• ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ „๊ธฐํ•™ํšŒ
Mobile QR Code QR CODE : The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
  • COPE
  • kcse
  • ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋‹จ์ฒด์ด์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ
  • ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ˆ ์ง€์ธ์šฉ์ƒ‰์ธ
  • Scopus
  • crossref
  • orcid

  1. (Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Jeonju Univerity, Korea)



Wireless Power Transfer(WPT), AC/DC Converter, Single Stage Hybrid Converter

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์ตœ๊ทผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐ์ž๋™์ฐจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[1-2]. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ์ „๊ธฐ์ž๋™์ฐจ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์— ์ถฉ์ „์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์š”์ธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ถฉ์ „ ํŽธ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์‹ Plug-in ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฌด์„ ์ถฉ์ „๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1. ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฌด์„  EV ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ

Fig. 1. Conventional wireless EV charging system

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/fig1.png

์ „๊ธฐ์ž๋™์ฐจ (EV) ๋ฌด์„ ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ƒ ๋˜๋Š” 3์ƒ AC์ „์›์„ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ž…๋ ฅ์—ญ๋ฅ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ PFC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถฉ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค[3-4]. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผํšŒ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์†์‹ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ 1, 2์ฐจ์ธก ๊ถŒ์„  ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด๋“๋ณ€ํ™” ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํ›„๋‹จ์— ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”์ „์›์„ ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค[5-7].

์ตœ๊ทผ ์ „๊ธฐ์ž๋™์ฐจ(EV) ๋ฌด์„ ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž…๋ ฅ์—ญ๋ฅ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ PFC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๊ธฐ์ž๋™์ฐจ(EV) ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[8-10]. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ[8] ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ PWM์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž…๋ ฅ์—ญ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์ ˆ์—ฐ๋œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— PWM ๋“€ํ‹ฐํญ์ด ์ž‘์•„์งˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ์†์‹ค์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ’€-๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๊ณต์ง„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ 1์ฐจ์ธก ๊ณต์ง„ํšŒ๋กœ์— 2๋ ˆ๋ฒจ PWM ์ „์••ํŒŒํ˜•์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์„ฑ๋ถ„์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํšจ์œจ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์ผ์ •์Šค์œ„์นญ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์œ„์ƒ์ œ์–ด(D: Phase-shifted control) ๋™์ž‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์Šค์œ„์นญ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , 1์ฐจ์ธก ๊ณต์ง„ํšŒ๋กœ์— 3๋ ˆ๋ฒจ PWM ์ „์••ํŒŒํ˜•์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ 3๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ 3๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘ํŠน์„ฑ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž…๋ ฅ์—ญ๋ฅ  (PF) ๋ฐ ์ „๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์™œํ˜•์œจ ($THD_i$)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‹์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(WTP)์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์œ„์ƒ์ œ์–ด(D)์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณต์ง„ํƒฑํฌํšŒ๋กœ์˜ FHA๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์ง๋ ฌ-์ง๋ ฌ๋ณด์ƒํšŒ๋กœ(Sires-series compensation circuit) ์ด๋“ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ 1kW ์‹œ์ œํ’ˆ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ 3๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ

์ž…๋ ฅ์—ญ๋ฅ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ 3๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅํ•„ํ„ฐ($L_{Fa}$/$L_{Fb}$, $C_{Fa}$/$C_{Fb}$) ๋ฐ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ($L_{B1}$/$L_{B2}$), ์ž…๋ ฅ์ •๋ฅ˜๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ, ๋ถ„์••์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_1$, $C_2$) ๋ฐ ์ˆœํ™˜๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ($D_1$, $D_2$), ์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์นญ์†Œ์ž($Q_1$~$Q_6$)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” 3๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํ’€-๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ 1, 2์ฐจ์ธก ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ(T)์™€ ๊ณต์ง„์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_{r1}$, $C_{r2}$)๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ ๋™์ž‘ํŒŒํ˜•๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2(a)์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2(b), ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2(c)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ƒAC์ „์›($V_a$)์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์—ญ๋ฅ (PF) ๋ฐ ์ „๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์™œํ˜•์œจ($THD_i$)์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž…๋ ฅ AC์ „์›๋‹จ์— ํ•„ํ„ฐ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_{Fa}$/$C_{Fb}$)์™€ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ ($L_{Fa}$/$L_{Fb}$)๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ ($L_{B1}$/$L_{B2}$)๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ •๋ฅ˜๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ •๋ฅ˜๋‹จ ๋งํฌ์ „์••($V_{Link}$)์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2(a)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_{Fa}$/$C_{Fb}$)์˜ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ ์„ ์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์นญ์†Œ์ž $Q_2$์†Œ์Šค์™€ $Q_3$๋“œ๋ ˆ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ฃผํšŒ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋™์ž‘๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2(b)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ $Q_1$/$Q_2$ ๋ฐ $Q_3$/$Q_4$๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ„ด-์˜จ ๋™์ž‘ ์‹œ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ($L_{B1}$/$L_{B2}$)์— ๋‹จ์ƒ AC์ „์••($V_a$)์˜ 1/2์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ , ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ ์Šค์œ„์นญ์†Œ์ž $Q_1$ (๋˜๋Š” $Q_4$)์ด ํ„ด-์˜คํ”„ ๋˜๋ฉด ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ ($L_{B1}$/$L_{B2}$)์— ์ถ•์ ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ํ•„ํ„ฐ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_{Fa}$/$C_{Fb}$)์™€ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ •๋ฅ˜๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ, ๋งํฌ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ($C_1$/$C_2$), ์ˆœํ™˜๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ($D_1$/$D_2$) ๋ฐ ์Šค์œ„์นญ์†Œ์ž ($Q_2$/$Q_3$)์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ์…‹ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ถˆ์—ฐ์†๋ชจ๋“œ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1(c)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž…๋ ฅ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ ˆ์—ฐ๋œ ์ง๋ฅ˜-์ง๋ฅ˜ (DC-DC) ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ(T) 1์ฐจ์ธก ๋ฐ 2์ฐจ์ธก์— ๊ณต์ง„์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ($C_{r1}$, $C_{r2}$)๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ ์ง๋ ฌ-์ง๋ ฌ ๋ณด์ƒํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ์ • ์Šค์œ„์นญ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์นญ์†Œ์ž($Q_1$~$Q_6$)์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์ œ์–ด(D) ๋™์ž‘์— ์˜ํ•ด 1์ฐจ์ธก ๊ณต์ง„ํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ ์–‘๋‹จ(A-C)์— ๋งํฌ์ „์•• $V_{Link}$์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ํ’€-๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋™์ž‘๊ณผ $V_{Link}$/2 ์ „์••์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ํ•˜ํ”„-๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋™์ž‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ 1์ฐจ์ธก ๊ณต์ง„ํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ ์–‘๋‹จ(A-C)์— ๊ตฌํ˜•ํŒŒ ์ „์••($V_{AC}$)์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ , ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ 2์ฐจ์ธก์— ์ด๋“ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์••์ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ 3๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ 1์ฐจ์ธก ์Šค์œ„์นญ์†Œ์ž($Q_1$~$Q_6$)๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€ํ•˜์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์˜์ „์••์Šค์œ„์นญ(ZVS) ๋™์ž‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, 2์ฐจ์ธก ์ •๋ฅ˜๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ($D_{r1}$~$D_{r4}$) ๋˜ํ•œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์Šค์œ„์นญ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„œ์ง€์ „์••์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์Šค๋„ˆ๋ฒ„(Snubber)๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์Šค์œ„์นญ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋™์ž‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ง‘์ ํ™”์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฟ ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋„“์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ„์ƒ์ œ์–ด(D)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž…๋ ฅ์ •๋ฅ˜๋‹จ์ „์••($V_{Link}$)์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์Šน์•• ์ œ์–ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๋„“์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••($V_o$)์„ ์ œ์–ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2. ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ 3-level ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๋™์ž‘ํŒŒํ˜•

