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Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute

J Korea Inst. Struct. Maint. Insp.
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  • Korea Citation Index (KCI)

  1. μ •νšŒμ›, μšΈμ‚°λŒ€ν•™κ΅ κ±΄μ„€ν™˜κ²½κ³΅ν•™λΆ€ μ—°κ΅¬κ΅μˆ˜ ()
  2. μ •νšŒμ›, κ±΄ν™”μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆμ–΄λ§ ()
  3. μ •νšŒμ›, λΆ€μ‚°λŒ€ν•™κ΅ ν† λͺ©κ³΅ν•™κ³Ό 쑰ꡐ수 ()
  4. μ •νšŒμ›, μšΈμ‚°λŒ€ν•™κ΅ κ±΄μ„€ν™˜κ²½κ³΅ν•™λΆ€ ꡐ수 ()



λ‹¨μΌν˜• ν˜„μž₯νƒ€μ„€λ°€λš κ΅λŸ‰, κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™, 내진성λŠ₯, 닀지점 가진
pile-bent bridge, near-fault ground motion, seismic performance, multi-support excitation

1. μ„œ λ‘ 

μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌμ˜ 낙동강 μœ μ—­μ€ 연약측이 맀우 λ‘κΊΌμ›Œ μ•”λ°˜κΉŒμ§€μ˜ κΉŠμ΄κ°€ 맀우 κΉŠλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 지역에 μ ν•©ν•œ κ΅λŸ‰ν˜•μ‹ μ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” ꡐ각과 기초λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ λΆ€μž¬λ‘œ ν•˜λŠ”, 즉 λ‹¨μΌν˜• ν˜„μž₯νƒ€μ„€λ§λš κ΅λŸ‰μΌ 것이닀. λ‹¨μΌν˜• 말뚝의 직경은 일반적으둜 1.0~4.0 m둜 일반 λ§λšκΈ°μ΄ˆμ— λΉ„ν•˜μ—¬ 단면이 μ»€μ„œ νš‘κ°•μ„±μ΄ 크기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ§€μ§„μ‹œ 이λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ 지진동 μž…λ ₯을 κ³ λ €ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. Jeon (2004), Son et al.(2005), Ahn et al.(2011)은 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ‹¨μΌν˜• 말뚝의 섀계방법에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , Yea(2008)와 Jeon(2000)은 λŒ€κ΅¬κ²½ ν˜„μž₯νƒ€μ„€λ§λšμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μ  연ꡬλ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œ λ°” μžˆλ‹€.

