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Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute

J Korea Inst. Struct. Maint. Insp.
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  • Korea Citation Index (KCI)




PVA ์„ฌ์œ , VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ, ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด, ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„
PVA fiber, VAE powder polymer, Cement composites, Flexural strength

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ง„, ํƒœํ’ ๋ฐ ํญ์—ด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์™ธ ๋ถ€์š”์ธ๊ณผ ํญ๋ฐœ, ํ™”์žฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์žฌ๋‚œ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ ํ„ฐ ์ธ๋ช… ๋ฐ ์ž์‚ฐํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ž ๋ณธ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์˜ ์†์ƒ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ด ๊ทน๋‹จํ•˜์ค‘์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ์™ธ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„ ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€์ง„, ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ํญ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅธ ํ•˜ ์ค‘์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฑด์„ค์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค.

์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ž๋ณธ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์ธ ํ† ๋ชฉ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํœจ์ธ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„์— ๋น„ ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํก์ˆ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ทจ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฑฐ๋™ ํŠน ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํœจ์ธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ฐ•๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์ทจ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€ ๋ฅด์— PVA(polyvinyl alcohol) ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ•์ด๋‚˜ VAE(vinyl acetate ethylene) ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค.

์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ทจ์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ํšจ์œจ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(Poston et al., 2001; Lee et al., 2013; Son et al., 2017)๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ฌ ์™”๋‹ค.

ํ•œํŽธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์— PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์ž…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋†’์€ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํก์ˆ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด ๋ณด ๋‹ค ์ธ์žฅ๊ฐ•๋„, ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„, ์ ‘์ฐฉ์„ฑ, ์ˆ˜๋ฐ€์„ฑ, ๋‚ด๋งˆ๋ชจ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜ ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Shao et al., 1997; Park et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2015; Choi et al., 2015; Cho et al., 2017). ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋Š” ๋ณด์ˆ˜ยท๋ณด๊ฐ•์žฌ, ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์™„์ถฉ์žฌ ๋ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํก์ˆ˜์žฌ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์šฉ๋„ ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋‚˜, ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ถฉ ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฑฐ๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทนํžˆ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์ „ ๋ฌดํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค.

์ถฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์ค‘์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฑฐ๋™์€ ์ •์ ํ•˜์ค‘ ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋†’์€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์†๋„์˜ ํ•˜์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง„ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‹œํŽธ ์ „์ฒด์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํŒŒ๊ดด ๊ฑฐ๋™ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ถ€ํŒŒ๊ดดํ˜•์ƒ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ 4์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ˜• ํƒœ์ธ ์ „๋ฉด๊ด€์ž…(penetration), ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด๊ท ์—ด(crack of rear), ๋ฐฐ๋ฉดํŒŒ ๊ดด(scabbing) ๋ฐ ๊ด€ํ†ตํŒŒ๊ดด(perforation)๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ, ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์ค‘์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์ข… ์„ฌ ์œ ๋‚˜ ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์ž…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํœจ์ธ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(Mindess et al., 1989; Bindiganavile et al., 2001; Kim et al., 2009; Min et al., 2011; Li et al., 2013; Min et al., 2015, Lee et al., 2018)๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฑฐ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ €์˜จ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์˜จ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์™€ ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 1.0% PVA ์„ฌ์œ  ํ˜ผ์ž…์œจ๊ณผ 10% VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ฐ•๋„(์••์ถ•, ํœจ) ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ํ•˜์ค‘์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” โ€“35โ„ƒ, 0โ„ƒ ๋ฐ 35โ„ƒ์˜ ์„ ์ •๋œ ์˜จ๋„์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ต, ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ์‹คํ—˜๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

2.1 ์‹คํ—˜๊ณ„ํš

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์ฒด์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ W/C๋Š” 40.0%์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์›Œ์ปค๋นŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ํ™•๋ณด ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ W/C๋Š” 44.0%๋กœ ํ•˜ ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชฉํ‘œ ํ‰๊ท ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ์—์„œ ์•ฝ 40 MPa๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€ ๋‹ค. ์‹œํ—˜์‚ฌํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก ์ •ํ† ๋ก ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ โ€“35โ„ƒ, 0โ„ƒ ๋ฐ 35โ„ƒ์˜ ์„ ์ •๋œ ์˜จ๋„์กฐ ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์ค‘์— ์˜ํ•œ ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋น„๊ต, ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚™ํ•˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.2 ์‚ฌ์šฉ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ

2.2.1 ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ

์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋Š” S์‚ฌ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ณดํ†ต ํฌํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ(Typeโ… )๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์ค‘์€ 3.15์ด๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋ง๋„๋Š” 3,620ใŽ /g ์ด๋‹ค.

