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  1. (Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Soongsil University, Korea.)



Distribution System, Smart Inverter, Volt-Var Curve, Hosting Capacity

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์›๊ณ ๊ฐˆ ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์ด ๊ฐ๊ด‘์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ 3020 ์ดํ–‰๊ณ„ํš์— ์˜ํ•ด 2030๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „์ฒด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰์˜ 20%๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(1,2). ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ง€์ž์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ์—…์ž๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์—ฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์œ„์น˜๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „์••์ด ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šน๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค(1,2). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€์— ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ํƒญ-์ œ์–ด(3), ์„ ๋กœ์ „์••์กฐ์ •์žฅ์น˜(Step Voltage Regulator, SVR) ์„ค์น˜(4), ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด(5,6)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ํƒญ-์ œ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํ”ผ๋” ๊ฐ„ ์ „์•• ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ์šฉ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์€ ํ”ผ๋” ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์งง์€ ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— SVR์˜ ์„ค์น˜๊ฐœ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ SVR์˜ ์„ค์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์ด ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ด‘์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(5,6).

๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ค‘ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด(Volt-Var Curve, VVC)๊ฐ€ ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ด‘์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. VVC๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ (Point Common Coupling, PCC) ์ „์••์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ํก์ˆ˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „์••์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค(7-10). ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ VVC๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์••๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ (7-9)๋Š” VVC ์ ์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์••ํŽธ์ฐจ, ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์†์‹ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, VVC ์ ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธํกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ (10)์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ VVC์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์šด์˜๊ทœ์ • ์ค‘ ์ „์•• ์ƒํ•œ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์•ฝ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์— VVC ํƒ‘์žฌ์œจ(Penetration level of VVC)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธํกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํƒ‘์žฌ์œจ์€ ํ”ผ๋”์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์— VVC๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ(Mount) ๋œ ๋น„์œจ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์€ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฐœ์ „์— VVC๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์„ค๋œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์— VVC๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์— ์ˆ˜์ต์†์‹ค๊ณผ ์ง๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” VVC ํƒ€์ž…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์••๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋งˆ์ง„์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ”ผ๋”์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์˜ VVC ํƒ‘์žฌ์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์••๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋งˆ์ง„์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํšจ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ธ

Fig. 1. Test model for verifying the volt-var curve effect of the smart inverter

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.9.1312/fig1.png

2. Analysis Methodology

2์ ˆ์€ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ VVC ์ ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ VVC์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.1 Test Model for Effect Verification

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ 1์€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์—๋Š” ์†Œ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์ด ๋ถ„ํฌ๋˜์–ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ง๋‹จ์— ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์ด ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ „์•• ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ (11)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „ ์ ‘์†์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐฐ์ „์„ ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธฐ์กด 10[MW]์—์„œ 12[MW]๋กœ ์ƒํ–ฅ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 12[MW]์™€ ํ–ฅํ›„์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด 14[MW]๋ฅผ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋Š” ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚ ์”จ ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ด„์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’์€ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ฒ ๊ณผ ๊ฒจ์šธ์ฒ ์— ๋ƒ‰๋‚œ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ „๋ ฅ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ค๋‚ ๊ณผ ์ถ”์„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํœด์ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1. ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜

Table 1. Parameter used in test model

Component

Parameters

PV Capacity

Variable

12,14[MW] focused analysis

Load Capacity

3[MW]

Main Transformer

154/22.9 [kV] 45/60[MVA]

Line Impedance

0.182+j0.391 โ„ฆ/km

Line Length per Section

2[km]

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2. ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ (a) ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ์ถœ๋ ฅ (b) ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์‚ฌ์šฉ

Fig. 2. Annual profile of PV output and load power usage (a) PV output (b) load power usage

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.9.1312/fig2.png

๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ์ „๊ธฐ์„ค๋น„ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์˜ํ•œ ํŠน๊ณ ์•• ์ „์•• ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์ƒํ•œ์น˜๋Š” 23,800V(1.039p.u) ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ•˜ํ•œ์น˜๋Š” 20,800V(0.908p.u) ์ด๋‹ค(12). ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋“ฑ ์ด์ƒ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์ •์ƒ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์••์˜ ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ณผ์ „์••์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์€ ์ „์••๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋  ๋•Œ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ ‘์†๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