ν•œνŽΈ, 낙동강 μœ μ—­μ€ 양산단측과 μΈμ ‘ν•œ κ³³μ΄μ–΄μ„œ μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” μ§€μ§„λ™μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ€ λ‹¨μΈ΅μ—μ„œ 멀리 떨어진 μ›μ—­μ—μ„œμ˜ μ§€μ§„λ™κ³ΌλŠ” νŠΉμ„±μ΄ λ‹€λ₯΄λ‹€. κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ€ 전방지ν–₯μ„±(forward directivity)에 μ˜ν•΄ μž₯μ£ΌκΈ° μ„±λΆ„μ˜ νŽ„μŠ€ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό 가지며, 단측면 λ‚΄μ—μ„œ νŒŒμ—΄μ˜ μ „νŒŒλ°©ν–₯κ³Ό μ „λ‹¨νŒŒμ˜ μ „νŒŒλ°©ν–₯이 μΌμΉ˜ν•  λ•Œ μ§€μ§„νŒŒκ°€ λ™μΌν•œ μ‹œμ μ—μ„œ μ€‘μ²©λ˜λŠ” νŠΉμ„±μ„ 보인닀(Somerville et al., 1997). μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ˜ λ°œμƒμ€ 단측 νŒŒμ—΄λ©΄μ΄ μ–΄λŠ 정도 크기λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λ―€λ‘œ 주둜 μ§€μ§„μ˜ 규λͺ¨κ°€ 6.5 이상인 큰 μ§€μ§„μ—μ„œ κ΄€μΈ‘λ˜μ§€λ§Œ 규λͺ¨ 6.0 μ΄ν•˜μ˜ μ€‘μ†Œκ·œλͺ¨ μ§€μ§„μ—μ„œλ„ λͺ‡ μ°¨λ‘€ κ΄€μΈ‘λœ λ°” μžˆλ‹€. μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌλŠ” λ°œμƒ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ΅œλŒ€ μ§€μ§„μ˜ 규λͺ¨κ°€ 6.5 λ‚΄μ™Έλ‘œ 강진지역에 λΉ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 크지 μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ˜ˆμƒλ˜μ§€λ§Œ 진앙거리가 κ°€κΉŒμš°λ©΄ ꡬ쑰물에 μ‹¬κ°ν•œ ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό 쀄 수 μžˆμœΌλ―€λ‘œ 내진섀계가 μˆ˜ν–‰λœ κ΅λŸ‰μΌμ§€λΌλ„ κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ§€μ§„κ±°λ™νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό 내진성λŠ₯을 확인할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ΅λŸ‰μ˜ μ§€μ§„κ±°λ™νŠΉμ„±μ€ κ΅­λ‚΄μ—μ„œ 맀우 μ œν•œμ μœΌλ‘œ μˆ˜ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. Park et al.(2007)은 κ΅λŸ‰μ˜ μƒλΆ€κ΅¬μ‘°μ˜ μ§ˆλŸ‰κ³Ό 심뢀ꡬ속철근비λ₯Ό μ£Όμš” λ³€μˆ˜λ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ μ§„λ™λŒ€ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ—¬ κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ— λŒ€ν•œ νŠΉμ„±λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•œ λ°” μžˆλ‹€. ν•΄μ™Έμ˜ 경우, Mohamed et al.(2018)은 비ꡐ적 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ ꡬ쑰물인 2κ²½κ°„ 연속ꡐλ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ§€μ§„κ±°λ™νŠΉμ„±μ„ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬, λ‹¨μΈ΅κΉŒμ§€μ˜ 거리가 κ°€κΉŒμšΈμˆ˜λ‘ μƒλΆ€κ΅¬μ‘°μ˜ λ³€μœ„κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€κ³  λ³΄κ³ ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ³Έ 연ꡬ와 κ°€μž₯ μœ μ‚¬ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λ‘œλŠ” Washington State Transportation Commission(2007)μ—μ„œ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λ‘œ, λ‹¨μΌν˜• λ§λšμ„ κ°–λŠ” 5κ²½κ°„ 연속ꡐλ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ μ§€λ°˜μ„ μŠ€ν”„λ§μœΌλ‘œ λͺ¨λΈν™”ν•˜κ³  μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ°œμƒν•œ κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ„ μž…λ ₯μš΄λ™μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ κ΅λŸ‰μ˜ μ§€μ§„κ±°λ™νŠΉμ„±μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 각 μ§€λ°˜μŠ€ν”„λ§μœΌλ‘œ μž…λ ₯λ˜λŠ” μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ„ λ™μΌν•˜κ²Œ μ μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 기쑴의 연ꡬ와 달리 내진섀계가 μˆ˜ν–‰λœ λ‹¨μΌν˜• ν˜„μž₯νƒ€μ„€λ§λšμ„ κ°–λŠ” 9κ²½κ°„ 연속ꡐλ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ§€μ§„κ±°λ™νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό 내진성λŠ₯을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ§€λ°˜μ˜ λΉ„μ„ ν˜•μ„±μ„ κ³ λ €ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μ§€λ°˜ν•΄μ„μ„ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, κ·Έ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ μ§€λ°˜μ„ λ“±κ°€μ„ ν˜•μŠ€ν”„λ§μœΌλ‘œ λͺ¨λΈν™”ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , 각 μ§€μΈ΅μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” 각기 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ„ 각 μ§€λ°˜μŠ€ν”„λ§μ˜ μž…λ ₯μš΄λ™μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ κ΅λŸ‰μ˜ 닀지점 가진 λΉ„μ„ ν˜• 지진해석을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

2. λ³Έ λ‘ 

2.1 κ΅λŸ‰ 및 μ§€λ°˜ νŠΉμ„±

λŒ€μƒκ΅λŸ‰μ€ μž¬ν˜„μ£ΌκΈ° 1000λ…„μ˜ 섀계지진에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 내진섀계가 된 9κ²½κ°„ 연속ꡐ(9@50m=450m)이닀. μƒλΆ€κ΅¬μ‘°λŠ” PSC BEAM이며, κ΅λŒ€λŠ” μ—­Tν˜•, ꡐ각과 κΈ°μ΄ˆλŠ” 일체둜 된 λ‹¨μΌν˜• ν˜„μž₯νƒ€μ„€λ§λš ν˜•μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 지름은 2.5m이고, κ΅λŸ‰λ°›μΉ¨μ€ 탄성받침이닀. κ΅λŸ‰μ˜ μ’…νš‘λ‹¨λ©΄μ€ Fig. 1κ³Ό κ°™λ‹€.