2.2.2 ์ž”๊ณจ์žฌ

์ž”๊ณจ์žฌ๋Š” ๋น„์ค‘์ด 2.60์ธ ์ถฉ๋‚จ ๊ณต์ฃผ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋œ ์„ธ์ฒ™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.2.3 PVA ์„ฌ์œ 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ Kuraray์‚ฌ ์ œํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฌ ์œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์นœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ์จ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ํŽ˜ ์ด์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๋†’์€ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์žฅ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ 900โˆผ 1,600MPa์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋Š” ์ง๊ฒฝ 0.04mm, ๊ธธ์ด 12.0mm ์ •๋„๋กœ์จ ํ˜•์ƒ๋น„ 300 (=12/0.04)์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. PVA ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์€ Table 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Table 1

Physical properties of PVA fiber

JKSMI-23-102_T1.jpg

2.2.4 VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋Š” ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” VAE๊ณ„ ์žฌ์œ ํ™”ํ˜• ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, VAE ๋ถ„๋ง์€ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋ถ„๋ง๋กœ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ ์‹œ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์™€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. VAE ๋ถ„ ๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ˜•์ƒ์€ Table 2์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ Fig. 1์€ PVA ์„ฌ์œ ์™€ VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

Table 2

Physical properties of VAE powder polymer

JKSMI-23-102_T2.jpg
Fig. 1

Shapes of VAE powder polymer and PVA fiber: (a) PVA fiber (b) VAE powder polymer

JKSMI-23-102_F1.jpg

2.2.5 ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์„ค๊ณ„

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์„ค ๊ณ„ ์‹œ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ Vf=1.0%๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€ ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด 1ใŽฅ์— PVA ์„ฌ์œ  13kg์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ˜ผ์ž…๋ฅ ์€ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์˜ 10% ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด 1ใŽฅ์— VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ 61.0kg์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์™€ ์ž”๊ณจ์žฌ์˜ ๋น„์œจ(C:S)์€ 1:2์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋น„(P/C)๋ฅผ 10%๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์••์ถ•ยทํœจ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” Table 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Table 3

Mix proportions of mortar

JKSMI-23-102_T3.jpg

2.3 ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

2.3.1 ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ฐ ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„ ์‹œํ—˜

์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ฐ ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„ ์‹œํ—˜์€ KS L ISO 679(์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„์‹œ ํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•)์— ์ค€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ์‹œํ—˜์€ 50ร—50mm ์ •์œก๋ฉด์ฒด ๋ชฐ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 3๊ฐœ์”ฉ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ ํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„ ์‹œํ—˜์€ 50mmร—50mmร—2 00mm์˜ ๊ฐ ์ฃผํ˜• ๊ณต์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ 3์  ์žฌํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๊ฐ„์€ 150mm, ๋†’์ด 50mm์˜ ์‹œํŽธ์— ํ•˜์ค‘์„ ๊ฐ€๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‹œ ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ฐ ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.3.2 ๋‚™ํ•˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ์‹œํ—˜

