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Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute

J Korea Inst. Struct. Maint. Insp.
  • Indexed by
  • Korea Citation Index (KCI)

  1. ์ •ํšŒ์›, (์ฃผ)๋™์ผ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ „๋ฌด ()
  2. ์ •ํšŒ์›, (์ฃผ)๋™์ผ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ฐจ์žฅ ()
  3. ์ •ํšŒ์›, (์ฃผ)๋™์ผ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ „๋ฌด ()
  4. ์ •ํšŒ์›, ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹œ์„ค์•ˆ์ „๊ณต๋‹จ ์ฑ…์ž„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ()
  5. ์ •ํšŒ์›, ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹œ์„ค์•ˆ์ „๊ณต๋‹จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ()



LoRa, LPWAN, MEMS, ๋กœ๋ผ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ, ๋กœ๋ผ DAQ ๋ณด๋“œ, ๋กœ๋ผ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์„œ๋ฒ„
LoRa, LPWAN, MEMS, LoRa Smart Sensor Node, LoRa DAQ Board, LoRa Application Server

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

1.1 ๊ฐœ ์š”

์ตœ๊ทผ ์‹ ๊ทœ SOC ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณต์‚ฌ๋น„๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ณต๊ณต์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์ ์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš(Ministry of Land., 2017)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ตญ๋‚ด SOC ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์€ Table 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „์ฒด 26,930 ๊ฐœ์†Œ์—์„œ 30๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์€ 2,774๊ฐœ์†Œ๋กœ ์•ฝ 10.3%์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๊ณ  10๋…„ ํ›„์—๋Š” 21.4%, 20๋…„ ํ›„์—๋Š” 44.4%๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Table 1. Korean SOC Facility Aging Trend Forecast

Content

1996's

2006's

2016's

2026's

2036's

Public

Quan

tity(EA)

7,518

17,674

26,930

35,120

39,817

More than 30 years

Quan

tity(EA)

671

1,267

2,744

7,518

17,674

ratio(%)

8.93

7.17

10.30

21.41

44.39

์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณต๊ณต์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์˜ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์†๋„๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜๋น„์šฉ์€ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต๊ณต์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต๋Ÿ‰๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ณต๊ณต์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์€ 5๋…„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ •๋ฐ€์•ˆ์ „์ง„๋‹จ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ƒํƒœ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์‹ ์„ค์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ง€์ž์ฒด ๋ฐ ํŠน๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ํ•œ์ •๋œ ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์„ ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ธ์ /๋ฌผ์ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€, ์ง€์ž์ฒด๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑด์„ค ์ค‘์ธ ์›”๋“œ์ปต ๋Œ€๊ต๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 12๊ฐœ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด Fig. 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ์„ ๊ณ„์ธก ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์˜ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ์„ ๊ณ„์ธก๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋น„์šฉ(์ž๋™์—ฐ๋™์„ค๋น„ ๋“ฑ)์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ค‘์š”์‹œ์„ค ๊ต๋Ÿ‰(ํŠน์ˆ˜๊ต ๋“ฑ) ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ์„ค์น˜/์šด์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธํ›„ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์—๋Š” ์žฌ์ •์ ์ธ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค.

Fig. 1. World Cup Bridge Wired Measurement System Application Case

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig1.png

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ํ†ต์‹  ๋‹จ๋ง๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท (IoT)๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธํ›„ ๊ณต๊ณต์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ๋„ ์ €๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฌด์„ ๊ณ„์ธก๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ Test Bed๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. (Cho, S.J. et al., 2011 ์™ธ)

์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ LPWAN(Low Power Wide Area Network:์ €์ „๋ ฅ ๊ด‘์—ญ ํ†ต์‹ ) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ 4G/5G ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ƒ์šฉํ†ต์‹ ๋ง์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” Cellular LPWAN๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฉดํ—ˆ ISM ๋Œ€์—ญ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” De-facto Standard ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„(Park, T.J. et al., 2014)๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ LPWAN์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€ ์ฃผ์š”ํŠน์ง•์€ Table 2์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Table 2. LPWAN Technology Comparison

Con

tent

Proprietary/Unlicensed

Standard/Licensed

LoRa

[Sem

tech]

UNB

[Sig

fox]

RPMA

[Ing

enu]

LTE-M

[CAT-M1]

NB-

IoT

[CAT-NB1]

