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Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute

J Korea Inst. Struct. Maint. Insp.
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  • Korea Citation Index (KCI)

  1. ์ •ํšŒ์›,์„œ์šธ์‹œ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋„์‹œ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์•ˆ์ „์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ›„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›
  2. ์ •ํšŒ์›,์„œ์šธ์‹œ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋„์‹œ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์•ˆ์ „์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›
  3. ์ •ํšŒ์›,์„œ์šธ์‹œ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ต์ˆ˜, ๊ต์‹ ์ €์ž



๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ, ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ, ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜, ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„, ๋‚ดํ™”
Mechanical parking lot, Parking pallet, Fire simulation, Nonlinear finite element analysis, Fire resistance

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋„์‹œํ™”์™€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ณด์œ  ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋„์‹ฌ์ง€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Fig. 1์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ณด์œ  ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Lee et al., 2007). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃผ์ฐจ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, Fig. 2์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Beak et al., 2019). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์€ ํ™”์žฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ฐ€์ง‘๋œ ๋‹ค์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ™”์žฌ ํ™”์‚ฐ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ , ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ง„์••์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ํฐ ํ™”์žฌ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 3์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ•์žฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์ ์žฌ๋œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 1 Number of registered vehicles by year

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.31/fig1.png

Fig. 2 Number of mechanical parking lots by year

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.31/fig2.png

Fig. 3 Examples of mechanical parking lots

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.31/fig3.png

๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ๋Š” ๊ณ ์˜จ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ €ํ•˜๋  ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค(Shin et al., 2024). ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์ธ ๊ฐ•์žฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 500โ„ƒ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, 600~700โ„ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ 50% ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ด์  ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ ๊ฐ•์žฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์— ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์—ฐ์‡„์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋‚˜ ์ธ์ ‘ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 2์ฐจ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(Zhang et al., 2024; Lee et al., 2018; Kim and Choi, 2020; Yang and Lee, 2019). ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐ€ํ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ ์—ด ์ถ•์ ์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜์–ด ํ™”์žฌ์ง„์••์ด ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์†์ƒ์ด ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ™”์žฌ ์•ˆ์ „๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฏธ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ์š” ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ์ „๋ฌดํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ™”์žฌ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ง„์••์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™”์žฌ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง€์™€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค(Lee, 2024). ๋˜ํ•œ, ์†Œ๋ฐฉ์‹œ์„ค ์„ค์น˜ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์‹œํ–‰๋ น(Regulation on the Installation and Management of Firefighting Facilities Enforcement Decree, 2024) (์ดํ•˜ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ์‹œ์„ค๋ฒ•)์—์„œ๋Š” 20๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฃผ์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ๋งŒ ๋ฌผ๋ถ„๋ฌด ๋“ฑ ์†Œํ™”์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธต๋งˆ๋‹ค ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ ์„ค์น˜ ์˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ํ™”์žฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์—์„œ ํ™”์žฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ž‘๋™์œ ยท๋ฌด, ์„ค์น˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜, ๋ฐฉํ™”์…”ํ„ฐ ์ ์šฉ ์œ ยท๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—ด์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„์ถœ๋œ ์ˆ˜์—ด์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ดํ™”๋ณด๋“œ ์ ์šฉ ์œ ยท๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ์—ด-๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์™€ ์ž‘๋™ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜

2.1 ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฐœ์š”

์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS)(McGrattan and Forney, 2006(a); McGrattan and Forney, 2004(b))๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, Fig. 4์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์˜ ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ ๋„๋ฉด์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” 9.2 m ร— 8.0 m ร— 22.0 m (10์ธต ๊ทœ๋ชจ)์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ์ธต๊ณ ๋Š” 2.2 m์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 19๋Œ€์ด๋‹ค.

Fig. 4 Fire simulation model of a mechanical parking lot

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.31/fig4.png

ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์€ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ์‹œ์„ค๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๋ฌผ ๋ถ„๋ฌด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์†Œํ™”์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ •์†Œ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€์ƒ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ(mesh)์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” FDS User Guide (McGrattan and Forney, 2004(c))์— ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” (1) ๋ฐ ์‹ (2)๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

(1)
$D^{*}=\left(\dfrac{\dot{Q}}{\rho_{\infty}c_{p}T_{\infty}\sqrt{g}}\right)^{2/5}$
(2)
$4\le D^{*}/dx\le 16$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $\dot{Q}$๋Š” ์—ด๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋ฅ  (kW), $\rho_{\infty}$๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ (1.204 kg/m3), $c_{p}$๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ๋น„์—ด (1.005 kJ/kg-K), $T_{\infty}$๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜จ๋„ (293 K), $g$๋Š” ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ฐ€์†๋„ (9.81 m/s2), $D^{*}$๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ ํ™”์žฌ ์ง๊ฒฝ (m), $dx$๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ (m)๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. FDS Userโ€˜s guide(2013)์—์„œ๋Š” $D^{*}/dx$๋ฅผ 4 ์ด์ƒ, 16 ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ๋ฌผ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 0.2 m๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์•ฝ 11์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” n($D^{*}/dx$)๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค.