Fig. 1. Longitudinal and cross sections of bridge considered

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.137/fig1.png

ν•œνŽΈ, λŒ€μƒκ΅λŸ‰μ€ κΈ°λ°˜μ•”κΉŒμ§€μ˜ κΉŠμ΄κ°€ 61.5 m둜 연약측이 맀우 λ‘κΊΌμš΄ 지역에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•˜λ©° 각 ν† μ‚¬μΈ΅μ˜ λ‘κ»˜ 및 μ „λ‹¨νŒŒμ†λ„λŠ” Table 1κ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. Table 1μ—μ„œμ™€ 같이 μ „λ‹¨νŒŒμ†λ„λŠ” μ•”λ°˜μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 상뢀 μ§€μΈ΅μœΌλ‘œ 올라갈수둝 크게 κ°μ†Œν•˜λ‹€κ°€ 지측 5μ—μ„œ 크게 μ¦κ°€ν•œ ν›„ 지측 4μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° λ‹€μ‹œ 크게 κ°μ†Œν•˜λŠ” νŠΉμ„±μ„ 보인닀. λ”°λΌμ„œ μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‹¨λ‹¨ν•œ μ§€λ°˜μ΄ λ‘κΊΌμš΄ μ—°μ•½μΈ΅μ˜ 쀑간뢀뢄에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•œλ‹€.

Table 1. Characteristics of soil profile

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2.2 κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™

2.2.1 단측 정보

λŒ€μƒκ΅λŸ‰μ€ 낙동강 μœ μ—­μ˜ 연약측에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ μ–‘μ‚°λ‹¨μΈ΅λ‚¨λΆ€λ‘œ κ°€μ •ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° κ³ λ €ν•œ μ§€μ§„μ˜ 규λͺ¨λŠ” 6.8이닀(ν™œμ„±λ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ„ 및 μ§€μ§„μœ„ν—˜μ§€λ„ μ œμž‘, μ†Œλ°©λ°©μž¬μ²­, 2012). 양산단측과 κ΅λŸ‰μ˜ μƒλŒ€μ μΈ μœ„μΉ˜λŠ” Fig. 2μ—μ„œμ™€ 같이 λͺ¨λΈ 단측 남μͺ½ λμ—μ„œ μ„œμͺ½ 152Β°κ°λ„λ‘œ μ•½ 13 km정도 λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° λ‹¨μΈ΅μ˜ μ£Όν–₯(strike)은 동μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ 20Β°μ΄λ―€λ‘œ λ‹¨μΈ΅μ˜ μ£Όν–₯에 λŒ€ν•œ λ°©μœ„κ°μ€ 172°이닀.

Fig. 2. Locations of fault and bridge

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2.2.2 κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™ λͺ¨λΈλ§

단측 νŒŒλΌλ―Έν„°λŠ” λ―Έκ΅­ 동뢀와 μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 값을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° μ΄λ•Œ μœ ν•œλ‹¨μΈ΅λͺ¨λΈμ˜ 각 μ†Œλ‹¨μΈ΅(subevent)듀은 4개둜 κ²°μ •λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μ§μ‚¬κ°ν˜• λ‹¨μΈ΅λ©΄μœΌλ‘œ κ°€μ •ν•˜λ©΄ λ‹¨μΈ΅μ˜ 길이(L)와 폭(W) λΉ„κ°€ 1:1μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ 4:1둜만 ν•œμ •λœλ‹€. μ—¬κΈ°μ„œλŠ” 4:1 λΉ„μœ¨μ„ μ μš©ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° μ΄λ•Œ μ§€μ§„κ·œλͺ¨λ₯Ό 6.8둜 ν•˜λ©΄ λ‹¨μΈ΅μ˜ 길이가 32 kmλ₯Ό λ„˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€(L=38.1 km, W=9.5 km).

지진원 λͺ¨λΈ μ‹œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은 뢀지와 λ‹¨μΈ΅λ©΄κ³Όμ˜ μ΅œλ‹¨κ±°λ¦¬μ΄λ―€λ‘œ Fig. 3κ³Ό 같이 μ–‘μ‚°λ‹¨μΈ΅μ˜ 남μͺ½μ΄ 끝으둜 μ˜€λ„λ‘ λ‹¨μΈ΅νŒŒμ—΄λ©΄μ„ λͺ¨λΈλ§ν•˜κ³  단측 μƒλ‹¨μ˜ κΉŠμ΄λŠ” 2 km둜 κ°€μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