EC-

GSM

Spec

trum

Unlic-ensed

Sub-

GHz

Unlic-ensed

Sub-

GHz

Unlic-ensed

2.4

GHz

Licensed LTE in-

bands

Licen-sed LTE 3 modes

Licensed GSM Bands

Modu

lation

CSS

FSK

DSSS

QPSK QAM

pi/4 QPSK pi/2 BPSK

GM

SK

Data Rate

<50kbps(DL/UL)

100bps

15kbps

<1Mbps(DL/UL)

<170kbps

(DL)

<250kbps

(UL)

<140kbps

(DL/

UL)

Channel BW

125-

500

KHz

100Hz

1MHz

1.08

MHz

180

KHz

200

KHz

LPWAN๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์—…์ , ์ •์ฑ…์ ์ธ ํ•„์š”์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ (LoRa, SigFox, Ingenu ๋“ฑ)์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  5G ํ†ต์‹ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜3GPP release 13 ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ์™ธ์—์„œ๋Š”๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ Libelium์€ 17๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ†ต์‹  ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ  120์—ฌ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์„ผ์„œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” Waspmote ๋ฌด์„  ํ†ต์‹  ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ Nonolike๋Š” Nanosensors๋ผ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋กœ Fig. 4์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด LoRa ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์„ผ์„œ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ Polysense๋Š” LoRa๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ SHM (Structure Health Monitoring) ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ƒ์šฉ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ(Park, T.J. et al., 2014), Fig. 2, 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด LoRa๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ SHM(Structure Health Monitoring) ์ƒ์šฉํ™” ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(SEMTECH., 2018).

Fig. 2. Tank Level Monitoring Concept

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig2.png

Fig. 3. Flood Prediction Monitoring System

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig3.png

Fig. 4. LPWAN Sensor Node

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig4.png

1.2 LoRa๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋„์ž…์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ

๋…ธํ›„๋œ ๊ณต๊ณต์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ€๋ง ๊ตฌ์ถ•์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋ฌด์„  ํ†ต์‹ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์š”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋น„๋ฉดํ—ˆ ๋Œ€์—ญ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ LPWA(Low Power Wide Area) ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ ์šฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„๋ฉดํ—ˆ๋Œ€์—ญ LPWA ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ LoRa๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ธ‰์†๋„๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๋…ธํ›„ SOC ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์— ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฌด์„  ์ž๋™๊ณ„์ธก ํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.

LPWA ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํ†ต์‹ ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ LoRa, LTE-M, NB-IoT, 5G ํ†ต์‹  ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ตญ๋ง์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์—…๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ ํ†ต์‹ ๋‹จ๋ง ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๊ณผ๊ธˆ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ต์‹ ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์‹œ์„ค๋ณ„๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๊ฐœ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ†ต์‹ ๋‹จ๋ง ์„ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต๊ณต์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์ž์ฒด ๋˜๋Š” ํŠน๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋ฌด์„  ์ž๋™๊ณ„์ธก ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์•ˆ์ „/์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ณด๊ธ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ ์šฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งŽ์€ Data ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์š”์ž์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ(์ž๊ฐ€๋ง ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋“ฑ) ์ ์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค.

2. ๋ณธ ๋ก 

2.1 ๊ฐœ ์š”

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ SOC ๊ณต๊ณต์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์†Œ์š”๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณต๊ณต์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์šด์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์„  ๊ณ„์ธก์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํ†ต์‹ ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ž์ฒด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ฌด์„ ๊ณ„์ธก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์™„์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„๋ฉดํ—ˆ ๋Œ€์—ญ LPWA ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ LoRa ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์•ผ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ MEMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์„ผ์„œ๋ณด๋“œ, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ LoRa ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์กด ์œ ์„  ์„ผ์„œ ๊ณ„์ธก ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ DAQ ๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ, LoRa ์„ผ์„œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ฌด์„ ์ž๋™๊ณ„์ธก ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.2 LoRa ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋‚ด์šฉ

2.2.1 ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ์ 

๊ธฐ์กด ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ์žฅ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋”์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” Fig. 5์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์†๋„ ์›์‹œ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ(Raw Data)๋Š” Data Logger๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ PC์— ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  FFT๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ์žฅ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์œ ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 5. Existing wired measuring system sensor and automatic measuring system

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig5.png

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์กด ์œ ์„  ์„ผ์„œ์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ์„ผ์„œ ์„ค์น˜-๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘-๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ›„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ์ž๋™๊ณ„์ธก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ LoRa ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฌด์„  ์ž๋™ ๊ณ„์ธก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.2.2 ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ฃผ์š”๋‚ด์šฉ