Fig. 5 Simplified simulation model of a vehicle

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.31/fig5.png

์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ Heo et al. (2016)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํƒ‘์Šน์นธ์—์„œ ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ํ™”์—ผ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ๋ถ€๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, Fig. 5์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์—ด์ด ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 6 HRR of vehicle according to time

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Fig. 6์—๋Š” Joyeux et al. (2001)์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์ค‘ํ˜• ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์œ ํ‹ธ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™”์žฌ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„-์—ด๋ฐฉ์ถœ์œจ ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ด๋ฐฉ์ถœ์œจ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ์œ ์ง€, ๊ฐ์†Œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์—ด๋ฐฉ์ถœ์œจ์€ 8300 kW์ด๋‹ค.

Fig. 7 Location of measurements

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์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š” Propane์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์˜จ๋„๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Fig. 7์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ ํ•˜๋ถ€๋ฉด์— ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ด์ „๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์„ธ๋กœ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 1.5 m, ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 1 m ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ๋ฌผ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 3600์ดˆ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” 20โ„ƒ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” Table 1์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์œ ยท๋ฌด, ์„ค์น˜ ๊ฐœ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์„ค์น˜ ์œ„์น˜, ๋ฐฉํ™”์…”ํ„ฐ ์ ์šฉ ์œ ยท๋ฌด๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 1 Fire scenarios

Scenarios No.

Variables

NS

Fire spread upward without sprinkler installation

NSB

In case of fire shutter installation

S0

Installation of two sprinklers on the ceiling of a mechanical parking lot

S1

Installation of one sprinklers above the center of the vehicle

S2

Installation of two sprinklers above the center of the vehicle

S3

Installation of three sprinklers at the front, center, and rear of the vehicle

Fig. 8 Fire scenarios

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Fig. 8์—๋Š” ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. NS ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, Mostofi et al. (2024)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœํ™”์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 300์ดˆ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ถ€์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํŒŒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. NSB ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ํ™”์žฌ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌํš์— ๋ฐฉํ™”์…”ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฉํ™”์…”ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ •๋ถ€ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ 74โ„ƒ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. S0 ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ ์ตœ์ƒ์ธต์— ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ 2๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. S1 ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐœํ™”์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์œ„์น˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ถ€์— ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ 1๊ฐœ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, S2 ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐœํ™”์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์œ„์น˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ถ€์— ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ 2๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. S3 ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐœํ™”์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „๋ฉด๋ถ€, ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€, ํ›„๋ฉด๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒ๋ถ€์— ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1๊ฐœ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šคํฌ๋งํด๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฌด๋Ÿ‰์€ 80 L/min์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ™”์žฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋ฐฉํ™”์…”ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ NSB, S1, S2, ๋ฐ S3 ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ํ™”์žฌ์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.2 ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 9๋Š” NS ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์™€ S1 ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ NS ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ๋Š”, ํ™”์žฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„ 5๋ถ„์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ƒ๋ถ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 1000โ„ƒ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 25๋ถ„ ํ›„์—๋Š” ํ™”์—ผ์ด ์ƒ๋ถ€ 4๊ฐœ ์ธต๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ ์ตœ์ƒ์ธต์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ S0 ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ข…๋ฃŒ์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ NS ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ™”์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ƒ๋ถ€์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ S1 ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™”์žฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ 14์ดˆ ํ›„ ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 5๋ถ„์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์— ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ™”์—ผ์ด ์ง„ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๋‹น 1๊ฐœ์˜ ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ ์„ค์น˜๋กœ ํ™”์—ผ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 9 Temperature contour

