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  1. (Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Yeungnam University, Korea)
  2. (Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea)



Optical Camera Communication(OCC), Vehicle to Vehicle(V2V), Image processing, platooning, Autonomous vehicle, Leader follow-up technology

1. ์„œ๋ก 

์ตœ๊ทผ 4์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋ฐ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(1,2). ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‹œ์žฅ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ž๋™์ฐจ์™€ IT ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ๋„ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ์ฃผํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•œ โ€˜ํ˜„๋Œ€ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ&๋ฒ„์Šค ๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜์–ดโ€™์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ์ฃผํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ Camera, ๋ ˆ์ด๋” ์„ผ์„œ, LIDAR, ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „์šฉ ํ†ต์‹ ๋ง ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(3,4). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‘์šฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ Advanced Driver Assistance Systems(ADAS)์™€ Vehicle to Everything(V2X)์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค(5,6). ๋จผ์ € ADAS๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด๋” ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์ƒ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ „๋ฐฉ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ์จ ๋ ˆ์ด๋”์™€ ์˜์ƒ ์„ผ์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์žฅ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด๋”๋Š” ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถ”์ •์€ ์‰ฝ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ์˜์ƒ ์„ผ์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ฒด ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‰ฝ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถ”์ •์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ 3์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹ด์•„๋‚ด๋Š” LIDAR ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ LIDAR ์žฅ๋น„์˜ ๋†’์€ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์›๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ธ V2X๋Š” ์œ ยท๋ฌด์„ ๋ง์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Vehicle to Vehicle(V2V) ๋ฐ Vehicle to Infrastructure(V2I)์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‹ค(7,8). V2X๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰์— ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๋น„์šฉ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ V2X ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ LED ๊ด‘์›์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ V2X ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(9,10). ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ํ†ต์‹ ์€ LED์˜ ๊ณ ์† ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ปค ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ LED-IT ์œตํ•ฉ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(11-13). LED ๊ด‘์›์€ ๊ธด ์ˆ˜๋ช…, ์ € ์ „๋ ฅ, ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ์œ ์ง€ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์žฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ, ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ฑ, ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋žจํ”„ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตํ†ต ์ธํ”„๋ผ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋น„์šฉ ์—†์ด ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ V2X ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, LED ์กฐ๋ช… ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ LED ์กฐ๋ช…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(14,15).

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ Optical Camera Communication(OCC) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ V2V ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋” ์ถ”์ข… ์ œ์–ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. OCC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ V2V ํ†ต์‹  ๋ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋” ์ถ”์ข… ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ RC Car๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € V2V ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์†ก์‹ ๋ถ€์™€ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ „๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ LED ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ Raspberry Pi Camera๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„ ์ •๋ณด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ›„๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ ๋ชจํ„ฐ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฆฌ๋” ์ถ”์ข… ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๋ก ์—์„œ๋Š” ์†ก์‹ ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋ถ€, ์‹คํ—˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์†ก์‹ ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” On-Off Keying(OOK)๊ณผ Manchester Code(MC) ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•(16,17)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์†ก์‹  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์„ค์ •๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ„ฐ ์ œ์–ด ์„ค์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” Image differential ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ Block matching ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•(18,19)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐ ์ถ”์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, window ์˜์—ญ ๋‚ด ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ์ตœ๋Œ“๊ฐ’ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์‹  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋Œ€์˜ RC Car๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋” ์ถ”์ข… ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค.

2. ๋ณธ ๋ก 

2.1 ์†ก์‹ ๋‹จ

์†ก์‹ ๋‹จ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์†ก์‹  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ Motor, ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. 2.1.1์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ ๋•Œ OOK๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , MC๋กœ ๋งตํ•‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†ก์‹  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2.1.2์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์ง„, ํ›„์ง„, ์ •์ง€ ์ •๋ณด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ Motor, ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ ์ œ์–ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1. V2V ์†ก์‹  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ Block Diagram

