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Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute

J Korea Inst. Struct. Maint. Insp.
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  • Korea Citation Index (KCI)

  1. ํ•™์ƒํšŒ์›, ์ธํ•˜๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์„์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ •
  2. ํ•™์ƒํšŒ์›, ์ธํ•˜๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ† ๋ชฉ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์„์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ •
  3. ์ •ํšŒ์›, ์ธํ•˜๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ •
  4. ์ข…์‹ ํšŒ์›, ์ธํ•˜๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์ธํ”„๋ผ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜, ๊ต์‹ ์ €์ž



Scan-to-BIM, ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆญ, ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ, ํฌ์ธํŠธ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ, ์˜น๋ฒฝ
Scan-to-BIM, Parametric, LiDAR, Point Cloud Data(PCD), Retaining wall

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

๊ตญํ† ์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌ์›์—์„œ ์ง‘๊ณ„ํ•œ 2023๋…„๋„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ ํ˜„ํ™ฉํ†ต๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ „๊ตญ์˜ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์€ ์ด 4,495๊ฐœ์†Œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์—ฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 20๋…„ ์ด์ƒ 30๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ์˜น๋ฒฝ์€ 690๊ฐœ์†Œ๋กœ 15.4%, 30๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ์€ 617๊ฐœ์†Œ๋กœ 13.7%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(KALIS, 2024). 10๋…„ ํ›„์—๋Š” ์ค€๊ณต ํ›„ 30๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”๋œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์ด ์ „์ฒด์˜ 29.1%๋กœ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜น๋ฒฝ์˜ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™” ๋น„์œจ์€ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋…ธํ›„ ์˜น๋ฒฝ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•˜๊ณ , ์ ๊ฒ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€์‹ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋„๋ฉด์ด ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์‹œ๊ณต ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋„๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค(Kwon, 2009). ์ด๋•Œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ธก ๋„๋ฉด์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ค์ธก ์ž‘์—…์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์†Œ์š”๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ๋„๋ฉด์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ ๊ฒ€์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ž์›์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์„ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ , ์ ๊ฒ€ ์ด๋ ฅ์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™ ์‚ฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ์ ๊ฒ€ ์ด๋ ฅ์„ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋ณด๊ฐ• ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ 3์ฐจ์› ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ทจ๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„์ ‘์ด‰ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ LiDAR(Light Detection and Ranging)๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ PCD(Point Cloud Data)๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋‹ค(Kaartinen et al., 2022). ์ทจ๋“๋œ PCD๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์˜ ์™ธ๊ด€์„ 3์ฐจ์› ์ ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ •๋ณด ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Kim et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2020). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ๋„๋ฉด๊ณผ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆญ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋„๋กœ ๋ฐ ์•”๊ฑฐ, ์˜น๋ฒฝ ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆญ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค(Tang et al., 2020; Kim and Koo, 2014). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋„๋ฉด์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์‹œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜น๋ฒฝ์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์™ธ๊ด€์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” PCD๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆญ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์˜น๋ฒฝ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. PCD๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋„๋ฉด์ด๋‚˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ์˜น๋ฒฝ์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์™ธ๊ด€์„ 3์ฐจ์› ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค(Lawani et al., 2024). ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ Fig. 1์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, PCD๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜น๋ฒฝ์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์™ธ๊ด€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ , PCD๋กœ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜น๋ฒฝ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ •๋ณด ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 1 Framework for generating a retaining wall BIM model

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.88/fig1.png

2. ์˜น๋ฒฝ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •์˜

2.1 ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์˜น๋ฒฝ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€๋„ ๋ถ„์„

๊ตญํ† ๊ตํ†ต๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ž‘์—…์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ‘œ์ค€๋„๋ฉด์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋„๋กœ์˜น๋ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋„๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš ์‹œ ์„ค๊ณ„๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ณ  ๊ณต๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„ ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€๋„๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค(MOLIT, 2008). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€๋„๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€๋‹จ๋ฉด๋„, ์„ค๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด, ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋„, ์ฒ ๊ทผ์ƒ์„ธ๋„, ์žฌ๋ฃŒํ‘œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ณต ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ง€๋ฐ˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฐ ์ง€์ง€๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜น๋ฒฝ์€ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์‹, ๋ฐ˜์ค‘๋ ฅ์‹, ์—ญTํ˜•, Lํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค. Fig. 2๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์˜น๋ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ฑํ†  ๋†’์ด, ์‚ฌ๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํ˜•์‹์ด ์ƒ์ดํ•˜๋‹ค. ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ณ„ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํ˜•์‹์€ ์ €ํŒ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ „๋‹จํ‚ค ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ํ˜•์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ์ œ์›์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค. ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํ˜•์‹ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ์ฒ ๊ทผ์˜ ์น˜์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฐฐ๊ทผ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฒ ๊ทผ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธ ์น˜์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ๊ทผ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์€ ํ‘œ์ค€๋‹จ๋ฉด๋„์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒ ๊ทผ ์ƒ์„ธ๋„์—๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํ˜•์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ ๊ทผ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜, ์น˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ช…์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. Fig. 3์€ Lํ˜• ์˜น๋ฒฝ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€๋‹จ๋ฉด๋„์™€ ์ฒ ๊ทผ ์ƒ์„ธ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.

