| Title |
Analysis of Voltage-Constrained Weak-Bus Characteristics Considering Load Variability and PV Penetration in Distribution Systems |
| DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5370/KIEE.2026.75.9.2067 |
| Keywords |
Distribution system; Photo-voltaic penetration; Load variability; Voltage constraint; Weak bus |
| Abstract |
This paper investigates how load variability, PV penetration, and voltage operating conditions affect voltage-limit activation and weak-bus characteristics in distribution systems. The IEEE 13-node feeder is used as an unbalanced system, considering fixed-load and time-varying residential, commercial, and industrial load scenarios under the same rated load. PV penetration levels of 0%, 50%, and 100% are defined based on the total rated active load, and the source voltage is varied from 0.95 p.u. to 1.05 p.u. Simulation results show that the dominant voltage constraint shifts from low-voltage to high-voltage as the source voltage increases, with the transition region depending on load characteristics and PV penetration. Time-varying load conditions produce different weak-bus distributions from the fixed-load case, indicating that voltage-constrained weak buses are not fixed network properties but depend on the interaction among load profiles, PV penetration, and operating conditions. |