๊ธฐ์กด์˜ 3์ถ• ๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ณ„ ์„ผ์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์›์‹œ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ(Raw Data)๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ›„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๊ณต(์ง์ ‘ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ’์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์›์‹œ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ž์ฒด ๋‚ด์žฅ๋œ FFT๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ’์„ ์†ก์‹ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด LoRa ํ†ต์‹ ์˜ ๋‹จ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

LoRa ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ๋Š” ์„ผ์„œ๋ณด๋“œ์™€ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, Fig. 6์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” 3์ถ• ๊ฐ€์†๋„ ์„ผ์„œ์™€ ์˜จ๋„๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„์„ External I/O๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹  PCB ๋ณด๋“œ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์›์‹œ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ(Raw Data)๋Š” Fig. 7๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋œ CPU๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ FFT๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ’์„ LoRa Module์˜ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ์˜ CPU๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ TI AM3358 1GH Arm Coretex์™€ LoRa๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ Wisol LOM 202A๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์šด์˜์ฒด์ œ๋Š” Linux OS์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ์‹œ๊ฐ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์ „๋ ฅ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ๋ฐ LoRa ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด FreeRTOS๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 6. PCB sensor board

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig6.png

Fig. 7. PCB Sensor Node

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig7.png

์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด FreeRTOS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ PCB์„ผ์„œ๋ณด๋“œ ๋ฐ ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ์— ๋‚ด์žฅ๋œ ์ฃผ์š” Module์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ Table 3~4์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Table 3. PCB Sensor Board Main Module Contents

Device

Main description

3-Axis Accelermeter

MEMS-based acceleration sensor for cable tension measurement of cable bridges, girder natural frequency analysis and pylon analysis

MPU

Applied for sensor data processing purpose to process data type and transmission method received from 3-axis accelerometer

External I/O

Data connection port for FFT analysis and LoRa transmission of data processed in MPU

Thermometer

LoRa Smart Sensor Node Applied for the purpose of detecting the status of sensor failure due to internal heat generation

Power(PWR)

It is designed to supply 5V and 12V in consideration of device control power consumption for the purpose of power control for sensor driving.

Table 4. PCB Sensor Node Main Module Contents

Device

Main description

CPU

Data collected from PCB sensor board is applied for FFT analysis and operation control for various wireless transmission and reception

WiFi Module

Future sensor node firmware updates and download of raw data stored on eMMC or micro-SD cards

LoRa Module

Module for implementing LoRa communication

Reset S/W

Reset switch of CPU module and LoRa module

Micro SD Slot

Storing Win Data from System Boot Media and Sensor Board

Power

Power is composed of 5V and 12V, and supplies power to smart sensor node, sensor board, and DAQ board, and also power of external sensor connected to DAQ board.

GPIO

(general-

purpose input/output)

If a problem occurs in the future from the development stage for hardware debugging purposes, it is applied to check the status by checking the processing step.

JTAG

If a problem occurs in the future from the development stage for hardware debugging purposes, it is applied to check the status by checking the processing step.

LoRa์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ์˜ PCB๋ณด๋“œ๋Š” ์ด 4 Layer ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ปค์Šคํ…€ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํ•˜์šฐ์ง•์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ LoRaํ†ต์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์œจ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ Impedance Matching์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ LoRa Module๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PCB๋ณด๋“œ์˜ ๊ฐ Layer์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์„ค๊ณ„๋„๋ฉด์€ Fig. 8(a)~(d)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Fig. 8. PCB sensor board layer design

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig8.png

LoRa ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฅ์™ธ์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์™ธ๋ถ€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง„(IP67) ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ์ œํ’ˆ ํ•˜์šฐ์ง•์„ ์ปค์Šคํ…€ ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ LoRa์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆ์€ Fig. 9์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 9. LoRa Smart Sensor Node

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig9.png

2.3. LoRa DAQ ๋ณด๋“œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋‚ด์šฉ

2.3.1 ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ์ 

๊ธฐ์กด ์œ ์„ ๊ณ„์ธก์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณ„์ธก์„ผ์„œ(๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ณ„, ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ„, ์ฒ˜์ง๊ณ„, ์‹ ์ถ•๋ณ€์œ„๊ณ„, ์˜จ๋„๊ณ„, ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ)๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, 2.2์ ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด MEMS๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณ„์ธก์„ผ์„œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ LoRa์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ LoRa ์„ผ์„œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ MEMS๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ณ„์ธก์„ผ์„œ(์‹ ์ถ•๋ณ€์œ„๊ณ„, ์˜จ๋„๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ)๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ LoRa๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์„ผ์„œ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก Fig. 10๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด LoRa ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ DAQ (Data Acquisition) ๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 10. LoRa DAQ Board