Fig. 2. The proposed 3-level hybrid single stage AC/DC converters for WPT, and its operating waveforms

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/fig2_1.png

(a) ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ

(a) Proposed single stage AC/DC converter

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/fig2_2.png

(b) ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ, ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ, 1/2์ฐจ์ธก๋‹จ์ž ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋™์ž‘ํŒŒํ˜•

(b) Operating waveforms of gate signals, boost inductors, the primary/secondary voltage and current

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/fig2_3.png

(c) ๊ต๋ฅ˜์ž…๋ ฅ์ „์••/์ „๋ฅ˜($V_a$, $I_a$)์™€ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{B1}$, $I_{B2}$)ํŒŒํ˜•

(c) AC line input voltage/current ($V_a$, $I_a$) and boost inductor current ($I_{B1}$, $I_{B2}$) waveforms.

3. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋™์ž‘๋ชจ๋“œ

Mode 1($t_0~t_1$) : $t_0~t_1$ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋™์ž‘๋ชจ๋“œ 1์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์นญ์†Œ์ž $Q_1$๊ณผ $Q_2$ ๋ฐ $Q_6$์ด ํ„ด-์˜จ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต์ง„ํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ ์–‘๋‹จ(A-C)์— ๋งํฌ์ „์••($V_{Link}$)์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ๊ณต์ง„์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{TP}$)๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ 2์ฐจ์ธก ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋‹จ(G-H)์— ์ „๋ ฅ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์นญ์†Œ์ž $Q_1$๊ณผ $Q_2$๊ฐ€ ํ„ด-์˜จ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ($L_{B1}$)์— ํ•„ํ„ฐ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์ „์••($V_{CFa}$)์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด $C_{Fa}$โ†’$L_{B1}$โ†’์ž…๋ ฅ์ •๋ฅ˜๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œโ†’$Q_1$โ†’$Q_2$โ†’$C_{Fa}$($C_{Fb}$)์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ถ•์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ($L_{B2}$)์— ์ถ•์ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ถ„์••์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_1$, $C_2$)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 0๋กœ ๋ฆฌ์…‹ ๋œ๋‹ค.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/Mode 1(t0~t1).png

Mode 2($t_1~t_2$) : ๋™์ž‘๋ชจ๋“œ 2์—์„œ๋Š” t1์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์นญ์†Œ์ž $Q_1$์ด ํ„ด-์˜คํ”„ ๋˜๋ฉด $Q_1$ ๋ฐ $Q_4$์˜ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค๋Š” ๋งํฌ์ „์••($V_{Link}$)์˜ 1/2 ๋ฐ 0์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ „์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ์— ๋งํฌ์ „์••($V_{Link}$)์˜ 1/2๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์ˆœํ™˜๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ $D_1$์˜ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค๋Š” 0์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ , $D_2$์˜ ์ „์••์€ ๋งํฌ์ „์••($V_{Link}$)์˜ 1/2๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค. t2์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์นญ์†Œ์ž $Q_4$์˜ ์—ญยท๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ ํ„ด-์˜จ ๋˜๋ฉด ์˜์ „์••์Šค์œ„์นญ(ZVS) ๋™์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/Mode 2(t1~t2).png