Fig. 2 General drawings according to retaining wall types

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.88/fig2.png

Fig. 3 Standard profile and steel bar details of standard drawing

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.88/fig3.png

2.2 ์˜น๋ฒฝ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •์˜

์˜น๋ฒฝ ์Šค์บ๋‹ ์‹œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒฝ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ PCD๋งŒ์„ ์ทจ๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, PCD๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์˜น๋ฒฝ ๋ฒฝ์ฒด์˜ ๋†’์ด, ๊ธธ์ด, ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ํ•œ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œํ•œ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ๋†’์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์ข…๋ฅ˜, ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํ˜•์‹, ์ฒ ๊ทผ ์ƒ์„ธ ์น˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํ˜•์‹์„ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 4๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํ˜•์‹๋ณ„ ์ •์˜๋œ ์น˜์ˆ˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฉด ์น˜์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ L1, L2, ๋†’์ด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ H1, H2์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ €ํŒ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” Figs. 4(a) & 4(c)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์น˜์ˆ˜์ธ H3์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ , ์ „๋‹จํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” Figs. 4(a) & 4(c)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „๋‹จํ‚ค ์น˜์ˆ˜์ธ H1, L2๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํ˜•์‹๋ณ„ ์ฒ ๊ทผ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜, ์ƒ์„ธ ์น˜์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฒ ๊ทผ ์ƒ์„ธ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์˜๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํ˜•์‹๋ณ„ ์น˜์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ฒ ๊ทผ ์ƒ์„ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ PCD๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ทจ๋“ํ•œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ๋†’์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํ˜•์‹๋ณ„ ์น˜์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ฒ ๊ทผ ์ƒ์„ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด PCD๋กœ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆญ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 4 Profiles for L-shaped retaining wall

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.88/fig4.png

3. PCD ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์ฒœ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์˜น๋ฒฝ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ TLS(Terrestrial Laser Scanning) ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ LiDAR๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค์บ๋‹์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜น๋ฒฝ PCD๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Trimble X7 ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค์บ๋‹์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ทจ๋“ํ•œ PCD๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ทจ๋“ํ•œ PCD๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•(Geometric Feature)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ PCD๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋ถ„์„(Principal Component Analysis, PCA)์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ €์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค(Weinmann et al., 2015). ์ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ๊ฐ’(Eigenvalues, $\lambda_{i}$)๊ณผ ๊ณ ์œ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ(Eigenvectors, $e_{i}$)๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ด ์ตœ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด์กด๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์„ฑ๋ถ„(Principal Component, PC)์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ๊ฐ’ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•์ธ ํ‰๋ฉด์„ฑ(Planarity, P), ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ณ€๋™(Surface Variation, SV)์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๋ฉด์„ฑ์€ ์ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ‰๋ฉด์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์ง€๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ Eq. (1)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. P ๊ฐ’์ด ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ํ‰๋ฉด์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž‘์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํ‰๋ฉด์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ๋ณ€ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์€ Eq. (2)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, SV ๊ฐ’์ด ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๊ณ , ์ž‘์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

(1)
${P}=\dfrac{(\lambda_{2}-\lambda_{3})}{\lambda_{1}}$
(2)
${SV}=\dfrac{\lambda_{3}}{\lambda_{1}+\lambda_{2}+\lambda_{3}}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ , $\lambda_{1}$, $\lambda_{2}$, $\lambda_{3}$๋Š” ๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ๊ฐ’์ด๋ฉฐ, $\lambda_{1}$๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ๊ฐ’, $\lambda_{2}$๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ๊ฐ’, $\lambda_{3}$๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค($\lambda_{1}\ge\lambda_{2}\ge\lambda_{3}$).

๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ํŠน์ง• ์ค‘ PCD๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ง ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง์„ฑ(Verticality, V)๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„  ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ Eq. (3)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. V ๊ฐ’์ด ์ž‘์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ˆ˜ํ‰์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ์ˆ˜์ง์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ๋‹ค.

(3)
${V}=1-\left |{n}_{{z}}\right |$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $\left |{n}_{{z}}\right |$์€ ๋ฒ•์„  ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์˜ Z์ถ• ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค.

