape 30.00 0.50 0.40 59 1,065
JKSMI-18-125_T2F1.jpg
Table 3.

Mix proportions for cement mortar specimens

Types W/(C+E)(%) E/(E+C)(%) Unit weight (kg/m3)
W C E S F
N 40.0 0.0 356.0 891.0 0.0 891.0 0.0
S 10.0 356.4 801.9 89.1 0.0
NSF 0.0 356.0 891.0 0.0 78.5
SSF 10.0 356.4 801.9 89.1 78.5

3.2. ์—ญํ•™์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์‹คํ—˜

4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญํ•™์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ ํ•ด, ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„, ํƒ„์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜, ํฌ์•„์†ก๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. KS F 2562 ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, KS F 2738์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํƒ„์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์™€ ํฌ์•„์†ก๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œํ—˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ชจ ๋“  ์›์ฃผํ˜• ๊ณต์‹œ์ฒด๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ง์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์–‘์ƒ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ 20ยฑ2ยฐC ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์–‘์ƒํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฎ์–ด ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. CSA ๋ชจ ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์ž์œ  ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์† ํŒฝ์ฐฝ๋ฅ ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‹œํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ (Ahn et al., 2013)์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํŒฝ์ฐฝํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3.3. ๊ท ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜

3.3.1. ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ์ œ์› ๋ฐ ์ œ์กฐ

ํŒŒ๊ดดํŠน์„ฑ ์‹œํ—˜์šฉ ์‹œํŽธ์€ Table 3์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์ž…ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ (NSF, SSF)์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹œํŽธ ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ์ œ์›์€ 150ร—150ร—550mm์ด๋ฉฐ ์ง€๊ฐ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ 450mm๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์น˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ์‹œํŽธ ๋†’์ด์˜ 1/2 ์ธ 75mm๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๋Š” Table 2์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ indent shape ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์ „์ฒด ์ œ์ ๋น„ 1%๋กœ ํ˜ผ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ น 2์ผ์— ํƒˆํ˜•ํ•˜์—ฌ 20ยฑ2ยฐC๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์Šต์œค์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹คํ—˜์€ 28์ผ ์–‘์ƒํ›„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 3์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ์ œ์› ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ  ํ˜ผ์ž…์‹œํŽธ ์ œ์กฐ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Fig 3.

Sample geometry and mixing stage for the test

JKSMI-18-125_F3.jpg

3.3.2. ํŒŒ๊ดดํŠน์„ฑ์‹คํ—˜

๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ  ๋ณด๊ฐ• CSA ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดดํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด TC-992 ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŒŒ๊ดด์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ค€ ๋ณด ๋ถ€์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ 3์  ํœจ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•˜์ค‘ ์žฌํ•˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํด๋ฆฝ๊ฒŒ์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ท ์—ด๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ณ€์œ„ (CMOD: Crack mouth opening displacement)๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ  ๋ณด๊ฐ•์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์ด ํด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ LVDT๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฒ˜์ง๋„ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌํ•˜ ์†๋„๋Š” ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜ ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•˜์ค‘์ ์˜ ์ฒ˜์ง ์†๋„๊ฐ€ 0.06mm/min๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ์ œ์–ดํ•˜ ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜์ค‘-๊ท ์—ดํญ (Load-CMOD) ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ์žฅํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. JCI ๊ทœ์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” 0.075~0.15mm/min ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์žฌํ•˜์†๋„๋กœ ํ‰ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 4์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜ ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ›„์˜ ์‹œํŽธํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋„ ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ TC-992 (Yoshinori and Yuichi, 2002) ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€ (Gf)๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋„ ์ถœ์€ ์‹ (4a, 4b)์™€ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œ ํšจ์ˆซ์ž 3์ž๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

(4a)
G f = 0.75 W 0 + W 1 A lig
(4b)
W 1 = 0.75 S L m 1 + 2 m 2 CM OD c
Fig 4.