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig10.png

2.3.2 ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ฃผ์š”๋‚ด์šฉ

LoRa DAQ ๋ณด๋“œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด์„ผ์„œ์˜ LoRa ํ†ต์‹ ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž…๋ ฅ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ LoRa ํ†ต์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†ก์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์„ผ์„œ๋Š” Data ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ (RS-232, RS-485)๊ณผ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ(์ „์› Type, ์ „์•• Type, ์ €ํ•ญ Type) ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์„ผ์„œ๋“ค์ด DAQ๋ณด๋“œ์— ๋™์‹œ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์†ก์‹  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ด 6๊ฐœ์˜ ํฌํŠธ (RS-232 : 2Port, RS-485 : 1Port, ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ : 4Port)๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ž…๋ ฅ์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ํ†ต์‹ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์ž…๋ ฅ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆํญ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์™€, Programmable OPAMP๊ฐ€ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋˜์–ด, ๋ฏธ์„ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ์ค€์œ„ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž…๋ ฅ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” Fig. 11~12์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด OPAMP์˜ ์ •๊ฒฉ ์ž…๋ ฅ (-5V ~ +5V)์— ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํšŒ๋กœ๋„์ด๋ฉฐ, OPAMP๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 11. Input signal distribution circuit

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig11.png

Fig. 12. Current source of the sensor (voltage source)

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig12.png

์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์ž…๋ ฅ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์„ผ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „๋ฅ˜์›(Current Source) ๋˜๋Š” ์ „์••์› (Voltage Source)์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์ „๋ฅ˜์› ๋˜๋Š” ์ „์••์›์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ DAQ๋ณด๋“œ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ OPAMP๋Š” TI์‚ฌ์˜ PGA281AIP์ด๋ฉฐ, PGA281์€ Fig. 13๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด MPU์—์„œ ์ฆํญ๋„๋ฅผ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” Porgrammable OPAMP๋กœ์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์ž‘์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 13. PGA281 Analog Input Stage Design Schematic

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig13.png

Fig. 14. Input lightning and noise prevention circuit

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig14.png

์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฐ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์ž…๋ ฅ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์„  ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํšŒ๋กœ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ PCB ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” LoRa ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ 4 Layer ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ Fig. 15(a)~(d)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์ œ์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  LoRa DAQ ๋ณด๋“œ๋„ ์˜ฅ์™ธ์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํ•˜์šฐ์ง•์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ Fig. 16๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 15. LoRa DAQ Board Layer Design

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig15.png

Fig. 16. LoRa DAQ Board

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig16.png

2.4 LoRa ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ฐ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์„œ๋ฒ„

2.4.1 ๊ฐœ ์š”

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ LoRa ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ ๋ฐ LoRa DAQ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋œ ์›์‹œ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ(Raw Data)๋ฅผ ํ›„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๊ณต(Post Processing)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ’์„ ์†ก์‹ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์†ก์‹ ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” Fig. 17๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด LoRa ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์†ก๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๋Š” ์ด๋”๋„ท(Ethernet)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ LoRa ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, LoRa ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ ๊ณ„์ธก ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค์€ MQTT ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง• ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ Fig. 18๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด MQTT ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์™€ MySQL ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด ๋ฐ ๊ฐ ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 17. Tektelic KONA Macro IoT Gateway

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig17.png

Fig. 18. Wireless Bridge Maintenance System User Interface GUI

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig18.png

2.4.2 ์ฃผ์š”๋‚ด์šฉ

LoRa ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ฐ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š”, ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ChirpStack Open Source LoRaWAN Network ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, Gateway Bridge, Network Server, Application Server๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ฃผ์š”๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ Table 5์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Table 5. LoRa network and application server configuration and content

Device

Main description

Gateway Bridge

It deals with communication of LoRaWAN gateways, converts LoRa Packet Forwarder protocol to JSON data format, consists of UDP communication, and connects to MQTT broker.

Network Server

It is responsible for authentication of signals received from LoRa gateway, de-duplication, communication with Application Server and scheduling of downlink signals.

Application Server

Processes Join requests from each LoRa terminal and handles encryption of payload data for each terminal.