Fig. 3. Modeling of fault rupture plane

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λ‹¨μΈ΅νŒŒμ—΄λ©΄μ—μ„œμ˜ 진원 μœ„μΉ˜(Fig. 4μ—μ„œ 1~7)λ₯Ό λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ ν•˜μ—¬ 총 7개의 κ°€μ†λ„μ‹œκ°„μ΄λ ₯(EQ1~EQ7)을 μƒμ„±ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이듀 κ°€μ†λ„μ‹œκ°„μ΄λ ₯의 μ΅œλŒ€κ°€μ†λ„μ˜ λΆ„ν¬λŠ” 0.37 g ~ 0.88 g이며, μ΄λ“€μ˜ μ‘λ‹΅μŠ€νŽ™νŠΈλŸΌμ€ Fig. 5와 κ°™λ‹€. μ‘λ‹΅μŠ€νŽ™νŠΈλŸΌμ˜ μ΅œλŒ€κ°’μ€ 2.0 g에 이λ₯Ό μ •λ„λ‘œ 맀우 ν¬μ§€λ§Œ 주기에 따라 κΈ‰μ†ν•˜κ²Œ μž‘μ•„μ§€λ‹€κ°€ μ£ΌκΈ° 0.8초(s) λΆ€κ·Όμ—μ„œ 제2의 피크가 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” νŠΉμ§•μ„ 보인닀.

Fig. 4. Locations of hypocenters on fault rupture plane

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Fig. 5. Acceleration histories and response spectra

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2.3 μ§€λ°˜ 및 κ΅λŸ‰ 해석λͺ¨λΈ

2.3.1 지측별 μ΅œλŒ€κ°€μ†λ„

κ΅λŸ‰μ˜ λ‹¨μΌν˜• ν˜„μž₯νƒ€μ„€λ§λšμ€ μ—¬λŸ¬ 지측을 κ΄€ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ μ•”λ°˜μ— μ§€μ§€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ κ΅λŸ‰μ˜ 지진해석은 각 μ§€μΈ΅λ³„λ‘œ μ‚°μ •λœ κ°€μ†λ„μ‹œκ°„μ΄λ ₯을 각 μ§€μΈ΅λ³„λ‘œ μž…λ ₯ν•˜λŠ” 닀지점 가진 응닡이λ ₯해석이 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€.

이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 2.2.2μ—μ„œ μƒμ„±λœ μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™(EQ1~EQ7: μ΅œλŒ€μ§€λ°˜κ°€μ†λ„ 0.37g~0.88g)을 κΈ°λ°˜μ•”μ—μ„œμ˜ μž…λ ₯μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ Shake2000으둜 μ§€λ°˜μ‘λ‹΅ν•΄μ„μ„ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 7개의 μž…λ ₯μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™ μ€‘μ—μ„œ EQ1에 λŒ€ν•œ 각 μ§€μΈ΅μ˜ κ°€μ†λ„μ‘λ‹΅μ‹œκ°„μ΄λ ₯을 Fig. 6에 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄μ—ˆλ‹€. ν•˜λΆ€μ§€μΈ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ 응닡가속도이λ ₯보닀 μƒλΆ€μ§€μΈ΅μ˜ 응닡가속도이λ ₯이 μ’€ 더 μž₯μ£ΌκΈ°ν™” λ˜λŠ” 것을 확인할 수 μžˆλ‹€. 각 μž…λ ₯μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ— λŒ€ν•œ 각 μ§€μΈ΅μ—μ„œμ˜ μ΅œλŒ€μ§€λ°˜κ°€μ†λ„λŠ” Fig. 7κ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. 지측 6μ—μ„œ μ΅œλŒ€κ°€μ†λ„κ°€ 크게 κ°μ†Œν•˜μ—¬ μƒλΆ€μ§€μΈ΅μ—μ„œ λ‹€μ†Œ μ¦κ°€ν•˜λ©°, μ§€ν‘œμ—μ„œμ˜ μ΅œλŒ€κ°€μ†λ„λŠ” 0.18g~0.28g의 뢄포 νŠΉμ„±μ„ 보인닀.

Fig. 6. Response acceleration histories at each layer for EQ1

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.137/fig6_1.png../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.137/fig6_2.png

Fig. 7. Distribution of maximum peak ground accelerations at each soil layer

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2.3.2 μ§€λ°˜μŠ€ν”„λ§λͺ¨λΈ

각 μ§€μΈ΅μ˜ μ§€λ°˜μŠ€ν”„λ§λͺ¨λΈμ€ μ§€λ°˜μ˜ λΉ„μ„ ν˜•κ±°λ™νŠΉμ„±μ„ κ³ λ €ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ λ“±κ°€νƒ„μ„±μŠ€ν”„λ§μœΌλ‘œ λͺ¨λΈν™”ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