Mode 3($t_2~t_3$) : ๋™์ž‘๋ชจ๋“œ 3์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์นญ์†Œ์ž $Q_2$์™€ $Q_6$์ด ํ„ด-์˜จ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์–ด ๋ถ„์••์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_2$)โ†’์ˆœํ™˜๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ($D_1$)โ†’์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์น˜($Q_2$)โ†’1์ฐจ์ธก๊ณต์ง„ํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€โ†’์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์น˜($Q_6$)โ†’๋ถ„์••์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_2$)์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ 1์ฐจ์ธก๊ณต์ง„ํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ ์–‘๋‹จ(A-C) ์ „์••($V_{AC}$)์€ ๋งํฌ์ „์••($V_{Link}$)์˜ 1/2์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ๊ณต์ง„์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{TP}$)๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๊ณ , ์ด๋“๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ 2์ฐจ์ธก ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋‹จ(G-H)์— ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ด์ „๋™์ž‘๋ชจ๋“œ 1์—์„œ ์ €์žฅ๋œ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ($L_{B1}$)์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” $C_{Fa}$โ†’$L_{B1}$โ†’์ž…๋ ฅ์ •๋ฅ˜๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œโ†’๋ถ„์••์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_1$)โ†’์ˆœํ™˜๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ($D_1$)โ†’์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์น˜($Q_2$)โ†’$C_{Fa}$($C_{Fb}$)์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ์…‹๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{B1}$)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/Mode 3(t2~t3).png

Mode 4($t_3~t_3$) : ๋™์ž‘๋ชจ๋“œ 4์—์„œ๋Š” t3์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์น˜($Q_2$, $Q_6$)๊ฐ€ ํ„ด-์˜คํ”„ ๋˜๋ฉด. ์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์นญ์†Œ์ž($Q_2$, $Q_3$)์˜ ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค๋Š” ๋งํฌ์ „์••($V_{Link}$)์˜ 1/2์ „์••๊ณผ 0์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉยท๋ฐฉ์ „์„ ๋™์ž‘์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์น˜์†Œ์ž($Q_6$, $Q_5$)์˜ ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค๋Š” ๋งํฌ์ „์••($V_{Link}$)๊ณผ 0์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ถฉยท๋ฐฉ์ „์„ ๋™์ž‘์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์นญ์†Œ์ž $Q_3$์™€ $Q_5$์˜ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค๊ฐ€ 0์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ „๋œ ํ›„ ์—ญยท๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ ํ„ด-์˜จ ๋˜๋ฉด ์˜์ „์••์Šค์œ„์นญ(ZVS) ๋™์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/Mode 4(t3~t4).png

์ดํ›„ ๋ฐ˜์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๋™์ž‘๋„ ์•ž์„œ ๋ฐ˜์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋™์ž‘๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ƒ๋žตํ•œ๋‹ค.

4. ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋™์ž‘ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„

4.1 ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ์—ญ๋ฅ ๊ฐœ์„ (PFC)๊ณผ ์ „๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์™œํ˜•์œจ($THD_i$) ๋ถ„์„

๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ 3๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ต๋ฅ˜/์ง๋ฅ˜(AC/DC) ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋†’์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „๋ฅ˜ํŒŒํ˜•๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ($L_{B1}$, $L_{B2}$)์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{B1}$, $I_{B2}$)๋Š” ๋ถˆ์—ฐ์†๋ชจ๋“œ(DCM, Discontinuous Conduction Mode)๋กœ ๋™์ž‘๋˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2(b) ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{B1}$, $I_{B2}$)๋Š” $V_{Link}$์™€ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์ž…๋ ฅ์ „์•• $V_a$์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ํŒŒํ˜•์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ ์ „๋ฅ˜ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„๊ณ„๊ฐ์„ $โˆ…_{cr}$๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{B1}$, $I_{B2}$)๋Š” ์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์นญ์†Œ์ž($Q_1$ ๋˜๋Š” $Q_4$)๊ฐ€ ํ„ด-์˜คํ”„ ๋  ๋•Œ ๋ถ„์••์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_1$) $V_{Link}$/2 ์ „์••๊ณผ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_{Fa}$)์˜ ์ „์••($V_{CFa}$ : $V_a$/2) ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ปค ์Šค์œ„์นญ๋ฐ˜์ฃผ๊ธฐ Ts/2๋‚ด์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฆฌ์…‹ ๋˜์–ด 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” 0โ‰คฯ‰t<$โˆ…_{cr}$ ๋™์ž‘๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์ž…๋ ฅ์ „์•• $V_a$์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์••์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_1$) $V_{Link}$/2 ์ „์••๊ณผ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_{Fa}$)์˜ ์ „์••($V_{CFa}$ : $V_a$/2) ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„ ์Šค์œ„์นญ๋ฐ˜์ฃผ๊ธฐ Ts/2๋‚ด์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฆฌ์…‹ ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์นญ์†Œ์ž($Q_2$ ๋˜๋Š” $Q_3$)๊ฐ€ ํ„ด-์˜คํ”„ ๋  ๋•Œ, ๋ถ„์••์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_1$+$C_2$) $V_{Link}$ ์ „์••๊ณผ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_{Fa}$)์˜ ์ „์••($V_{CFa}$ : $V_a$/2) ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฆฌ์…‹ ๋˜๋Š” 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” $โˆ…_{cr}$โ‰คฯ‰t<ฯ€/2-$โˆ…_{cr}$ ๋™์ž‘๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด $i_{m1}$ ๊ณผ $i_{m2}$๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋™์ž‘๊ตฌ๊ฐ„(0โ‰คฯ‰t<$โˆ…_{cr}$, $โˆ…_{cr}$โ‰คฯ‰t<ฯ€/2-$โˆ…_{cr}$)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์นญ์ฃผ๊ธฐ(Ts)์—์„œ์˜ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{B1}$, $I_{B2}$)์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์ˆœ์‹œํ‰๊ท ์ „๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ ์ˆœ์‹œํ‰๊ท ์ „๋ฅ˜($i_m$)๋Š” 0โ‰คฯ‰t<$โˆ…_{cr}$ ๋™์ž‘๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ ์ˆœ์‹œ์ „๋ฅ˜($i_{m1}$)์™€ $โˆ…_{cr}$โ‰คฯ‰t<ฯ€/2-$โˆ…_{cr}$ ๋™์ž‘๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ ์ˆœ์‹œํ‰๊ท ์ „๋ฅ˜($i_{m2}$)์˜ ํ•ฉ ์ „๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค.