Fig. 1. Block Diagram of V2V transmission System

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.7.878/fig1.png

2.1.1 V2V ์†ก์‹  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” RC Car๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋” ์ถ”์ข…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์ง„, ํ›„์ง„, ์ •์ง€ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐฉ RC Car์™€ ํ›„๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์†กยท์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ OOK ๋ณ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋Š” OOK ๋ณ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ LED๊ฐ€ On์ด๋ฉด Data โ€˜1โ€™์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ , Off์ด๋ฉด Data โ€˜0โ€™์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์€ ์†ก์‹  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์†ก์‹  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” Sync Packet 4 bits์™€ Information Packet 4 bits๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ Sync Packet์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์†ก์‹  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ง€์ ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. Information Packet์€ ์ „์ง„, ํ›„์ง„, ์ •์ง€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ด 24-1๊ฐœ์˜ ์ •๋ณด ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋‹ด์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ 1์€ ์ „์ง„, ํ›„์ง„, ์ •์ง€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ ์ž…๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2. LED๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ OOK ๋ณ€์กฐ

Fig. 2. OOK modulation using LED

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.7.878/fig2.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3. OOK ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์†ก์‹  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ

Fig. 3. OOK-based transmission frame structure

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.7.878/fig3.png

ํ‘œ 1. ์ž…๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ช…๋ น ๋ฐ ์†ก์‹  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ

Table 1. Command and transmission frame structure by input

Keyboard

Input

๋ช… ๋ น

Sync

Packet

Information Packet

1

์ „ ์ง„

0 0 0 0

1 0 1 0

2

ํ›„ ์ง„

0 0 0 0

1 1 0 1

3

์ • ์ง€

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4. MC๋กœ ๋งตํ•‘๋œ ์†ก์‹  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ

Fig. 4. Transmission frame structure mapped to MC

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.7.878/fig4.png

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ด‘์›์œผ๋กœ์จ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์†ก์‹  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ MC๋กœ ๋งตํ•‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. MC๋Š” Data โ€˜0โ€™์„ [1, 0]์œผ๋กœ Data โ€˜1โ€™์„ [0, 1]๋กœ ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ์˜ On, Off์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ท ๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ์จ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 2๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ปค์ ธ ์‹ค์ œ ์ „์†ก๋˜๋Š” ์†ก์‹  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” Sync Packet 8 bits์™€ Information Packet 8 bits๋กœ ์ด 16 bits๊ฐ€ ์ „์†ก๋œ๋‹ค.

2.1.2 Motor ๋ฐ LED ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ ์ œ์–ด

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ „๋ฐฉ RC Car๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ฐ›์€ ์ •๋ณด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ LED ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ๊ณผ Motor๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ ์ œ์–ด๋Š” ์†ก์‹  rate์™€ ์ˆ˜์‹  rate์˜ ๋™๊ธฐํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์€ LED ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ ์ ๋ฉธ rate์™€ Camera์˜ frame rate๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ Camera์˜ frame rate (30fps)์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด LED ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ์„ 30Hz๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์‹ ์œจ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†ก์‹  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด 4๋ฒˆ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์€ ๋ช…๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ Motor ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ช…๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ Raspberry Pi์˜ PWM ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด Motor๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์˜ Motor 1์€ RC Car๊ฐ€ ์ „์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, Motor 2๋Š” ํ›„์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5. ์ „๋ฐฉ RC Car ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜

Fig. 5. Algorithm of control preceding RC car

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.7.878/fig5.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. LED ์ ๋ฉธ rate & Camera frame rate

Fig. 6. Algorithm of control preceding RC car

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.7.878/fig6.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 7. ๋ช…๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ Motor ์ œ์–ด

Fig. 7. Motor control according to command

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.7.878/fig7.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 8. ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋ถ€ Block Diagram

Fig. 8. Block Diagram of receiver

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.7.878/fig8.png

2.2 ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์ƒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ „๋ฐฉ RC Car์—์„œ ์ „์†ก๋œ ์†ก์‹  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ›„๋ฐฉ RC Car์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋ถ€์˜ ์ „์ฒด Block Diagram์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € Camera๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์ƒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ ์˜์—ญ์„ ROI๋กœ ๋‘๊ณ  ์˜์—ญ ๊ฒ€์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ROI๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„๋œ Data์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜(data_count)๊ฐ€ 16๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋ฉด Data๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ Data ๋ถ„์„ ์ค‘์— โ€˜0โ€™์ด ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ Data๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, data_count๋Š” 64 frame์„ ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™”๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์ƒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋œ Data ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  Motor๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค.