์‹œํŽธ์˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์ค‘์— ์˜ํ•œ ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‚™ํ•˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์‹œํ—˜๊ธฐ(drop impact testing machine)๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ Instron์‚ฌ์˜ Ceast model 9350์ธ ๋‚™ํ•˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์‹œํ—˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ ๋ฉฐ, ์žฅ๋น„๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์€ Table 4์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์‹œํŽธ์„ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œํŽธ ์ค‘ ์•™์— ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์ค‘์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 21.3kN ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌํ˜• ์ถ”๋ฅผ ๋†’ ์ด 144mm์—์„œ ๋‚™ํ•˜์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ๋Œ์‹œ์ ์˜ ๋‚™ํ•˜์†๋„๋Š” ์ž์œ  ๋‚™ ํ•˜์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ์จ ์•ฝ 1.67m/s ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ค€ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋Š” ์•ฝ 3.0J์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์ค‘์€ ๋‚™ํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ์ถ”์˜ ๋์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋Š” ํ…(tub) ์•ˆ์˜ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ๋กœ๋“œ ์…€(load cell)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํŽธ์— ์ถฉ ๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์งˆ ๋•Œ ํ•˜์ค‘์„ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„๋Š” ๋‚™ ํ•˜ ์‹œํ—˜๊ธฐ ์ž์ฒด์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ํ•˜์ค‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ํ™˜์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ…Œ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์‹œํ—˜๊ธฐ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ธก์ • ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜ ์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์„ ์ •๋œ ์˜จ๋„์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์‹œํŽธ๋ณ„๋กœ 3ํšŒ ์”ฉ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ์˜จ๋„์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์„ ์ •๋œ ์˜จ๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ƒ์Šน์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™ ์•ˆ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜จ๋„์กฐ์ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜ ์—ฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ โ€“35โ„ƒโˆผ35โ„ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ € ์˜จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•ก์ฒด์งˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ์˜จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ โ€“35โ„ƒ์™€ 0โ„ƒ์˜ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ํ›„ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ›„ 35โ„ƒ ์˜จ๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ค๋ธ์—์„œ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™ ์•ˆ ์˜จ์—ด ํ›„ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 2๋Š” ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‚™ํ•˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์‹œํ—˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ค์น˜๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

Table 4

Specifications of drop impact testing machine

JKSMI-23-102_T4.jpg
Fig. 2

View of impact test setups: (a) Drop impact testing machine (b) Data acquisition system (c) Specimen restraint state in chamber

JKSMI-23-102_F2.jpg

2.3.3 ์‹œํŽธ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์–‘์ƒ

๊ฐ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 60ร—60mm ์˜ ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์ด๊ณ  ๋‘๊ป˜๋Š” 10mm๋กœ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‹œํŽธ ๋ณ„๋กœ 3๊ฐœ์”ฉ ์˜จ๋„์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด 27๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹œํŽธ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ชจ์–‘ ํ˜•ํ‹€์— ๋„ฃ์€ ํ›„ ํƒˆํ˜•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํ—˜์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ฑด์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์–‘์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ์ •๋œ ์˜จ๋„์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œํŽธ ์ œ์ž‘์€ Table 5์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Table 5

Specimens for impact test under ultimate temperature condition

JKSMI-23-102_T5.jpg

2.3.4 SEM ๊ด€์ฐฐ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋„์‹œํ—˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ ํ›„ PVA ์„ฌ์œ ์™€ VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ํŒŒ๋‹จ๋œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ˜• ์ƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋œ ๊ณต์‹œ์ฒด ๋‚ด์˜ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ์ง„๊ณต์ƒํƒœ์— ์„œ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ํ›„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ(scanning electron microscope, SEM) ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ช…(MIRA LMH, Tescan Ltd)์„ ์ดฌ์˜ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„

3.1 ๊ฐ•๋„ ์‹œํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

PVA ์„ฌ์œ ์™€ VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ฐ ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„ ์‹œํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌ ํ•˜๋ฉด Table 6๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์‹œํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” PVA ์„ฌ ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์ƒํšŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์ฒด๋Š” ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PVA ์„ฌ์œ ์™€ VAE ๋ถ„ ๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ์—์„œ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 48.9MPa์™€ 35.5MPa๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์— ๋น„ํ•ด 98.2% ์ • ๋„๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ฆ์ง„ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—† ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” 71.3% ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์–ด ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ์— ์„œ ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 6.07MPa์™€ VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” 5.00MPa๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” 4.88MPa๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. PVA ์„ฌ ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•ฝ 24.4%์˜ ์ •๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•ฝ 2.5% ์ •๋„๋กœ ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„๋น„๋Š” PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1/8.0์™€ VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” 1/7.1 ์ • ๋„๋กœ ๋˜์–ด, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1/10.2 ์ •๋„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ฌ์œ  ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ต์—ญํ• (bridging effect)๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ท ์—ด๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์–ต์ œ์™€ VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ๊ณต๊ทน์„ ์ฑ„์šฐ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์น˜๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋ ฅ ์ฆ์ง„์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์€ PVA ์„ฌ์œ  ใ€‰VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ใ€‰ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Table 6