์ƒ์„ธ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์˜ 0โ‰คฯ‰t<$โˆ…_{cr}$ ๋™์ž‘๊ตฌ๊ฐ„($DT_S$ + $D_2T_S$ < TS/2)์˜ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{B1}$)ํŒŒํ˜•์—์„œ $DT_S$ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{B1}$)์™€ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์ „์••(VLB)๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด $I_{pk}$๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ž์†ํ‰ํ–‰์กฐ๊ฑด(voltage-second)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฆฌ์…‹ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ์ธ $D_2$๋ฅผ ์‹(1)์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(1)
$I_{pk}=\dfrac{D V_{pk}\sin(\omega t)}{2 L_{B}f_{s}}$ , $D_{2}=\dfrac{D V_{pk}\sin(\omega t)}{V_{L\in k}-V_{pk}\sin(\omega t)}$

0โ‰คฯ‰tโ‰ค$โˆ…_{cr}$ ๋™์ž‘๊ตฌ๊ฐ„($DT_S$+$D_2T_S$โ‰คTS/2)์—์„œ์˜ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ ์ˆœ์‹œํ‰๊ท ์ „๋ฅ˜($i_{m1}$)๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์นญ์ฃผ๊ธฐ(TS)์—์„œ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์‹(2)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(2)
$i_{m1}=\dfrac{1}{T_{s}}\int_{0}^{T_{s}}I_{B1}dt =\dfrac{I_{pk}(D+D_{2})}{2}$ $=\dfrac{D^{2}V_{L\in k}V_{pk}\sin(\omega t)}{4 f_{s}L_{B1}(V_{L\in k}-V_{pk}\sin(\omega t))}$

0โ‰คฯ‰tโ‰ค$โˆ…_{cr}$ ๋™์ž‘๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์ž…๋ ฅ์ „์••($V_a$)์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ์…‹์‹œ๊ฐ„($D_2T_S$)์€ ์ ์ฐจ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ $D_2T_S$ = (1/2-D)TS ์ผ ๋•Œ, ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ ์ „๋ฅ˜ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„๊ณ„๊ฐ $โˆ…_{cr}$์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ž์†ํ‰ํ–‰์กฐ๊ฑด(voltage-second)์œผ๋กœ ์‹(3)์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(3)
$\phi_{cr}=\sin^{-1}\left(\dfrac{V_{L\in k}}{V_{pk}}(1-2D)\right)$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3. ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{B1}$), ๊ต๋ฅ˜์ž…๋ ฅ์ „์••($V_a$), ๋งํฌ์ „์••($V_{Link}$) ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ท ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์ „๋ฅ˜($i_m$) ํŒŒํ˜•

Fig. 3. Waveforms of boost inductor current($I_{B1}$) and ac line input voltage($V_a$), link voltage($V_{Link}$) and the average boost inductor current($i_m$)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/fig3.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4. 0โ‰คฯ‰t<$โˆ…_{cr}$๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{B1}$/$I_{B2}$)

Fig. 4. Boost inductor current ($I_{B1}$/$I_{B2}$) waveform in the interval 0โ‰คฯ‰t<$โˆ…_{cr}$

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/fig4.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5. $โˆ…_{cr}$โ‰คฯ‰t<ฯ€/2-$โˆ…_{cr}$๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{B1}$/$I_{B2}$)ํŒŒํ˜•

Fig. 5. Boost inductor current ($I_{B1}$/$I_{B2}$) waveform in the interval $โˆ…_{cr}$โ‰คฯ‰t<ฯ€/2-โˆ…c

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/fig5.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์™€๊ฐ™์ด $โˆ…_{cr}$โ‰คฯ‰t<ฯ€/2-$โˆ…_{cr}$ ๋™์ž‘๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„  ๊ต๋ฅ˜์ž…๋ ฅ์ „์••($V_a$)๊ณผ $V_{Link}$์ „์••์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„ $D_2T_S$๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋•Œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฆฌ์…‹์ด ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์น˜($Q_2$)๊ฐ€ ํ„ด-์˜คํ”„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ถ„์••์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_1$+$C_2$) $V_{Link}$์ „์••๊ณผ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_{Fa}$)์˜ ์ „์••($V_{CFa}$ : $V_a$/2) ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฆฌ์…‹๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ $D_3$TS๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ $โˆ…_{cr}$โ‰คฯ‰t<ฯ€/2-$โˆ…_{cr}$ ๋™์ž‘๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„  3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, Imid๊ฐ’์€ (1/2-D)TS๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์ „์••(V$L_{B1}$)๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{B1}$) ๊ด€๊ณ„์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋“€ํ‹ฐ๋น„ $D_3$๋Š” ์ž์† ํ‰ํ–‰ ์กฐ๊ฑด(voltage-second)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(4)
$I_{mid}=\dfrac{V_{pk}\sin(\omega t)+(2D-1)V_{L\in k}}{4 L_{B}f_{s}}$ , $D_{3}=\dfrac{V_{pk}\sin(\omega t)+(2D-1)V_{L\in k}}{4V_{L\in k}-2V_{pk}\sin(\omega t)}$

$โˆ…_{cr}$โ‰คฯ‰t<ฯ€/2-$โˆ…_{cr}$ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{B1}$, $I_{B2}$)์˜ ์ˆœ์‹œํ‰๊ท ์ „๋ฅ˜($i_{m2}$) ์—ญ์‹œ, ์‹(5)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋ฉด์  A, B, C๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(5)
$A=\dfrac{I_{pk}DT_{s}}{2}$, $B=\dfrac{(I_{pk}+I_{mid})(T_{s}/2-DT_{s})}{2}$, $C=\dfrac{I_{mid}D_{3}T_{s}}{2}$, $i_{m2}=\dfrac{1}{T_{s}}\int_{0}^{T_{s}}I_{B1}dt =\dfrac{A+B+C}{T_{s}}$ $=\dfrac{V_{L\in k}(V_{pk}\sin(\omega t)(4D^{2}+1)- V_{L\in k}(2D-1)^{2})}{16 f_{s}L_{B1}(2V_{L\in k}- V_{pk}\sin(\omega t))}$