Fracture test setup and sample after break up

JKSMI-18-125_F4.jpg

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ Gf ์€ ํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€ (N/mm), W0 ๋ฐ W1 ๋Š” ๊ณต์‹œ ์ฒด ํŒŒ๋‹จ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ํ•˜์ค‘-CMOD ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์•„๋ž˜๋ฉด์  (Nโˆ™mm)์™€ ๊ณต์‹œ์ฒด์˜ ์ž์ค‘ ๋ฐ ์žฌํ•˜์ œ์–ด์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ (Nโˆ™mm), Alig ๋Š” ligament์˜ ๋ฉด์  (mm2), m1 ๋Š” ๊ณต์‹œ์ฒด์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ (N), S ๋Š” ์žฌํ•˜์ŠคํŒฌ (mm), L ์€ ๊ณต์‹œ์ฒด์˜ ์ „๊ธธ์ด (mm), m2 ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋‹จ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต์‹œ์ฒด์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ์ œ์–ด์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ (N), CMODc๋Š” ํŒŒ๋‹จ์‹œ์˜ ๊ท ์—ด๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ณ€์œ„ (mm)๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

4. CSA ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์ž…ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๊ท ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํŒŒ๊ดดํŠน์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€

4.1. ์—ญํ•™์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€

3.2์ ˆ์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ•™์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ (์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„, ํƒ„์„ฑ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜, ํฌ์•„์†ก๋น„)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. Table 4์— ์„œ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์™€ ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, Fig. 5์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋„๋น„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Table 4.

Compressive strength in various mix conditions

Types Without Steel Fiber (MPa) With Steel Fiber (MPa)
N S NSF SSF
1 49.4 49.5 51.9 53.7
2 52.4 49.7 53.5 60.3
3 52.7 48.2 55.5 59.5
Average 51.5 49.1 53.6 57.8
Table 5.

Results of elasticity and Possion's ratio

Types Without Steel Fiber (MPa) With Steel Fiber (MPa)
N S NSF SSF
Elasticity (MPa) 28,640 26,120 30,810 27,950
Possion's ratio 0.228 0.250 0.249 0.256
Fig 5.

Strength ratio to normal cement mortar

JKSMI-18-125_F5.jpg

์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด CSA ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (S) ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, Table 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹จ ์œ„ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ  ํ˜ผ์ž… ์ฝ˜ํฌ ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ธ์žฅ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์—๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ง€๋งŒ (Kim, 2003; Ahn et al., 2013), ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ํฐ ๊ฐ•๋„์ฆ์ง„์„ ๋ณด ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ค๊ณ„์‹œ ๊ฐ•๋„์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค (ACI, 1999). NSF์—์„œ 4.2%์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ CSA์™€ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์ž…ํ•œ SSF์—์„œ๋Š” 12.3%์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€ ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” CSA ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋„์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํฐ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ ๋‹ค. ํƒ„์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์™€ ํฌ์•„์†ก๋น„์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ Table 5์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณดํ†ต๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ„์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ํฌ์•„์†ก๋น„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ ๋น„๋ฅผ Fig. 6์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig 6.

Ratio of elasticity and Possionโ€™s ratio

JKSMI-18-125_F6.jpg

ํƒ„์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” NSF์—์„œ, ํฌ์•„์†ก๋น„๋Š” SSF์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ 10% ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์—ญํ•™์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜ ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ํŠธ๋ฆฐ์ž์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ˆ˜ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ CSH ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํƒ„์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์•„ ๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ SSF ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

4.2. ๊ท ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ‰๊ฐ€

4.2.1. ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ฐ ๊ท ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€

Fig. 7์—์„œ๋Š” 3์  ํœจ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ฐ•๋œ ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด ํœจ ๋ถ€์žฌ (NSF) ๋ฐ CSA ํŒฝ์ฐฝ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด ํœจ ๋ถ€์žฌ (SSF)์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜์ค‘-์ฒ˜์ง๊ณก์„  ๋ฐ ํ•˜์ค‘-๊ท ์—ด๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ณ€์œ„ (CMOD) ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง•ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฒ˜์ง ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ดˆ ๊ธฐ ๊ท ์—ด ํ•˜์ค‘์ด ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ๋‚ด ๋ถ€์— ์ฒ ๊ทผ์„ ๋งค๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒฝ ํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ (Kim, 2003), SSF์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™์  ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์‹ฑ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด์™ธ์— ์ด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ํŒŒ๊ดดํŠน์„ฑ์„ Fig. 8์— ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋Š” Pre-peak์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ท ์—ด๋ฐœ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฐ•์„ฑ๋ณ€๋™์ด ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  Post-peak์—์„œ๋Š” ์™„๋งŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ค‘-์ฒ˜์ง-๊ท ์—ด๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

Fig 7.

Load-displacement and Load-CMOD for NSF and SSF

JKSMI-18-125_F7.jpg
Fig 8.

Comparison of Load, displacement, and CMOD in NSF and SSF

JKSMI-18-125_F8.jpg

Fig. 8์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด NSF ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์— ๋น„ํ•ด SSF ๋ชจ๋ฅด ํƒ€๋ฅด์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ํœจ์ €ํ•ญ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ท ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ท ์—ด ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์ค‘์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฅผ Table 6๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Table 6.