2.2.1 ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์ƒ์ดฌ์˜

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์ƒ ์ดฌ์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด Raspberry Pi Camera๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Raspberry Pi Camera์˜ frame rate์™€ LED์˜ ์ ๋ฉธ rate๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  OCC๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด Camera์˜ ๋งค frame์—์„œ LED์˜ On-Off ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์ƒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ Camera์—์„œ ์–ป์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์˜์ƒ์€ RGB ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ ค์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ Gray Image๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์ƒ์„ Gray Image๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์˜จ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์˜ (a)๋Š” LED๊ฐ€ On ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ Image๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ , (b)๋Š” LED๊ฐ€ Off ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ Image๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 9. Gray Image๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•œ On, Off Image

Fig. 9. On, Off Image converted to Gray Image

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.7.878/fig9.png

2.2.2 ์˜์—ญ ๊ฒ€์ถœ

์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์†ก์‹  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ MC๋กœ ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ์† Image ์ด๋‚ด์— On ๋˜๋Š” Off Image๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ๊ต์ฐจํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์—ฐ์†๋˜๋Š” 3๊ฐœ Image๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ Image Differential ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. Image Differential ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์—ฐ์†๋˜๋Š” On, Off ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ’์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํฐ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ ์˜์—ญ๋งŒ์„ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ Image Differential ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ 3๊ฐœ์˜ Image๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๊ธธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ 64 frame ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์™ธ Image์—์„œ๋Š” Block Matching ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์˜ (a), (b)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฐ์†๋˜๋Š” On ๋˜๋Š” Off Image๋ฅผ Gray Image๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€ Image Differential ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ Image์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 10. Differential ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ Image

Fig. 10. Image of result with differential

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.7.878/fig10.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 11. Block Matching์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ROI ์ถ”์  ๊ณผ์ •

Fig. 11. ROI tracking process using Block Matching

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.7.878/fig11.png

2.2.3 ROI ์ถ”์ 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ ์˜์—ญ์„ ROI๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ Block Matching ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ROI๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11(a)์˜ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ Image Differential์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. Block Matching์€ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์˜ ์ด๋™์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ROI ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— margin์„ ์ฃผ์–ด ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11(b)์˜ ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด Block Matching ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ ์˜์—ญ์— margin์„ ์ค€ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ขํ˜€์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค.

2.2.4 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” window ์˜์—ญ(T(n)) ๋‚ด ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ์ตœ๋Œ“๊ฐ’์— ํŠน์ • ๋น„์œจ(ฮฑ)์„ ๊ณฑํ•œ ๊ฐ’์„ Threshold๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ Binarization ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € window ์˜์—ญ(T(n))์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์‹(1)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ด์ „ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ( M n - 7 , โ‹ฏ , M n - 1 ) 7๊ฐœ์™€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ(Mn) 1๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ T(n)์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น ์ •๋ณด์ธ Information packet์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™๊ณ , Mn์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋œ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ’์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹(2)๋Š” Binarization ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, Mn์ด ํŠน์ • Threshold(max(T(n))โ€ขฮฑ) ๊ฐ’ ์ด์ƒ์ด๋ฉด Data โ€˜1โ€™, ์ดํ•˜์ด๋ฉด Data โ€˜0โ€™์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ฮฑ๋Š” LED์˜ ์ž”์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์ „ Image์—์„œ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ์ด On์ด๋ฉด Off์ผ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.

(1)
T ( n ) = M n - 7 , โ‹ฏ , M n T , ( n : c u r r e n t )

(2)
B ( n ) = 1 ,  if  M n โ‰ฅ max ( T ( n ) ) ยท ฮฑ 0 ,  if  M n < max ( T ( n ) ) ยท ฮฑ , ( 0 < ฮฑ โ‰ค 1 )

2.2.5 ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์‹  ๋ฐ Motor ์ œ์–ด

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์†ก์‹  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ Sync Packet 8bits์™€ Information Packet 8bits๋กœ ์ด 16 bits๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ 16๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ Data๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ Matched Filter๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•œ๋‹ค. Matched Filter๋Š” ๋จผ์ € Sync Packet 8 bits๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , Sync Packet์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•  ๋•Œ Information Packet์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ Sync Packet๊ณผ Information Packet์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด Data์˜ ์ •๋ณด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ›„๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ Motor๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค.