Results of mortar strength tests

JKSMI-23-102_T6.jpg

3.2 ์••์ถ•ํŒŒ๊ดด ํ˜•์ƒ

๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ณต์‹œ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์••์ถ• ์‹œํ—˜ ํ›„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ˜•์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ Table 7๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. Table 7(a)์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ท ์—ด ๋ฉด ์ „์ฒด์— PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ด˜์ด˜ํžˆ ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ท ์—ด ๋ฉด์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‹œ ์ฒด์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด ๋งค์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ํŒŒ๋‹จ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ๋ฝ ํž˜(fiber pull-out)ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ ๋ฉฐ, ๊ท ์—ด ํญ์€ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๊ฒŒ ๋„“์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ํฐ ๊ท ์—ด์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜ ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณต์‹œ์ฒด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— PVA ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ต์—ญํ• ๋กœ ์ธ ํ•œ ๊ท ์—ด๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ทจ์„ฑํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด Table 7(b)์—์„œ VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ทน์„ ์ฑ„์›€ ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ ๊ฐœ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๋‹จ๋ฉด์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งค๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ํŽธ์ด์—ˆ์œผ ๋‚˜, ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ธฐํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง๊ท ์—ด๋กœ ๊ณต์‹œ์ฒด ๋†’์ด ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ง‘์ค‘ํŒŒ์—ด๋กœ ํŒŒ ํŽธ์ด ์‚ฐ์‚ฐ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‘์€ ์†Œ์Œ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ธ‰์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ๊ดด ์–‘ ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 7

Fracture shape and apparatus after compressive strength tests

JKSMI-23-102_T7.jpg

3.3 ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

3.3.1 ์‹œํŽธ ์ถฉ๋Œ ํ›„ ํŒŒ๊ดด ํŠน์„ฑ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์‹œํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„์ง์€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ทœ์ • ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜ ์˜€๋‹ค(Kim et al., 2015; Han et al., 2015). ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์ค‘์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒํŠน์„ฑ, ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์†๋„, ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ฐ•์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. Fig. 3์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค. ์‹œํŽธ์— ์ถฉ๋Œ ํ›„ ์œก์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ 4์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1) ์ „๋ฉด๊ด€์ž… (penetration): 2) ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด๊ท ์—ด(crack of rear): 3) ๋ฐฐ๋ฉดํŒŒ๊ดด (scabbing): 4) ๊ด€ํ†ตํŒŒ๊ดด(perforation)์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 3

Failure pattern and grade by impact: (a) Penetration (b) Crack of rear (c) Scabbing (d) Perforation

JKSMI-23-102_F3.jpg

์ฒซ์งธ, ์ „๋ฉด๊ด€์ž…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ถฉ๋Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๊ด€์ž…๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•œ ์ฃผ ๋ณ€์— ํœจ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์˜์—ญ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์— ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ท ์—ด(micro crack) ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ •๋„๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด๊ท ์—ด์€ ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํƒˆ๋ฝ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ถฉ๋Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ฉด์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ท ์—ด์ด ์ง„์ „๋œ ์ •๋„๋กœ์จ ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด๊ท ์—ด(crack of rear)๋กœ ํ•˜ ์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ฐฐ๋ฉดํŒŒ๊ดด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ถฉ๋Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ฉด๊ท ์—ด๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐฐ ๋ฉด๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์— ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ํฐ ๊ท ์—ด(macro crack)์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๊ด€ํ†ตํŒŒ๊ดด๋Š” ์ถฉ๋Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท ์—ด์ด ์ง„์ „๋˜์–ด ์‹œํŽธ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์€ โ€“35โ„ƒ, 0โ„ƒ ๋ฐ 35โ„ƒ์˜ ์„ ์ •๋œ ์˜จ๋„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์ค‘์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ์ „๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฐ˜ ์ ์ธ ํŒŒ๊ดด์œ ํ˜•์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด Table 8๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์™„์ „ ๊ด€ํ†ตํŒŒ๊ดด๋œ ์‹œํŽธ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ „์ฒด ์‹œํŽธ 27๊ฐœ ์ค‘ 18๊ฐœ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด ๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ โ€“35โ„ƒ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ No3 ์‹œํŽธ์„ ์ œ ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ด€ํ†ตํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐ๋ฉดํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฐ€ ์–ต์ œ๋˜์–ด ๋‚ด์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์œก์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ๋ฉด์€ โ€“35โ„ƒ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ No1๊ณผ No3 ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง ๋˜ ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท ์—ด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 0โ„ƒ์™€ 35โ„ƒ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ํฐ ์˜ฌ๋ก๋ณผ๋กํ•œ ๋ชจ์–‘์€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋น„๊ต์  ํ‰ํƒ„ ํ•œ ๋ฉด์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์–ด ๊นŠ์€ ์ž๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ์†Œ์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ํ”์ ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์€ ์„ ์ •๋œ ์˜จ๋„์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์— ์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท ์—ด์ด ๋„“์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์ž…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํŒŒ๊ดด ์‹œ์— ๊ท ์—ด์˜ ์ง„ ์ „์ด ๋ณด๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง€์—ฐ๋œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 0โ„ƒ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ No2 ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ์ „๋ฉด์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ํฐ ๊ท ์—ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜ ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€ํ†ตํŒŒ๊ดด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์‹œํŽธ์€ ์˜จ๋„์กฐ ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ๊ท ์—ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ทจ์„ฑํŒŒ๊ดด๋กœ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ํŒŒํŽธ ๋“ค๋กœ ์ฌฌ๊ฐœ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ด€ํ†ตํŒŒ๊ดด ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋‚ด์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 0โ„ƒ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ No3 ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ๋ฉดํƒˆ๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒํŽธ๋“ค์ด ์ฌฌ๊ฐœ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์ค‘์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