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.31/fig9.png

Fig. 10 Temperature of the upper slab over time

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.31/fig10.png

Fig. 10์—๋Š” ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ณ„ ํ™”์žฌ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ™”์žฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ƒ๋ถ€ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—ด์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—ด์˜จ๋„๋Š” ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์—ด์ „๋Œ€ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ์—ด์ „๋Œ€๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ ์ƒ๋ถ€ ์œ„์น˜์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” L-3, R-3 ์—ด์ „๋Œ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ NS ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค(์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ ๋ฏธ์„ค์น˜)์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜จ๋„๋Š” ํ™”์žฌ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„ ์•ฝ 565์ดˆ์— 1212โ„ƒ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์•ฝ 2000์ดˆ๊นŒ์ง€ 1000โ„ƒ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ ์˜จ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 3000์ดˆ ์ดํ›„์— 500โ„ƒ ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉํ™”์…”ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ NSB ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ™”์žฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„ ์•ฝ 150์ดˆ์— ๋ฐฉํ™”์…”ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜จ๋„๋Š” ์•ฝ 187์ดˆ์— 869โ„ƒ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋˜์–ด ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ 100โ„ƒ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ S1, S2 ๋ฐ S3 ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ™”์žฌ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„ 15์ดˆ์— ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜จ๋„๋Š” ์•ฝ 50์ดˆ๊ฒฝ์— 450โ„ƒ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ 1๊ฐœ ๋ฐ 2๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์†Œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ 3๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฐฉํ™”์…”ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ 1๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ํ™”์žฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ™”์—ผ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

3. ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€

3.1 ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„ ๊ฐœ์š”

์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ”์šฉ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ ABAQUS (Smith, 2019)๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์—ด์˜จ๋„์™€ ๋‚ดํ™”๋ณด๋“œ ์ ์šฉ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‚ดํ™”๋ณด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ NS ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์—ด์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ดํ™”๋ณด๋“œ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๋Š” 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 11์—๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ๋Š” Hํ˜• ๊ฐ•์žฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. Hํ˜•๊ฐ•์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์€ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฉด์€ 64 mm ร— 120 mm ํฌ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ”Œ๋žœ์ง€์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๋Š” 6.3 mm, ์›จ๋ธŒ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๋Š” 4.4 mm์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 6.2 m x 2.4 m์ด๋‹ค.

Fig. 11 Modeling and cross-sectional information of the parking pallet

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Fig. 12 Element and boundary conditions

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Fig. 12์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•์žฌ๋Š” ์†”๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์š”์†Œ(Solid element) ์ค‘ ์˜จ๋„ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•ด์„์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ C3D8T ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ์–‘ ๋‹จ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœ์ง€์ง€ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์  ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 6.0 m์ด๋‹ค

Fig. 13 Procedure of FE analysis on fire resistance performance of parking pallet

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Fig. 13์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„์€ ํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ์ž์ค‘ ๋ฐ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ•˜์ค‘์„ ๊ฐ€๋ ฅํ•œ ํ›„ ์˜จ๋„ํ•˜์ค‘์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ค‘์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ•˜์ค‘์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” 17 kN๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ์ž์ค‘์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” 3 kN์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 20 kN์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ถœ์ž…์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ ์žฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•˜์ค‘๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ ์ž์ค‘๋งŒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ํ•˜์ค‘์ด๋‚˜ ํ•˜์ค‘๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋„ค ๋ฐ”ํ€ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ•˜์ค‘์„ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, 4๊ฐœ ์ง€์ ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ ํ•˜์ค‘์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ™”์žฌ๋…ธ์ถœ๋ฉด์ธ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ ํ•˜๋ถ€์—๋Š” ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๊ฐ ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์—ด์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋•Œ ์—ด๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋„์™€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜์—ด๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” Eurocode 1 and 2 (BSI, 2004(a); BSI, 2002(b))๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.7, 25 W/m2K์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™”์žฌ๋น„๋…ธ์ถœ๋ฉด์ธ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ ์ƒ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ์ธก๋ฉด์—๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์—ด์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.

Fig. 14 Thermal and mechanical properties of steel

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Fig. 15 Thermal conductivity of fire proof board

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์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ ๊ฐ•์žฌ์˜ ํƒ„์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” 200 GPa, ํ•ญ๋ณต๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” 235 MPa๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‘๋ ฅ-๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์„ ํ˜•๋ชจ๋ธ(Bi-linear model)๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์žฌ์˜ ์—ด์ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์—ด์ „๋„๋„, ๋น„์—ด, ์—ด๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋„ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๋ฐ€๋„, ํ”„์™€์†ก๋น„, ์‘๋ ฅ-๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ  ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. Fig. 14์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Eurocode 4 part 1-2 (BSI, 1994)์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์žฌ์˜ ์—ด์ , ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ฐ’์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‚ดํ™”๋ณด๋“œ์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” Lim et al. (2018)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์—ฌ Fig. 15์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์˜จ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3.2 ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ถ€์žฌ์˜ ํ•˜์ค‘์ง€์ง€๋ ฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์ค€