2.3 ์‹ค ํ—˜

2.3.1 ์‹คํ—˜ํ™˜๊ฒฝ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ „ยทํ›„๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ ๋ณธ์ฒด๋Š” RC Car ํ‚คํŠธ, Raspberry Pi 3, Motor Driver, ๋ณด์กฐ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ๊ณผ Camera๋Š” LED์™€ Raspberry Pi Camera๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์‹ ์œจ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ(cm)๋ณ„๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ ์ „์ง„, ์ •์ง€, ํ›„์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” OCC๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธก์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 10~100cm๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ Camera ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถ”์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Camera ๋ณด์ •์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 12. ์‹คํ—˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ

Fig. 12. Experiment environment

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.7.878/fig12.png

2.3.2 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ Camera ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์‹ ์œจ์„ 10cm์—์„œ 100cm๊นŒ์ง€ 10cm ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ 20๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14๋Š” ์ „์ง„, ํ›„์ง„ ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์‹ ์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ถ•์€ ์ „๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ Camera ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ , ์„ธ๋กœ์ถ•์€ ํ›„๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์—์„œ RC Car ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 70cm ์ดํ•˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์œจ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 70cm ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 70cm ์ดํ•˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ RC Car๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋” ์ถ”์ข…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 70cm ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›„๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ Camera์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 13. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ช…๋ น ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์‹ ์œจ

Fig. 13. Information reception ratio according to distance of vehicle to vehicle

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2018.67.7.878/fig13.png

3. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋‚ด์šฉ

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” OCC๋ฅผ ๋ฆฌ๋” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ถ”์ข…์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ์„ ํ›„๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ Camera๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์ƒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ†ต์‹ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฆฌ๋” ์ถ”์ข…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐฉ RC Car๋Š” OOK ๋ฐ MC๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ง„, ํ›„์ง„, ์ •์ง€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ •๋ณด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์†ก์‹  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋ฐฉ RC Car๋Š” Camera์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์ƒ์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ Motor๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ RC Car ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 70cm ์ด๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” 90%๋กœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์œจ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›„๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ ์˜์ƒ ์„ผ์„œ๋กœ Raspberry Pi Camera๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ Camera๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹ค์ œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ LED ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฐฉ RC Car์˜ Camera๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ›„๋ฏธ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋ธ”๋ž™๋ฐ•์Šค๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์—†์ด ๋ฆฌ๋” ์ถ”์ข…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…(NRF-2015 R1D1A1A09058802)์˜ ์ง€์›์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ, ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ถ€์ฒ˜์— ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

References

1 
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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

๊น€ ๋• ๊ทœ (Deok-Kyu Kim)
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2018๋…„ 2์›” : ์˜๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—…

2018๋…„ 3์›”~ํ˜„์žฌ:์˜๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์„์‚ฌ ์žฌํ•™

๊น€ ๋ฏผ ์ •(Min-Jeong Kim)
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2018๋…„ 2์›” : ์˜๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—…

์ • ์„ฑ ์œค(Sung-Yoon Jung)
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2000๋…„:๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ „๊ธฐ์ „์ž์ „ํŒŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ์กธ์—…

2000๋…„~2002๋…„:ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์› ์ „์ž์ „์‚ฐํ•™๊ณผ ์„์‚ฌํ•™์œ„ ์ทจ๋“

2002๋…„~2006๋…„:ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์› ์ „์ž์ „์‚ฐํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™์œ„ ์ทจ๋“

2006๋…„~2009๋…„ : ์‚ผ์„ฑ์ „์ž ํ†ต์‹ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ(ํ˜„, DMC์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ) ์ฑ…์ž„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›

2009๋…„~2014๋…„ : LED-IT ์œตํ•ฉ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ผํ„ฐ ๋ถ€์„ผํ„ฐ์žฅ(2012) ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๊ณผ์žฅ

2009๋…„~ํ˜„์žฌ : ์˜๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ๋ถ€๊ต์ˆ˜