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ‰๊ท ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „๋ ฅ์ธ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ(Pin)๊ณผ, ์‹คํšจ์ „์••($V_o$.rms)/์ „๋ฅ˜(Io.rms)๋Š” ์•ž์„œ ๊ตฌํ•œ ์ˆœ์‹œํ‰๊ท ์ „๋ฅ˜($i_{m1}$, $i_{m2}$)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์‹(6)๊ณผ ์‹(7)์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(6)
\begin{align*} P_{i n}=\dfrac{4}{\pi}\left[\int_{0}^{\phi_{cr}}V_{a}i_{m1}dwt +\int_{\phi_{cr}}^{\pi /2}V_{a}i_{m2}dwt\right]\\ \end{align*}

(7)
$I_{m. r ms}=\sqrt{\dfrac{2}{\pi}\left[\int_{0}^{\phi_{cr}}(i_{m1})^{2}dwt +\int_{\phi_{cr}}^{\pi /2}(i_{m2})^{2}dwt\right]}$

์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅ์—ญ๋ฅ (PF)์€ ํ”ผ์ƒ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹(8)์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(8)
$PF =\dfrac{P_{i n}}{2V_{a.r ms}I_{m . r ms}}$

๋˜ํ•œ, ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜(Fourier series)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ ์ˆœ์‹œํ‰๊ท ์ „๋ฅ˜($i_m$)์˜ ์ „๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์™œํ˜•๋ฅ ($THD_i$)์„ ์‹(9)๊ณผ ์‹(10)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.

(9)

$i_{m}(wt)= b_{1}\sin(wt)+ b_{3}\sin(3wt)+ b_{5}\sin(5wt)+\cdots$

$b_{n}=\dfrac{4}{\pi}\left(\int_{0}^{\phi_{cr}}i_{m1}(\omega t)\sin(n\omega t)dt +\int_{\phi_{cr}}^{\pi /2}i_{m2}(\omega t)\sin(n\omega t)dt\right)$ $(n = 1,\: 3,\: 5\cdots)$

(10)
$THD_{i}=\dfrac{\sqrt{b_{3}^{2}+ b_{5}^{2}+ b_{7}^{2}+\cdots}}{b_{1}}$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. ์œ„์ƒ์ œ์–ด(D)๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž…๋ ฅ์—ญ๋ฅ (PF) ๋ฐ ์ „๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์™œํ˜•๋ฅ ($THD_i$) ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜

Fig. 6. Simulation of input power factor (PF) and the total harmonics distortion ($THD_i$) with respect to the phase-shift modulation (D)

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/fig6.png

์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ 3๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜(fs=109kHz) ๋ฐ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ($L_{B1}$=$L_{B2}$=25uH), ๊ต๋ฅ˜์ž…๋ ฅ์ „์••($V_a$=220Vrms) ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์œ„์ƒ์ œ์–ด(D)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž…๋ ฅ์—ญ๋ฅ (PF)๊ณผ ์ „๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์™œํ˜•๋ฅ ($THD_i$)์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ณ€ํ™”(500W,1kW)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž…๋ ฅ์—ญ๋ฅ (PF)๊ณผ ์ „๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์™œํ˜•๋ฅ ($THD_i$)์„ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, 1kW ๋ถ€ํ•˜์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” 500W๋ถ€ํ•˜์—์„œ ์œ„์ƒ์ œ์–ด(D)๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋จ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ•˜์‹œ ๋งํฌ์ „์••($V_{Link}$)์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์Šน์••๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž…๋ ฅ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์ƒ์ œ์–ด(D)๊ฐ€ 0.25์ด์ƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ์—ญ๋ฅ (Power Factor) 98%์ด์ƒ, ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์™œํ˜•๋ฅ ($THD_i$) 20%์ดํ•˜ ๋™์ž‘ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

4.2 ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก DC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ด๋“ ๋ถ„์„

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 7. ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋ ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก ๋น„์ ‘์ด‰ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ

Fig. 7. Loosely coupled transformer for wireless power transfer with different alignment

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/fig7.png

๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ(T)๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(a)์— ๋„์‹œ ๋œ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, PL13(core)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 1์ฐจ์ธก ์†ก์‹ ํŒจ๋“œ(30cm*30cm) ๋ฐ 2์ฐจ์ธก ์ˆ˜์‹ ํŒจ๋“œ(20cm*20cm)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ Square ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ„ด์ˆ˜๋น„($N=N_p/N_s$)๋Š” 1๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1์ฐจ์ธก ๋ฐ 2์ฐจ์ธก ๊ถŒ์„ ์— 22ํ„ด์”ฉ ๊ฐ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(b)๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(c)์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ์ • ์ค‘์•™์— ์ผ์น˜๋œ(Misalignment 0cm) ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง์ด ์ข‹์„ ๋•Œ์™€ 2์ฐจ์ธก ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ขŒ์ธก ์ƒ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ(Misalignment 5cm)์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ์˜ ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฅผ ํ‘œ 1์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก(WPT) ์ง๋ ฌ๋ณด์ƒ ๊ณต์ง„ํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€(CLLC)์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ „์••ํŒŒํ˜•๊ณผ ์ „์••์ด๋“ํŠน์„ฑ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1. ๋น„์ ‘์ด‰ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ($N_p$. $N_s$)

Table 1. Parameters of the loosely coupled transformer ($N_p$. $N_s$)

Primary side (TP)

Misalignment 0cm/

Misalignment 5cm

Secondary side (TS)

Misalignment 0cm/ Misalignment 5cm

Size

30cm ร— 30cm

20cm ร— 20cm

Air gap

5cm

Winding turns

22

22

Transformer ratio

N($N_P$/$N_S$)=1

Self inductance

($L_1$+$L_m$)