μš°μ„ , μ§€λ°˜μ‘λ‹΅ν•΄μ„μ„ 톡해 각 μ§€μΈ΅μ—μ„œ κ΅¬ν•œ μ§€λ°˜μ˜ μ΅œλŒ€μ „λ‹¨λ³€ν˜•λ₯ ($\gamma_{\max}$)의 2/3λ₯Ό μœ νš¨μ „λ‹¨λ³€ν˜•λ₯ ($\gamma_{eff}$)둜 ν•˜μ—¬ 이에 μƒμ‘ν•˜λŠ” μ „λ‹¨νƒ„μ„±κ³„μˆ˜(G)λ₯Ό κ΅¬ν•˜κ³ , μ „λ‹¨νƒ„μ„±κ³„μˆ˜μ™€ μ „λ‹¨νŒŒμ†λ„($V_{s}$)μ™€μ˜ 관계($G=\rho V_{s}^{2}$, $\rho$λŠ” ν™μ˜ 밀도)λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ „λ‹¨νŒŒμ†λ„λ₯Ό κ΅¬ν•˜κ³ , 이λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ Nκ°’(ν‘œμ€€κ΄€μž…μ‹œν—˜κ°’)을 κ΅¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.(Ohsaki and Iwasaki, 1973).

λ“±κ°€μ„ ν˜•μ§€λ°˜μŠ€ν”„λ§μ˜ μˆ˜ν‰μ§€λ°˜λ°˜λ ₯κ³„μˆ˜($k_{h}$)λŠ” 식(1)을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

(1)
$$k_{h}=k_{h0}(\dfrac{1}{0.3}\times B_{H})^{-\dfrac{3}{4}}$$

μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ, $k_{h0}$λŠ” 지름 30 cm의 강체 μ›νŒμ— μ˜ν•œ ν‰νŒμž¬ν•˜μ‹œν—˜μ— μ˜ν•œ 값에 μƒλ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜ν‰μ§€λ°˜λ°˜λ ₯κ³„μˆ˜(${k N}/{m}^{3}$)λ‘œμ„œ 식(2)λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, $\alpha$λŠ” μ§€μ§„μ‹œμ˜ 2.0을 μ μš©ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° $E_{0}=2,\:800N$을 μ μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

(2)
$$k_{h0}=(\dfrac{1}{0.3}\bullet\alpha\bullet E_{0})$$

ν•œνŽΈ, 식(1)μ—μ„œ $B_{H}$λŠ” ν•˜μ€‘μž‘μš©λ°©ν–₯에 μ§κ΅ν•˜λŠ” 기초의 ν™˜μ‚°μž¬ν•˜ν­(m)으둜 λ§λšκΈ°μ΄ˆμ— μ μš©ν•˜λŠ” 식(3)을 μ μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

(3)
$$B_{H}=\sqrt{D/\beta}$$

μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ, $D$λŠ” ν•˜μ€‘μž‘μš©λ°©ν–₯에 μ§κ΅ν•˜λŠ” 기초의 μž¬ν•˜ν­(m), $\beta$(m$^{-1}$)λŠ” 기초의 νŠΉμ„±μΉ˜λ‘œμ„œ 식(4)와 κ°™λ‹€.

(4)
$$\beta =(\dfrac{k_{h}D}{4EI})^{\dfrac{1}{4}}$$

μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ, $E$, $I$λŠ” 각각 λ‹¨μΌν˜„μž₯νƒ€μ„€λ§λšμ˜ νƒ„μ„±κ³„μˆ˜, 단면2μ°¨λͺ¨λ©˜νŠΈμ΄λ‹€.

μ§€λ°˜μŠ€ν”„λ§κ³„μˆ˜($k_{s}$)λŠ” μˆ˜ν‰μ§€λ°˜λ°˜λ ₯κ³„μˆ˜μ— λ‹¨μΌν˜•λ§λšμ˜ 직경을 κ³ λ €ν•˜μ—¬ μ‚°μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 각 μž…λ ₯μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™(EQ1~EQ7)에 λŒ€ν•œ 각 지측(1~10)의 μ§€λ°˜μŠ€ν”„λ§κ³„μˆ˜μ˜ 평균값은 Table 2와 κ°™λ‹€.

Table 2. Average of soil spring coefficients(unit; kN/m)

Layer No.