์‹์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ง€๋ฐ˜, ์˜น๋ฒฝ PCD์˜ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ Table 1์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹์ƒ์€ P ๊ฐ’์ด ์ž‘๊ณ  SV ๊ฐ’์ด ํฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, V ๊ฐ’์€ ์ค‘์•™๊ฐ’์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐ˜์€ P ๊ฐ’์ด ํฌ๊ณ  SV ๋ฐ V ๊ฐ’์ด ์ž‘์€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์˜น๋ฒฝ์€ P ๊ฐ’์ด ํฌ๊ณ  SV ๊ฐ’์ด ์ž‘์œผ๋ฉฐ, V ๊ฐ’์ด ํฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์‹์ƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ง์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ง€๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ์˜น๋ฒฝ์€ ํ‰๋ฉด์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ง์„ฑ์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์˜น๋ฒฝ PCD๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ง€๋ฐ˜์„ ์ •์ œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ Fig. 5์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. P ๊ฐ’์ด ์ž‘์€ ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ SV ๊ฐ’์ด ํฐ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹์ƒ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ , V ๊ฐ’์ด ์ž‘์€ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋ฐ˜์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 5 PCD refined by geometric features

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.88/fig5.png

Table 1 Graph of each Geometric Features

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.88/tb1.png

4. ์˜น๋ฒฝ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜

4.1 ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์ œ์› ์ถ”์ถœ

์‹ค์ œ ์‹œ๊ณต๋œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ๊ณผ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋„๋ฉด ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด, ์˜น๋ฒฝ์˜ ํ˜„ ์™ธ๊ด€์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ์ œ์› ์ถ”์ถœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด PCD๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์™ธ๊ด€์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜น๋ฒฝ์˜ ๋†’์ด ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ œ์›์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์Šค์บ”์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ทจ๋“ํ•œ PCD ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์ƒ์ (Outlier)์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์›์„ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” RANSAC์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์ œ์› ์ถ”์ถœ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. RANSAC์€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ด์ƒ์ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง์„  ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ํ”ผํŒ…(Fitting)ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ, PCD์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์ ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋‹ค(Tang et al., 2020; Weinmann et al., 2015). RANSAC์€ PCD ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์—์„œ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง์„ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋‚ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ (Inlier)์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜๋ณต(Iteration)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ตœ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ ํƒ๋œ ์ตœ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํŒ…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค.

RANSAC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์ œ์› ์ถ”์ถœ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ PCD๋ฅผ ์ง์„  ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์— ํ”ผํŒ…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์˜น๋ฒฝ์˜ ๋†’์ด ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜น๋ฒฝ ๋†’์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, PCD์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ‰๋ฉด ์ƒ์˜ ์ง์„  ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํŒ…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์€ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ์ง์„ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ PCD์˜ ์–‘ ๋์ ์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ Fig. 6์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์˜น๋ฒฝ์˜ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ๋†’์ด์— ํ‘œ์ค€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•œ ๋งค์„ค ๊นŠ์ด๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์ „์ฒด ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์— ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉด, ํ•ด๋‹น ๋†’์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํ˜•์‹๋ณ„ ์น˜์ˆ˜์™€ ์ฒ ๊ทผ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์•„ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 6 Retaining wall height extraction

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.88/fig6.png

Fig. 7 Retaining wall coordinate extraction along the path

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.88/fig7.png

์˜น๋ฒฝ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ง์„  ๋˜๋Š” ๊บพ์ธ ์ง์„  ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์˜น๋ฒฝ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋†’์ด ์ถ”์ถœ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ PCD์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง์„  ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ”ผํŒ…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ์ง์„ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ง€์ ์˜ ์ขŒํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ Fig. 7์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์ขŒํ‘œ๋Š” ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์™ธ์ธก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ด๋ฉฐ, BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์‹œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ์˜ ์™ธ์ธก ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์ขŒํ‘œ๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋œ๋‹ค.

์‹ค์ œ ์ทจ๋“ํ•œ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์˜น๋ฒฝ PCD์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์ œ์› ์ถ”์ถœ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์ด ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผํ†ตํ•ฉ์ •๋ณด๊ด€๋ฆฌ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(FMS)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด๋‹น ์˜น๋ฒฝ์ด Lํ˜• ์˜น๋ฒฝ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ถ”์ถœ๋œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ค€๋„ Lํ˜• ์˜น๋ฒฝ ๋†’์ด์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ถ”์ถœ๋œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” PCD์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ Table 2์™€ 3์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜น๋ฒฝ ๋†’์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ตœ์†Œ 0.07%, ์ตœ๋Œ€ 1.77%์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ตœ์†Œ 0.04%, ์ตœ๋Œ€ 0.88%์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์ œ์› ์ถ”์ถœ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 2 Retaining wall height extracted from points