180.2uH / 186.9uH

174uH / 172.3uH

Magnetizing inductance

($L_m$)

81.21uH / 51.51uH

Leakage inductance

($L_l$)

98.99uH / 135.4uH

92.79uH / 120.8uH

Coupling coefficient(k)

0.45 / 0.27

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8(a)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด $Q_1$/$Q_2$/$Q_6$์™€ $Q_3$/$Q_4$/$Q_5$์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์ œ์–ด(D)๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด 1์ฐจ์ธก ๊ณต์ง„ํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ ์–‘๋‹จ(A-C)์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌํ˜•ํŒŒ ์ „์••($V_{AC}$)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋„“์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์•• ($V_o$~2$V_o$)์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•ด์„์˜ ํŽธ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ 3๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ด๋“ํŠน์„ฑ์€ FHA (Fundamental Harmonic Approximation)ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(13,14). ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ 3, 5, 7 ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ๋งŒ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8(d)๊ณผ ์‹(12)์€ ๊ตฌํ˜•ํŒŒ $V_{AC}$๋ฅผ FHA๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ๋งŒ($V_{AC1}$)์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹์ด๊ณ  $V_{AC1P}$๋Š” $V_{AC1}$์˜ ํ”ผํฌ ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ„ด-์ˆ˜๋น„(Turn Ratio)๋กœ 2์ฐจ์ธก์—์„œ 1์ฐจ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋„๋œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••(N$V_{GH1}$) ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ๋งŒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, $NV_{GHPs}$์€ ํ”ผํฌ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์‹(13)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.

(11)
\begin{align*} G_{v}\\ =\left |\dfrac{s^{3}R_{ac}C_{r1}C_{r2}L_{m}}{s R_{ac}C_{r2}(1+s^{2}C_{r1}L_{1})+(1+s^{2}C_{r1}L_{l1})\left[1+s^{2}\left(C_{r2}L_{2}+C_{r1}L_{m}\dfrac{1+s^{2}C_{r2}L_{l2}}{1+s^{2}C_{r1}L_{l1}}\right)\right]}\right | \end{align*}

(12)
\begin{align*} V_{AC1}(\omega t)\ =\dfrac{V_{L\in k}}{\pi}\sqrt{10-6\cos(2\pi D)}\sin\left(\omega t +arcsin\left(\dfrac{\sin(2\pi D)}{\sqrt{10-6\cos(2\pi D)}}\right)\right) \end{align*} $V_{AC1P}=\dfrac{V_{L\in k}}{\pi}\sqrt{10-6\cos(2\pi D)}$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 8. (a) SS๋ณด์ƒ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” WPT ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ, (b) VAC ์ „์••ํŒŒํ˜•, (c) $V_{GH}$ ์ „์••ํŒŒํ˜•, (d) FHA๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ AC๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ

Fig. 8. (a) WPT equivalent circuit with SS compensation topology, (b) and (c) its

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/fig8.png

(13)
$N V_{GH1}(\omega t)=\dfrac{4N V_{o}}{\pi}\sin(\omega t),\: N V_{GHP}(\omega t)=\dfrac{4N V_{o}}{\pi}$

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ DC ์ „์••์ด๋“(M)์€ ์‹(12)๊ณผ ์‹(13)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹(14)์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(14)
$M=\dfrac{NV_{o}}{V_{L\in k}}=\dfrac{\sqrt{10-6\cos(2\pi D)}}{4}ยท G_{v}$

์‹(11)์˜ ๊ณต์ง„ํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€์˜ ์ด๋“ํŠน์„ฑ ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณต์ง„์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜($f_1$, $f_2$, $f_3$)๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, $f_2$์˜ ๊ณต์ง„์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ(Loosely coupled transformer) 1์ฐจ์ธก ์ž๊ธฐ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค(L1 = $L_m$ + $L_{l1}$)์™€ ๊ณต์ง„์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_{r1}$) ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ณต์ง„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์–ด์ง€๊ณ , ๊ณต์ง„์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ $f_3$์€ ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 1, 2์ฐจ์ธก ๋ˆ„์„ค์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค($L_{l1}$/$L_{l2}$)์™€ ๊ณต์ง„์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ($C_{r1}$/$C_{r2}$) ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ณต์ง„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์–ด์ง์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹(11)์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณต์ง„์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ $f_2$์—์„œ์˜ ์ด๋“ํŠน์„ฑ(M)์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜($N^2R_{ac}$)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋“์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๊ณต์ง„์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ $f_3$์—์„œ์˜ ์ด๋“์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜($N^2R_{ac}$) ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•จ์—†์ด ์ผ์ • ์ „์••์ด๋“์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๊ณ ์ •์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์œ„์ƒ์ œ์–ด(D)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••($V_O$) ์กฐ์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค(11,12). ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต์ง„์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ $f_3$์˜ ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์ผ์ •์Šค์œ„์นญ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์Šค์œ„์นญ๋™์ž‘ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์™€๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10์€ ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 1, 2์ฐจ์ธก์ด ์ •์ค‘์•™์— ์ผ์น˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ[Misalignment(0cm)]์™€ ์ขŒ์ธก์ƒ๋‹จ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚ฌ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ[Misalignment(5cm)] ์Šค์œ„์นญ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜(fs)๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์ƒ์ œ์–ด(D) ๋ฐ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜(f) ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์••์ด๋“(M) ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 1, 2์ฐจ์ธก์ด ์ •์ค‘์•™์— ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ[Misalignment (0cm)]์˜ ๊ณต์ง„์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ $f_3$์—์„œ ์Šค์œ„์นญ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜(fs) ๋™์ž‘์‹œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋“๋ณ€ํ™”(M)๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์—†์–ด ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ๋™์ž‘ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ(T) 1, 2์ฐจ์ธก์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๋•Œ[Misalignment(5cm)]๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง(k) ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต์ง„์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ $f_3$์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด๋“์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋“๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์œ„์ƒ์ œ์–ด(D)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••($V_O$)์„ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 9. WPT ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์•™์œ„์น˜์ผ ๋•Œ ๊ณต์ง„ํšŒ๋กœ ์ „์••์ด๋“ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜

Fig. 9. $V_o$ltage gain simulation of the resonant circuit when the coils are aligned

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/fig9.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 10. WPT ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ ๊ณต์ง„ํšŒ๋กœ ์ „์••์ด๋“ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜

Fig. 10. $V_o$ltage gain simulation of the resonant circuit when the coils are misaligned

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/fig10.png

5. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

ํ‘œ 1. ์ฃผ์š” ์ž…/์ถœ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ์–‘ ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ ์†Œ์ž

Table 1. Main input/output specifications and the used devices

Major

ratings

Input line voltage(VLL)

220Vrms

Output voltage($V_O$)/

Output current(IO)

250$V_{DC}$/4A, 300$V_{DC}$/3.3A,

350$V_{DC}$/2.9A (1kW)

Switching/

Resonance frequency (fs/fr)

109.1kHz/109kHz

Used

Devices

Switching devices

($Q_1$~$Q_4$/$Q_5$,$Q_6$)

STW65N65DM2AG[650V/60A/50mฮฉ]/

UJ3C120040K3S[1200V/65A/35mฮฉ/SIC]

Input rectifier diodes

GP2D050A120B

[1200V/50A/1.6V/SIC]

Output Diodes

SCS240KE2

[1200V/20A,40A*/1.4V/SIC]

Para

meters

$L_{Fa}$,$L_{Fb}$/ $L_{B1}$,$L_{B2}$

3.6mH/26.55uH,25.97uH

$C_{Fa}$,$C_{Fb}$/$C_{r1}$,$C_{r2}$

2.2uF/20.57nF,22.57nF

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๋„“์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์•• ์ œ์–ด๋ฒ”์œ„($V_O$ : 250$V_{DC}$~350$V_{DC}$)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ 3๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ‘œ 2์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ์ฃผ์š”์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ์‚ฌ์–‘๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์†Œ์ž๋“ค์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 1kW ์‹œ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , dsPIC33FJ16GS502 16bit DSP๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์ •์Šค์œ„์นญ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜(fs : 109.1kHz)์—์„œ ์œ„์ƒ์ œ์–ด(D)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••($V_O$)์„ ์ œ์–ด ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13์€๋Š” ํ‘œ 1๊ณผ ํ‘œ 2์—์„œ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ง„์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ(1์ฐจ์ธก ๊ณต์ง„์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ 20.57nF์™€ 2์ฐจ์ธก ๊ณต์ง„์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ 22.57nF)๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๊ณต์ง„์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ $f_3$(109kHz) ๋ถ€๊ทผ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ๋™์ž‘์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์–ป์€ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ, ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์•• 250$V_{DC}$/ 300$V_{DC}$/ 350$V_{DC}$, 1kW ๋™์ž‘์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ PFCํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{B1}$), ๊ต๋ฅ˜์ž…๋ ฅ์ „์••($V_a$), ์ƒ์ „๋ฅ˜($I_a$), ๋งํฌ์ „์••($V_{Link}$) ๋ฐ CLLC ๊ณต์ง„ ํƒฑํฌ์˜ 1์ฐจ์ธก ์ „์••(VAC), ์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{TP}$)์™€ 2์ฐจ์ธก ์ „์••($V_{GH}$), ์ „๋ฅ˜($I_{TS}$)๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 11. (a) PFCํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ (b) ๋น„์ ‘์ด‰๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 1์ฐจ ๋ฐ 2์ฐจ ์ „์••/์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹คํ—˜ํŒŒํ˜• [250V/1kW]

Fig. 11. Experimental waveforms (a) the PFC circuit (b) the current/voltage across the loosely coupled transformerโ€™s primary and secondary [250V/1kW]

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/fig11.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 12. (a) PFCํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ (b) ๋น„์ ‘์ด‰๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 1์ฐจ ๋ฐ 2์ฐจ ์ „์••/์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹คํ—˜ํŒŒํ˜• [300V/1kW]

Fig. 12. Experimental waveforms (a) the PFC circuit (b) the current/voltage across the loosely coupled transformerโ€™s primary and secondary [300V/1kW]

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/fig12.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 13. (a) PFCํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ (b) ๋น„์ ‘์ด‰๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 1์ฐจ ๋ฐ 2์ฐจ ์ „์••/์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹คํ—˜ํŒŒํ˜• [350V/1kW]

Fig. 13. Experimental waveforms (a) the PFC circuit (b) the current/voltage across the loosely coupled transformerโ€™s primary and secondary [350V/1kW]

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/fig13.png

์‹คํ—˜๋™์ž‘ํŒŒํ˜•๋ถ€ํ„ฐ PFC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์Šน์••์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ($I_{B1}$) ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••($V_O$) ์ œ์–ด๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๋ถˆ์—ฐ์†๋ชจ๋“œ(DCM)๋กœ ๋™์ž‘๋˜์–ด ์ž…๋ ฅ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ํŒŒํ˜•์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ฌด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ CLLC ๊ณต์ง„ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ง๋ ฌ-์ง๋ ฌ๋ณด์ƒํšŒ๋กœ์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌํ˜•ํŒŒ ์ „์••($V_{AC}$)๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜ํŒŒํ˜•($I_{TP}$)์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์œ„์ƒ์ œ์–ด(D)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••($V_O$)์ด ์ œ์–ด๋˜๊ณ , 1์ฐจ์ธก ์ฃผ์Šค์œ„์นญ์†Œ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜์ „์••์Šค์œ„์นญ(ZVS) ๋™์ž‘ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 14. WPT๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋‹จ์ผ์ „๋ ฅ๋‹จ AC/DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ (a) ํšจ์œจํŠน์„ฑ, (b) ์ž…๋ ฅ์—ญ๋ฅ (PF) ๋ฐ $THD_i$ ํŠน์„ฑ

Fig. 14. (a) Efficiency, and (b) input power factor (PF) and $THD_i$ characteristics of the proposed single stage AC/DC converter for WPT.