$k_{s}$

1

19,822

2

4,883

3

8,869

4

9,666

5

68,453

6

4,883

7

23,321

8

46,328

9

187,898

10

1,302,522

2.3.3 κ΅λŸ‰ 해석λͺ¨λΈ

μž…λ ₯μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 탄성거동이 μ˜ˆμΈ‘λ˜λŠ” μƒλΆ€κ΅¬μ‘°λŠ” νƒ„μ„±λΆ€μž¬λ‘œ λͺ¨λΈν™”ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° κ· μ—΄ 및 철근의 ν•­λ³΅μœΌλ‘œ μ†Œμ„±κ±°λ™μ΄ μ˜ˆμΈ‘λ˜λŠ” λ‹¨μΌν˜• ν˜„μž₯νƒ€μ„€λ§λšμ€ 재료 λΉ„μ„ ν˜• 거동이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ„λ‘ νŒŒμ΄λ²„μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λͺ¨λΈν™”ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λ•Œ 횑철근으둜 κ΅¬μ†λœ μ‹¬λΆ€μ½˜ν¬λ¦¬νŠΈμ—λŠ” Mander et al.(1988)의 νš‘κ΅¬μ† 콘크리트의 응λ ₯-λ³€ν˜•λ₯  관계식을 μ μš©ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 철근의 응λ ₯-λ³€ν˜•λ₯  곑선은 Menegotto et al.(1973) λͺ¨λΈμ„ μ μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€(Fig. 8).

Fig. 8. Fiber model for pile-bent

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상뢀ꡬ쑰와 ν•˜λΆ€κ΅¬μ‘°λ₯Ό μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” 탄성받침은 λ°›μΉ¨μ˜ 역학적 νŠΉμ„±κ°’(κ°•μ„±)을 μ μš©ν•œ elastic link둜 λͺ¨λΈν™”ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

μ§€λ°˜μ€ 2.3.2μ—μ„œ μ‚°μ •ν•œ μ§€λ°˜μŠ€ν”„λ§κ³„μˆ˜λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ” μ§€λ°˜μŠ€ν”„λ§μ„ 각 μ§€μΈ΅λ³„λ‘œ λ§λšμ— λΆ€μ°©ν•˜μ—¬ λͺ¨λΈν™”ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€(Fig. 9). λ‹¨μΈ΅μš΄λ™μ— μ˜ν•œ μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ€ λ‹¨μΈ΅λ©΄μ˜ 직각방ν–₯이 주된 λ°©ν–₯이고, 단측방ν–₯으둜의 μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ˜ μ„ΈκΈ°λŠ” μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ 맀우 μž‘λ‹€. λŒ€μƒ κ΅λŸ‰μ€ 단측 직각방ν–₯으둜 놓인 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κ°€μ •ν•˜μ—¬ μž…λ ₯μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ€ ꡐ좕방ν–₯으둜만 μž…λ ₯ν•˜κ³  ꡐ좕직각방ν–₯으둜의 μž…λ ₯은 μƒλž΅ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

Fig. 9. Soil spring model and input motions

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2.4 μ§€μ§„κ±°λ™νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό 내진성λŠ₯

7개의 μž…λ ₯μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™(EQ1~EQ7)μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μƒμ„±λœ 각 μ§€μΈ΅μ˜ κ°€μ†λ„μ‹œκ°„μ΄λ ₯을 κ΅λŸ‰μ˜ μž…λ ₯μš΄λ™μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ 지진해석을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , 이 μ€‘μ—μ„œ 각 λΆ€μž¬μ— λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” μ΅œλŒ€μ‘λ‹΅μ„ κ΅¬ν•˜μ—¬ κ΅λŸ‰μ˜ μ§€μ§„κ±°λ™νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό 내진성λŠ₯을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ„ λ°˜μ˜ν•œ 응닡(μ‹œκ°„)이λ ₯해석 κ²°κ³Ό, μ΅œλŒ€λͺ¨λ©˜νŠΈλŠ” μ§€ν‘œ κ·Όμ²˜κ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ 말뚝의 선단에 κ°€κΉŒμš΄ μœ„μΉ˜μ— λ°œμƒν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° κ·Έ ν¬κΈ°λŠ” 15,047(${k N}Β·{m}$)이닀(Fig. 10μ°Έμ‘°). μ΄λŠ” λ‹¨λ©΄μ˜ μ΄ˆκΈ°ν•­λ³΅ λͺ¨λ©˜νŠΈ(17,750${k N}Β·{m}$)λ₯Ό μ΄ˆκ³Όν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„ μ „μ²΄μ μœΌλ‘œ 탄성거동을 ν•œλ‹€. Fig. 11은 λ‹¨μΌν˜• 말뚝의 μ΅œλŒ€λͺ¨λ©˜νŠΈ λ°œμƒ λ‹¨λ©΄μ—μ„œμ˜ λͺ¨λ©˜νŠΈμ‘닡이λ ₯κ³Ό λͺ¨λ©˜νŠΈ-곑λ₯  관계 곑선을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 큰 λΉ„μ„ ν˜•κ±°λ™ νŠΉμ„±μ€ 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€.