Table 8

Failure pattern of specimens under temperature range selected for the โ€“35โ„ƒ, 0โ„ƒ and 35โ„ƒ

JKSMI-23-102_T8.jpg
Table 9

Results of impact loading tests

JKSMI-23-102_T9.jpg

3.3.2 ์˜จ๋„์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํŠน์„ฑ

์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ€“35โ„ƒ, 0โ„ƒ ๋ฐ 35โ„ƒ์˜ ์„ ์ •๋œ ์˜จ ๋„์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ์‹œํŽธ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์‹œํŽธ์€ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ €ํ•˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ PVA ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ต์—ญํ• ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด์— ๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ์—ฌ ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ €์˜จ์ธ โ€“35โ„ƒ์— ์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ณ , ๊ณ ์˜จ์ธ 35โ„ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์ €์˜จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” PVA ์„ฌ์œ  ใ€‰VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ใ€‰์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ˆœ ์œผ๋กœ PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํก์ˆ˜์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

3.3.3 ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ๋ณ€์œ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„

Fig. 4๋Š” โ€“35โ„ƒ, 0โ„ƒ ๋ฐ 35โ„ƒ์˜ ์„ ์ •๋œ ์˜จ๋„์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ๋ณ€์œ„๊ณก์„  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ๋ณ€์œ„ ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์„ ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ถฉ ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. PVA ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ต์—ญํ• ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์ค‘์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์‹œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณ€์œ„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ ๋‹นํžˆ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™ ์ด ์ €์˜จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋งŒํ•˜ ๋‚˜, ๊ณ ์˜จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•ด์ง์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ์‹œํŽธ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด ์‹œํŽธ์€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ทจ์„ฑํŒŒ๊ดด ๊ฑฐ๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 4

Comparison of impact energy-displacement curves at temperature variation: (a) -35โ„ƒ (b) 0โ„ƒ (c) 35โ„ƒ

JKSMI-23-102_F4.jpg

3.3.4 ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„

Fig. 5๋Š” โ€“35โ„ƒ, 0โ„ƒ ๋ฐ 35โ„ƒ์˜ ์„ ์ •๋œ ์˜จ๋„์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณก์„  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ ์ง€ ๊ณก์„ ์€ ์ง์„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ ๋‹ค. PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋น„ ํ•ด PVA ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ต์—ญํ• ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธธ๊ณ  ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ท ์—ด๊ฐ„์˜ ์‘๋ ฅ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ๋„์™€ PVA ์„ฌ์œ ์—์„œ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ๊ท ์—ด์˜ ์ง„์ „์„ ์–ต ์ œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ทจ์„ฑํŒŒ๊ดด ํ˜„์ƒ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์„ฑํŒŒ ๊ดด ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ์‹œํŽธ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด ์‹œํŽธ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„ ์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ทจ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ํŒŒ๊ดด ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ -35โ„ƒ ์˜จ ๋„์—์„œ PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋™์•ˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 0โ„ƒ์™€ 3 5โ„ƒ ์˜จ๋„์˜ ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์—ฐ์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ์‹œํŽธ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธธ์–ด ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํก์ˆ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 5