๋น„๋ฉดํ—ˆ ISM(Industrial Scientific and Medical Band) ๋Œ€์—ญ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” LoRa๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 920~923 MHz ๋Œ€์—ญ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ„๋„, ๋Œ€์—ญํญ ๋ฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ LoRa Alliance ์˜ KR920-923 Regional Parameter์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ Table 6~7๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ทœ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, 2017๋…„ 7์›” 26์ผ ์‹œํ–‰๋œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๋ถ€ ๋ฌด์„ ์„ค๋น„๊ทœ์น™์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Table 6. KR920-923 Central Frequency, bandwidth, maximum EIRP Output

Center Frequency

(MHz)

Bandwidth

(kHz)

Output(Max. EIRP/dBm)

Terminal

Gateway

920.9

125

10

23

921.1

125

10

23

921.3

125

10

23

921.5

125

10

23

921.7

125

10

23

921.9

125

10

23

922.1

125

14

23

922.3

125

14

23

922.5

125

14

23

922.7

125

14

23

922.9

125

14

23

923.1

125

14

23

923.3

125

14

23

Table 7. LoRa KR920-923 Tx Data Rate

Transfer rate

(Data Rate)

Signal strength

Transfer rate

(bit/s)

DR0

SF12/125kHz

250

DR1

SF11/125kHz

550

DR2

SF10/125kHz

980

DR3

SF9/125kHz

1,760

DR4

SF8/125kHz

3,125

DR5

SF7/125kHz

5,470

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด Fig. 19์˜ ์ „๋ผ๋‚จ๋„ ์˜๊ด‘๊ตฐ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์˜๊ด‘๋Œ€๊ต(์‚ฌ์žฅ๊ต)์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ LoRa ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ ๋ฐ LoRa DAQ ๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณ„์ธก ๋‹จ๋ง๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ LoRa ๋ฌด์„  ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ LoRa ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด์™€ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ LTE ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ „๋ผ๋‚จ๋„ ์˜๊ด‘๊ตฐ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์˜๊ด‘๋Œ€๊ต(์‚ฌ์žฅ๊ต L=590m) ๊ณ„์ธก๋™์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 19. Yeonggwang Bridge site with test bed

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2019.23.7.164/fig19.png

๋ฌด์„  ์ž๋™ ๊ณ„์ธก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด LoRa ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ์žฅ๋ ฅ ์ธก์ • ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ 2๊ฐœ์†Œ, ๋ณด๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ๋” ๊ณ ์œ ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ณ„ 1๊ฐœ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ LoRa DAQ ๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜จ๋„๊ณ„ 2๊ฐœ์†Œ, ์‹ ์ถ•๋ณ€์œ„๊ณ„ 2๊ฐœ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Test Bed ์ ์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ค์น˜์‹œ์ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ Data ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ํ†ต์‹ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ (2019.09 ~ 2019.11) ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ์˜ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—†์ด ์šด์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ตญ๋‚ด์— ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋œ ์œ ์„ ๊ณ„์ธก๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์„ ๊ณ„์ธก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ LoRa LPWAN์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฌด์„ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

1) LoRa๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฌด์„ ๊ณ„์ธก ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ €์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ œ์ž‘์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก RTOS ์šด์˜์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ๋ถ€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋Šฅ, ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํŽธ์˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ PCB๋ณด๋“œ ๋ฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ•˜์šฐ์ง•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ MEMS๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ 3์ถ•๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์ฒด ์„ผ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์†๋„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ณ„์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2) ๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ Data์ „์†ก์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด LoRa ํ†ต์‹ ์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด FFT๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋œ ์ €์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ Data๋ฅผ ์†ก์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก H/W๊ฐœ์„ (MPU , CPU ํƒ‘์žฌ)๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ LoRa ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3) MEMS๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ธฐ์กด ์„ผ์„œ๋“ค์˜ LoRa ๋ฌด์„  ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด LoRa DAQ ๋ณด๋“œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ Dataํƒ€์ž…(์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ, ์ €ํ•ญ, ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฐฉ์‹),๋‹ค์ฑ„๋„(6๊ฐœ), ํ›„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€๊ณต(FFT)์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ LoRa ํ†ต์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

4) ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ LoRa WAN Network ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด ๋ฐ ๊ฐ ์„ผ์„œ๋…ธ๋“œ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ™•์ธ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋น„๋ฉดํ—ˆ๋Œ€์—ญ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ LPWAN LoRa ๋ฌด์„  ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ตญ์™ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์‹œ์„ค, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ๋†์—… ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์ง ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํ†ต์‹ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” Business Model์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ LPWAN ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ์™ธ์™€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์— ๋…ธํ›„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ธ์ /๋ฌผ์  ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ธธ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญํ† ๊ตํ†ต๋ถ€ ๊ตญํ† ๊ตํ†ต๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด‰์ง„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„ ์ง€์›(19CTAP-C130248-03)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

References

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