Fig. 10. Moment response history

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Fig. 11. Moment-curvature curve

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Fig. 12λŠ” μ΅œλŒ€λͺ¨λ©˜νŠΈ λ°œμƒλ‹¨λ©΄μ˜ μ½˜ν¬λ¦¬νŠΈμ™€ 철근에 λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” 응λ ₯의 응닡이λ ₯을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έλ‹€. 철근의 μ΅œλŒ€ 응λ ₯은 88.27 MPa둜 항볡이 λ°œμƒν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©°, 콘크리트 μ΅œλŒ€ 응λ ₯은 15.77 MPa둜 균열은 λ°œμƒν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ••μΆ•κ°•λ„μ—λŠ” 크게 λ―ΈμΉ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜μ—¬ μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ μ•ˆμ „μ„±μ„ ν™•λ³΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€.

Fig. 12. Stresses of concrete and re-bar

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ν•œνŽΈ, λŒ€μƒκ΅λŸ‰μ€ μž¬ν˜„μ£ΌκΈ° 1000λ…„μ˜ 섀계지진에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ•ˆμ „ν•˜λ„λ‘ μ„€κ³„λœ κ΅λŸ‰μ΄λ‹€. β€˜λ‚΄μ§„μ„€κ³„μΌλ°˜(KDS 17 10 00, 2018)’에 따라 μ•”λ°˜μ§€λ°˜($S_{1}$)의 μ„€κ³„μ‘λ‹΅μŠ€νŽ™νŠΈλŸΌμ— λΆ€ν•©λ˜λŠ” 인곡합성지진 7κ°œμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 응닡이λ ₯해석을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ—¬ 얻은 λ‹¨μΌν˜• 말뚝의 μ΅œλŒ€λͺ¨λ©˜νŠΈμ™€ κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜ μš΄λ™μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό Table 3에 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

Table 3. Comparison of behavior characteristics between seismic design motion and near-fault ground motion

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μ•”λ°˜μ—μ„œμ˜ κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ˜ μ΅œλŒ€κ°€μ†λ„λŠ” 0.474 g둜 μ„€κ³„μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ˜ μ΅œλŒ€κ°€μ†λ„λŠ” 0.154 g의 3.1λ°°μ΄μ§€λ§Œ μ΅œλŒ€λͺ¨λ©˜νŠΈλŠ” μ„€κ³„μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™(μ„€κ³„μ‘λ‹΅μŠ€νŽ™νŠΈλŸΌμ— λΆ€ν•©ν•˜λŠ” 인곡합성지진 νŒŒν˜•) μž…λ ₯μ‹œμ˜ 92% μˆ˜μ€€μœΌλ‘œ 였히렀 μž‘λ‹€. μ΄λŠ” μ‘λ‹΅μŠ€νŽ™νŠΈλŸΌμ„ 비ꡐ해 보면 ν•΄λ‹Ή 단측λͺ¨λΈμ— λŒ€ν•œ κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ˜ 지배주기가 μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ κ΅λŸ‰μ˜ κ³ μœ μ£ΌκΈ°λ³΄λ‹€ μž‘κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. ν•œνŽΈ, μ΅œλŒ€λͺ¨λ©˜νŠΈμ˜ λ°œμƒ μœ„μΉ˜λŠ” μ„€κ³„μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™ μž…λ ₯μ‹œμ—λŠ” 말뚝의 μ§€ν‘œ κ·Όμ²˜μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™ μž…λ ₯μ‹œμ—λŠ” 였히렀 말뚝의 선단 λΆ€κ·Όμ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜μ—¬ 차이λ₯Ό 보이며 μ΄λŠ” νŽ„μŠ€ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™ νŠΉμ„±μ— μ˜ν•΄ ν•˜λΆ€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ³€ν˜•μ΄ μ „νŒŒλ˜μ–΄ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” ν˜„μƒμœΌλ‘œ μΆ”μΈ‘λœλ‹€.

Fig. 13및 Fig. 14λŠ” 각각 λ‹¨μΌν˜• 말뚝의 μ΅œλŒ€μ „λ‹¨λ ₯ λ°œμƒ μœ„μΉ˜μ™€ 전단λ ₯ 응닡이λ ₯이닀. μ΅œλŒ€μ „λ‹¨λ ₯이 λ°œμƒν•œ λ§λšμ€ μ΅œλŒ€λͺ¨λ©˜νŠΈκ°€ λ°œμƒν•œ λ§λšκ³ΌλŠ” μƒμ΄ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ°œμƒλ‹¨λ©΄μ€ 말뚝의 선단에 κ°€κΉŒμš΄ μœ„μΉ˜μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

Fig. 13. Max. shear force

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Fig. 14. Shear response history

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μƒλΆ€κ΅¬μ‘°μ˜ μ‘λ‹΅λ³€μœ„ 이λ ₯은 Fig. 15및 Fig. 16κ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. μ΅œλŒ€λ³€μœ„λŠ” 178 mm정도 λ°œμƒν•˜μ—¬ νƒ„μ„±λ°›μΉ¨μ˜ ꡬ쑰적 μ•ˆμ •μ„±μ—λŠ” λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λ°œμƒν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€.