Points

B2

C

D1

D2

E

F

G1

Extracted

height(m)

7.071

6.876

7.069

8.477

8.565

8.526

8.506

Drawing

height(m)

7.000

7.000

7.000

8.500

8.500

8.500

8.500

Error(%)

1.01

1.77

0.99

0.27

0.76

0.31

0.07

Table 3 Retaining wall path coordinates extracted from points

Points

Manual extraction (m)

Automatic extraction(m)

Error(%)

x

y

x

y

x

y

B2

-31.835

-61.202

-31.883

-61.263

0.15

0.10

C

-15.250

-51.638

-15.233

-51.697

0.11

0.11

D1, D2

-14.922

-46.338

-14.895

-46.369

0.19

0.08

E

-14.503

-33.467

-14.483

-33.481

0.14

0.04

F

-3.529

-34.243

-3.560

-34.273

0.88

0.09

G1

-3.234

-8.344

-3.258

-8.367

0.74

0.28

4.2 ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆญ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์˜น๋ฒฝ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ƒ์„ฑ

์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์ œ์› ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜น๋ฒฝ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ž๋™ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. Fig. 8์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ์˜น๋ฒฝ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋‘ ๋‹จ๊ณ„(Step)๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. Step 1์€ PCD๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ์น˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •์˜๋œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜น๋ฒฝ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํ˜•์‹์ด ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํ˜•์‹๊ณผ ์ •์˜๋œ ์น˜์ˆ˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์˜น๋ฒฝ BIM ๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. Step 2๋Š” Step 1์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ BIM ๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ PCD๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถ”์ถœ๋œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์™ธ์ธก ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์Šค์œ•(Sweep)ํ•˜์—ฌ 3D BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋‹จ๋ฉด์ด ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šค์œ• ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜„ ์™ธ๊ด€์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„, ํƒ„์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๊ทผ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ Step 1์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ”ผ๋ณต ๋‘๊ป˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ ๊ทผ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ณ„ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ์ค‘์  ์ขŒํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ทผ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ค‘์  ์ขŒํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ ์ค‘์  ์ขŒํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ ๊ทผ ์ง๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ ๊ทผ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ฒ ๊ทผ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๊ทผํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ ๊ทผ์ด ๋ฐฐ๊ทผ๋œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. Fig. 9์€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์ฒ ๊ทผ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.

์ œ์‹œ๋œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ž๋™ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‹ค์ œ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์˜น๋ฒฝ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜น๋ฒฝ PCD๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ๋†’์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํ˜•์‹ ๋ฐ ์ฒ ๊ทผ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜น๋ฒฝ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ณ„ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํ˜•์‹์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์˜น๋ฒฝ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์™„์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ Fig. 10์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 8 Framework for generation of retaining wall BIM model

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.88/fig8.png

Fig. 9 Framework for placement of steel bars

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.88/fig9.png

Fig. 10 Retaining wall BIM model generated from PCD

../../Resources/ksm/jksmi.2024.28.6.88/fig10.png

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” PCD๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์™ธ๊ด€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , PCD ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜น๋ฒฝ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญํ† ๊ตํ†ต๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์˜น๋ฒฝ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํ˜•์‹, ์ฒ ๊ทผ ์ƒ์„ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, RANSAC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์ œ์› ์ถ”์ถœ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์˜น๋ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์™€ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œ์› ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆญ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‹ค์ œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์˜น๋ฒฝ PCD๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜น๋ฒฝ ์ œ์› ์ถ”์ถœ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์˜น๋ฒฝ ๋†’์ด ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1.77%์™€ 0.88%๋กœ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ถœ๋œ ์ œ์› ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์˜น๋ฒฝ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์™ธ๊ด€์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, PCD๋กœ ์ทจ๋“๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์˜์—ญ์€ ํ‘œ์ค€๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹œ๊ณต ํ›„ ์‹ค์ œ ์ทจ๋“๋œ PCD์™€ ํ‘œ์ค€๋„์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์‹๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ง์„  ๋ฐ ๊บพ์ธ ์ง์„  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์˜น๋ฒฝ์— ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์€ ์ •๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณก์„  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์˜น๋ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PCD๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆญ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด๋ ฅ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ด๋ ฅ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ฒ ๊ทผ ๋ฐฐ๊ทผ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋น„ํŒŒ๊ดด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ ์ ๊ฒ€ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์†์ƒ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด PCD ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆญ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ ๊ฒ€ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๊ณ„ํš ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญํ† ๊ตํ†ต๋ถ€/๊ตญํ† ๊ตํ†ต๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ง„ํฅ์› (๊ณผ์ œ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ RS-2022-00142566) ์ง€์›์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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