ISO 834-1 ๋ฐ KS F 2257-1 (ISO, 1999; KSA, 2019)์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™”์žฌํ•˜์ค‘์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ถ€์žฌ์˜ ํ•˜์ค‘์ง€์ง€๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ  ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ (3) ๋ฐ ์‹ (4)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, L์€ ์‹คํ—˜์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ„(mm), d๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์••์ถ•๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ธ์žฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์œ„์น˜๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ(mm)๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ค‘์ง€์ง€๋ ฅ์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ถ€์žฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์ค‘์— ๊ฒฌ๋””๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ค‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ณ€ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์€ 750 mm, ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์€ 33.3 mm/min์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

(3)
๋ณ€ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰ : $D =\dfrac{L^{2}}{400d}$
(4)
๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ : $\dfrac{d D}{dt}=\dfrac{L^{2}}{9000d}$

3.3 ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 3600์ดˆ(1์‹œ๊ฐ„)์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ํ•˜๋ถ€์— ํ™”์žฌํ•˜์ค‘์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 16์—๋Š” NS, NSB, S0, S1 ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ ์ˆ˜์—ด์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ํ™”์žฌ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฒ˜์ง์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ์‹ค์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ NS ๋ฐ S0 ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ ์ฒ˜์ง์€ ํ™”์žฌ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ฝ 1700์ดˆ ์‹œ์ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋”์šฑ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ฒ˜์ง์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ถ€์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํŒŒ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์— ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ํ™”์žฌํ•˜์ค‘์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 2800์ดˆ์— ์ฒ˜์ง์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉํ™”์…”ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ ์ฒ˜์ง์€ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ์ ์„ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฒ˜์ง์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ™”์…”ํ„ฐ์™€ ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ž‘๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ง„ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฐฉํ™”์…”ํ„ฐ์™€ ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ฒ˜์ง์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 79.5 mm, 39.0 mm๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 16 Deflection according to exposure time (NS, S0, NSB, S1 fire scenarios)

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.31/fig16.png

Fig. 17 Deflection according to exposure time (NS, Fire proof board :10, 20, 30 mm)

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.31/fig17.png

Fig. 17์—๋Š” NS ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ ํ•˜๋ถ€์— ๋‚ดํ™”๋ณด๋“œ(10, 20, 30 mm)๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ดํ™”๋ณด๋“œ๊ฐ€ 10, 20, 30 mm ์ ์šฉ๋œ ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํ™”์žฌ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ฒ˜์ง์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 95.9 mm, 53.0 mm, 43.4 mm๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 10 mm์˜ ๋‚ดํ™”๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ž‘๋™์œ ๋ฌด, ์„ค์น˜ ์ˆ˜, ๋ฐฉํ™”์…”ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ๋‚ดํ™”๋ณด๋“œ ์ ์šฉ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

1. ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค(NS)์™€ ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ ์ตœ์ƒ์ธต์—๋งŒ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค(S0)์˜ ํ™”์žฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ƒ๋ถ€ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜์—ด์˜จ๋„๋Š” 1212โ„ƒ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ 1000โ„ƒ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ์ˆ˜์—ด์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ํ™”์žฌ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฒ˜์ง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 2800์ดˆ์— ์ฒ˜์ง์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ฒ˜์ง๋Ÿ‰(750 mm)์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์˜ ์ตœ์ƒ์ธต์—๋งŒ ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ํ™”์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

2. ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์œ„์น˜์— ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๋ฐฉํ™”์…”ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ํ™”์žฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ํ™”์žฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ƒ๋ถ€ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜์—ด์˜จ๋„๋Š” ํ™”์žฌ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ 450โ„ƒ, 869โ„ƒ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ›„์— ๋ฌผ ๋ถ„๋ฌด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๋ฐฉํ™”์…”ํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ํ™”์žฌ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋ฐฉํ™”์…”ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ํ™”์žฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ™”์—ผ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

3. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ํ™”์žฌ๋ถ€์— ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉํ™”์…”ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์— ๋‚ดํ™”๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ํ™”์žฌ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฒ˜์ง์€ 39.0 mm ~ 95.9 mm ๋ฒ”์œ„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉํ™”์…”ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”์žฌ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ ํ•˜๋ถ€์— ๋‚ดํ™”๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ํ™”์žฌ ์‹œ ์ฃผ์ฐจํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€

์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2024๋…„๋„ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ์ฒญ์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฐ์—…๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ธฐํšํ‰๊ฐ€์› ์ „๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋ชจ๋นŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๊ด€๋ จ์‹œ์„ค๋ฐ๋ถ€ํ’ˆํ™”์žฌ๋Œ€์‘๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ์—…(RS-2024-00406709, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ํ™”์žฌ ์กฐ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์‘ ์†Œํ™”์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ™”์žฌ์•ˆ์ „๊ธฐ์ค€(์•ˆ) ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„ ์ง€์›์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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