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/fig14.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14๋Š” 250$V_{DC}$/300$V_{DC}$/350$V_{DC}$ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••($V_O$) ์ œ์–ด ๋™์ž‘ ์ค‘ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ณ€ํ™”(250W~1kW) ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ํšจ์œจํŠน์„ฑ, ์ž…๋ ฅ์—ญ๋ฅ (PF)๊ณผ ์ „๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์™œํ˜•๋ฅ ($THD_i$) ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž…๋žต์—ญ๋ฅ (PF) ๋ฐ ์ „๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์™œํ˜•๋ฅ ($THD_i$)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, ์œ„์ƒ์ œ์–ด(D)๊ฐ€ 0.25์ด์ƒ์ผ ๋•Œ ์—ญ๋ฅ (PF)๋Š” 98%๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์™œํ˜•๋ฅ ($THD_i$)์€ 20% ์ดํ•˜์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋Œ€ํšจ์œจ์€ 250$V_{DC}$/1kW ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ 92.81% ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 300$V_{DC}$/250W ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ํšจ์œจ 86.52% ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••($V_O$)์ด ์ƒ์Šน ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ํšจ์œจํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ €ํ•˜ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์œ„์ƒ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฃผ ์Šค์œ„์นญ์†Œ์ž์˜ ํ„ด-์˜คํ”„์†์‹ค ๋ฐ ์ปคํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์žํ™”์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋„ํ†ต์†์‹ค์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2018R1A2B6008925) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)

References

1 
Junjun Deng, Chunting Chris Mi, Ruiqing Ma, Siqi Li, August 2015, Design of LLC Resonant Converters Based on Operation-Mode Analysis for Level Two PHEV Battery Chargers, IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 1595-1606DOI
2 
Zhengyang Liu, Bin Li, Fred C. Lee, Qiang Li, 2016, Design of CRM AC/DC Converter for Very High-Frequency High-Density WBG-Based 6.6kW Bidirectional On-Board Battery Charger, IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)DOI
3 
John M. Omer, C. Madhu Chinthavali, March 2015, Primary-Side Power Flow Control of Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 147-162DOI
4 
Hiroya Takanashi, Yukiya Sato, Yasuyoshi Kaneko, Shigeru Abe, Tomio Yasuda, 2012, A Large Air Gap 3kW Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles, IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)DOI
5 
Siqi Li, Chunting Mi, March 2015, Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 4-17DOI
6 
Won-Jin Son, Jae Han Lee, Sangjoon Ann, Jongeun Byun, Byoung Kuk Lee, 2019, Bridgeless Rectifier Control of Wireless Power Transfer to Improve Efficiency, IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), pp. 870-875DOI
7 
Nicholas A. Keeling, Grant A. Covic, John T. Boys, February 2010, A Unity-Power-Factor IPT Pickup for High-Power Applications, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 744-751DOI
8 
Nomar S. Gonzalez-Santini, Hulong Zeng, Yaodong Yu, Fang Zheng Peng, November 2016, Z-Source Resonant Converter With Power Factor Correction for Wireless Power Transfer Applications, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 31, No. 11, pp. 7691-7700DOI
9 
Zaka Ullah Zahid, Cong Zheng, Rui Chen, William Eric Faraci, Jih-Sheng(Jason) Lai, 2013, Design and Control of a Single-Stage Large Air-gapped Transformer Isolated Battery Charger for Wide-Range Output $V_o$ltage for EV Applications, IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)DOI
10 
Junwei Liu, Ka Wing Chan, Chi Yung Chung, Nelson Hon Lung Chan, Ming Liu, Wenzheng Xu, March 2018, Single-Stage Wireless-Power-Transfer Resonant Converter With Boost Bridgeless Power-Factor-Correction Rectifier, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 2145-2155DOI
11 
Mina Kim, Hwa-Pyeong Park, Jae-Hoon Jung, 2018, Coil Misalignment Compensation Algorithm for Single-Stage Inductive Wireless Power Transfer System Using Model- Based Approach, in Proc. of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), pp. 3057-3061DOI
12 
SangCheol Moon, Bong-Chul Kim, Shin-Young Cho, Chi- Hyung Ahn, Gun-Woo Moon, November 2014, Analysis and Design of a Wireless Power Transfer System With an Intermediate Coil for High Efficiency, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 61, No. 11, pp. 5861-5870DOI
13 
Hiroyuki Haga, Fujio Kurokawa, April 2017, Modulation Method of a Full-Bridge Three-Level LLC Resonant Converter for Battery Charger of Electrical Vehicles, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 2498-2507DOI
14 
Tianyang Jiang, Junming Zhang, Xinke Wu, Kuang Sheng, Yousheng Wang, March 2016, A Bidirectional Three-Level LLC Resonant Converter With PWAM Control, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 2213-2225DOI

์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

๊น€๋ฏผ์ง€ (Min-Ji Kim)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/au1.png

She received her B.E. degree from Jeonju University, Jeonju, in 2018. Korea.

She is currently working toward an M.S. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering of Jeonju University, Jeonju, Korea.

Her research interests include resonant converters for wireless charging system and bidirectional DC/DC converters.

๊น€์€์ˆ˜ (Eun-Soo Kim)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.11.1312/au2.png

He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.d. degrees from Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea, in 1986, 1988, and 2000, respectively.

From 1989 to 2001, he was a Senior Researcher in Power Electronics Research Division, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI).

Since 2001, he has been Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Korea.

His primary areas of research interests include resonant converters for wireless power transfer charging systems and bidirectional DC/DC converters.