Initial cracking load of NSF and SSF

Types Without CSA (KN) With CSA (KN)
NSF SSF
1 5.99 10.10
2 5.21 9.37
3 5.31 9.50
Average 5.50 9.64

CSA ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ์™€ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์ž…ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์ž… ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค 1.75๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ท ์—ดํ•˜์ค‘ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ ํ˜ผ์ž…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์†์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํœจ์ธ์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง ์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋น„๊ต๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” (Kim, 2003) CSA ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ์™€ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ  ํ˜ผ์ž… ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ท ์—ดํ•˜ ์ค‘์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์ž…ํ•œ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ•์„ฌ ์œ  ํ˜ผ์ž… CSA ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์—์„œ 1.10~1.69๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 1%์˜ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ  ํ˜ผ์ž…๋ณด๋‹ค 2%์˜ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ํ˜ผ์ž…์ด CSA ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋”์šฑ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž„์„ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

4.2.2. ํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ‰๊ฐ€

๊ท ์—ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ง„์ „์—๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋น„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ์™€ CSA ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์œ ๋ฌด ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ท ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ „์ˆ ํ•œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธํ˜‘ํšŒ์˜ TC -992 ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€ ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ€์žฌ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ D๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ CMOD๊ฐ€ 0.02D (3mm), 0.04D (6mm), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒŒ๋‹จ์‹œ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Table 7์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ  ๋ณด๊ฐ• ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด (NSF)์™€ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• CSA ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด (SSF) ํœจ๋ถ€์žฌ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ Fig. 9์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Table 7.

Fracture energy of NSF and SSF with varying notch depth

Types Fracture energy in NSF (N/mm)
CMOD 3mm CMOD 6mm CMOD final
1 0.9518 1.5738 2.2527
2 0.7478 1.1158 2.0146
3 0.7655 1.2180 2.5494
Average 0.8217 1.3025 2.2722
Types Fracture energy in SSF (N/mm)
CMOD 3mm CMOD 6mm CMOD final
1 1.3530 1.9986 2.7709
2 1.1600 1.6235 2.5469
3 1.2481 1.8999 3.1622
Average 1.2537 1.8407 2.8266
Fig 9.

Fracture energy in NSF and SSF with different notch depth

JKSMI-18-125_F9.jpg

SSF ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์—์„œ๋Š” NSF ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์— ๋น„ํ•ด CMOD๊ฐ€ 3mm ์ผ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” 153%, 6mm์ผ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” 141% ์ •๋„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€ ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ์ข… ํŒŒ๋‹จ์‹œ์—๋Š” 124.4% ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข… ํŒŒ๋‹จ ์‹œ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” CMOD 3mm, 6mm์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ข€ ๋” ์—„๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒ ๋œ๋‹ค. SSF ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ™”ํ•™์  ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ ๋กœ ๊ท ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ chemical prestressing์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํœจ์ธ์„ฑ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ (Ahn, 2003; Kim, 2003)์—๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

CSA ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์ž…ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ  ๋ณด๊ฐ• ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๊ท ์—ด ์ €ํ•ญ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

  1. ์ฒด์ ๋น„ 1%์˜ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ์™€ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋ฐ”์ธ๋”์˜ 10% ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์„ CSA ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ๋กœ ์น˜ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์™€ ๊ท ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ์ธก์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ NSF (๊ฐ• ์„ฌ์œ  ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด)์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ 104.2% ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ SSF (๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ +CSA)์—์„œ ๋Š” 112.3%์˜ ๋†’์€ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. SSF์—์„œ ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” NSF์™€ ๋น„๊ต์‹œ ํฐ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์—† ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

  2. ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์ž…ํ•œ ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ  ํ˜ผ์ž… CSA ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์—์„œ 1.75๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ท ์—ดํ•˜์ค‘์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์  ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์‹ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง•ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค.

  3. ํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• CSA ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์— ์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์— ๋น„ํ•ด CMOD๊ฐ€ 3mm์ผ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 153%, 6mm์ผ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 141% ์ •๋„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ์ข… ํŒŒ๋‹จ์‹œ์—๋Š” 124% ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ์™€ CSA ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ค‘ ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ท ์—ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ ์ธ์„ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋งค์šฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ฑด์„ค๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ฃผ์š”์‚ฌ์—… (FRP Hybrid Bar๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํ•ด์–‘ํ•ญ๋งŒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๋ช…ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋น„ ์ง€์›์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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