Comparison of impact energy-time curves at temperature variation: (a) -35โ„ƒ (b) 0โ„ƒ (c) 35โ„ƒ

JKSMI-23-102_F5.jpg

3.4 SEM ๊ด€์ฐฐ

Fig. 6์€ ๊ฐ•๋„ ์‹œํ—˜ ํ›„ ๊ณต์‹œ์ฒด ๋‚ด ํŒŒ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ SEM ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. Fig. 6(a)์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ํฌ ๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ฌ์œ ์‚ฌ์ด ์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด ๋„“์–ด ์นœํ™”๋ ฅ์ด ์ปค์„œ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฝํž˜(pull out)์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํŒŒ๊ดด ๋งค์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ํŒŒ๋‹จ์ด๋ผ ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ๋ฝํž˜์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ ๋‹ค. Fig. 6(b)์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณต ํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ํ•„๋ฆ„์ด ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ณจ์žฌ๊ฐ„ ์˜ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ทน์„ ์ฑ„์›€์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์กฐ์ง์ด ์น˜๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ ๊ฐœ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๋‹จ๋ฉด์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งค๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ํŽธ์ด์—ˆ์œผ ๋‚˜, ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๊ธฐํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์กฐ์ง ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ์ด ์ ๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ, PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ณ„๋ฉด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ ์ด ๋” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 6

SEM images of mortar: (a) PVA fiber (b) VAE polymer (c) Norma

JKSMI-23-102_F6.jpg

4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” PVA ์„ฌ์œ ์™€ VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜ ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์ค‘์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” โ€“35โ„ƒ, 0โ„ƒ ๋ฐ 35โ„ƒ์˜ ์„ ์ •๋œ ์˜จ๋„์กฐ ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ต, ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

  1. ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 48.9MPa์™€ VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” 35.5MPa๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•ฝ 98.2% ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ฆ์ง„ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ ์šฐ ์•ฝ 71.3%๋กœ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

  2. ์žฌ๋ น 28์ผ์—์„œ์˜ ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 6.07MPa์™€ VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” 5.0MPa๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„๋น„๋Š” PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1/8.0๊ณผ VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” 1/7.1 ๋ฒ”์œ„๋กœ ๋˜์–ด, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€ ๋ฅด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1/10.2 ์ •๋„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํœจ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

  3. ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์ค‘์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์€ ์ „๋ฉด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๋” ํฐ ๊ท ์—ด๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๋ฉดํŒŒ๊ดด์™€ ๊ด€ํ†ตํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฐ€ ์–ต์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์ž…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํŒŒ๊ดด ์‹œ์— ๊ท ์—ด์˜ ์ง„์ „์ด ๋ณด ๊ฐ•์„ฌ์œ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง€์—ฐ๋œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ท ์—ด์ด ์ˆ˜์ง ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ 3์กฐ๊ฐ ๋˜ ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ ์กฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€ํ†ต๋˜์–ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ทจ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฑฐ๋™ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.

  4. โ€“35โ„ƒ, 0โ„ƒ ๋ฐ 35โ„ƒ์˜ ์„ ์ •๋œ ์˜จ๋„์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฑฐ ๋™์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ์‹œํŽธ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œํŽธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์‹œํŽธ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์€ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ ๊ดด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํก์ˆ˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ โ€“35โ„ƒ ์˜จ๋„์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œPVA ์„ฌ์œ  ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธธ๊ณ  ๋ณ€์œ„ ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปธ๋‹ค.

  5. SEM ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด PVA ์„ฌ์œ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ˜•์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด ํƒ€๋ฅด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ณ„๋ฉด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ์ด ๋” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด VAE ๋ถ„๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ํ˜• ์„ฑ๋œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ ๊ฐœ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๋‹จ๋ฉด์€ ๊นจ ๋—ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งค๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ํŽธ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๊ธฐ ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€

์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2016๋…„๋„ ๋ฐ 2018๋…„๋„ ์ •๋ถ€(๊ต์œก๋ถ€)์˜ ์žฌ์› ์œผ ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์—… ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (No. NRF-2018R1A6A1A03025542), (No. NRF- 2016R1A6A 3A11931945).

 

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