Fig. 15. Max. displacement response of superstructure

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Fig. 16. Displacement response history

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3. κ²° λ‘ 

연약측이 맀우 λ‘κΊΌμš΄ μ§€λ°˜μ— μ„€μΉ˜λœ λ‹¨μΌν˜• ν˜„μž₯νƒ€μ„€λ§λš κ΅λŸ‰μ˜ κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ§€μ§„κ±°λ™νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό 내진성λŠ₯을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ λ„μΆœλœ 결둠은 λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™μœΌλ©°, μ΄λŠ” λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ κ³ λ €ν•œ μ§€λ°˜κ³Ό κ΅λŸ‰μ˜ νŠΉμ„± 및 단측 정보에 κ·Όκ±°ν•œ 것이닀.

(1) κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ€ μž₯μ£ΌκΈ° νŽ„μŠ€λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ κ΅λŸ‰μ— λΉ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ 단주기이고 탁월 μ£ΌκΈ° μ΄ν›„μ˜ μ§„λ™μ£ΌκΈ°μ˜ 증가에 따라 맀우 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ κ°μ†Œν•˜λŠ” νŠΉμ§•μ„ 보인닀. 예제 단측λͺ¨λΈμ—μ„œλŠ” 0.8초(s) λΆ€κ·Όμ—μ„œ νŽ„μŠ€μ— μ˜ν•œ 피크가 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œλ‹€.

(2) μ§€λ°˜ν•΄μ„ κ²°κ³Ό, μ§€μΈ΅μ˜ μ „λ‹¨νŒŒμ†λ„κ°€ κ°‘μžκΈ° μ¦κ°€ν•˜λŠ” 지측 5의 ν•˜λ‹¨μΈ΅, 즉 지측 6μ—μ„œ μ΅œλŒ€κ°€μ†λ„κ°€ 크게 κ°μ†Œν•˜λŠ” νŠΉμ„±μ„ 보인닀.

(3) μ•”λ°˜μ—μ„œμ˜ κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ˜ μ΅œλŒ€κ°€μ†λ„λŠ” μ„€κ³„μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ— λΉ„ν•΄μ„œ ν¬μ§€λ§Œ(4.2λ°°) 말뚝의 μ΅œλŒ€λͺ¨λ©˜νŠΈλŠ” 92% μˆ˜μ€€μœΌλ‘œ 였히렀 μž‘λ‹€. μ΄λŠ” 두 μž…λ ₯μš΄λ™μ˜ μ‘λ‹΅μŠ€νŽ™νŠΈλŸΌμ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ— κΈ°μΈν•œ 것이닀.

(4) λ‹¨μΌν˜• λ§λšμ— μ΅œλŒ€λͺ¨λ©˜νŠΈκ°€ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” μœ„μΉ˜λŠ” μ„€κ³„μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™ μ‹œμ—λŠ” μ§€ν‘œ λΆ€κ·Όμ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™ μ‹œμ—λŠ” 말뚝의 선단 뢀근에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•˜μ—¬ μƒμ΄ν•œ νŠΉμ„±μ„ 보인닀. μ΄λŠ” νŽ„μŠ€ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™ νŠΉμ„±μ— μ˜ν•΄ ν•˜λΆ€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ³€ν˜•μ΄ μ „νŒŒλ˜μ–΄ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” ν˜„μƒμœΌλ‘œ μΆ”μΈ‘λœλ‹€.

(5) μ„€κ³„μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ²Œ μ„€κ³„λœ λŒ€μƒκ΅λŸ‰μ€ μ•”λ°˜μ—μ„œμ˜ μ΅œλŒ€μ§€λ°˜κ°€μ†λ„κ°€ 맀우 큰 κ·Όλ‹¨μΈ΅μ§€λ°˜μš΄λ™μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 거의 탄성에 μ€€ν•˜λŠ” 거동을 ν•˜μ—¬ 내진성λŠ₯이 μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.

κ°μ‚¬μ˜ κΈ€

λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” ꡭ토ꡐ톡뢀 κ±΄μ„€κΈ°μˆ μ—°κ΅¬μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ 연ꡬ비지원(19SCIP-B146946-02)에 μ˜ν•΄ μˆ˜ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.

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