2.2 Volt-Var Curve of Smart Inverter for Over-Voltage Mitigation

VVC๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์ „์••์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์˜ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „์••์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์€ ๋ถˆ-๊ฐ๋Œ€ ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ VVC๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‘œ 2๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ VVC ํƒ€์ž…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. Aggressive ํƒ€์ž…์˜ VVC๋Š” Moderate ํƒ€์ž…๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋ถˆ-๊ฐ๋Œ€ ์˜์—ญ(Dead-band)์ด ์ข๊ณ  ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ปค์„œ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์‹(1)์€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ (Point Common Coupling, PCC) ์ „์••์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ง€๋ น์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ „์••์ด ์ผ์ • ๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „์•• ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ, ์ „์••์ด ์ผ์ • ๊ฐ’ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „์•• ์ƒ์Šน์„ ์–ต์ œํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3. ๊ณผ์ „์•• ํ•ด์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „์••-๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ปค๋ธŒ

Fig. 3. Volt-Var Curve of Smart Inverter to alleviate over-voltage problem

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.9.1312/fig3.png

ํ‘œ 2. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ Volt-Var Curve ํƒ€์ž…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜

Table 2. Parameter according to volt-var curve type in figure 3

Volt-Var Curve

Parameter

Aggressive

Vvv1

Vvv2

Vvv3

Vvv4

0.98

0.99

1.01

1.02

Qvv1

Qvv2

Qvv3

Qvv4

1

0

0

-1

Moderate

Vvv1

Vvv2

Vvv3

Vvv4

0.92

0.98

1.02

1.08

Qvv1

Qvv2

Qvv3

Qvv4

0.44

0

0

-0.44

(1)
$$Q_{s . i}(V(t))=\left\{\begin{array}{cc} Q_{v v 1} & \left.(V(t)) \leq V_{v v 1}\right) \\ -\frac{Q_{v v 1}}{V_{v v 2}-V_{v v 1}} & \left(V_{v v 1}<V(t) \leq V_{v v 2}\right) \\ 0 & \left(V_{v v 2}<V(t) \leq V_{v v 3}\right) \\ -\frac{Q_{v v 4}}{V_{v v 4}-V_{v v 3}} & \left(V_{v v 3}<V(t) \leq V_{v v 4}\right) \\ -Q_{v v 4} & \left(V_{v v 4}<V(t)\right) \end{array}\right.$$

3. Simulation Result

3์ ˆ์€ 2.2์ ˆ์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ VVC ์ ์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์•• ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 2.1์ ˆ์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ EPRI์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” Quasi-Static Time-Series ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ธ OpenDSS๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3.1 Analysis of Voltage Characteristics according to Volt-Var Curve Type

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4. ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ Volt-Var Curve ํƒ€์ž…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋ง๋‹จ ์ „์•• ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ

Fig. 4. Voltage profile at the end of the feeder according to PV capacity and volt-var curve type

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.9.1312/fig4.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4(a)๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰(ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 12[MW], 14[MW])์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ง๋‹จ(bus 12)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ „์•• ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ „์•• ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ ์ค‘ ๋ง๋‹จ ๋ชจ์„ ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „์••์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „์•• ์œ ์ง€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์ƒํ•œ์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ „์•• ์ƒ์Šน ์–ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4(b)๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด 12[MW]๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, VVC ํƒ€์ž…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ „์•• ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. Aggressive ํƒ€์ž…์˜ VVC๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ”ผํฌ์ „์••์ด ์•ฝ 3%๊ฐ€ ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ Moderate ํƒ€์ž…์˜ VVC๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ”ผํฌ์ „์••์ด ์•ฝ 2% ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด VVC ์ ์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5. ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ Volt-Var Curve ํƒ€์ž…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์„  ๋ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „์••

Fig. 5. Peak voltage for each bus according to PV capacity and volt-var curve type

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.9.1312/fig5.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5(a)๋Š” VVC๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5(b)๋Š” Aggressive ํƒ€์ž…์˜ VVC๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5(c)๋Š” Moderate ํƒ€์ž…์˜ VVC๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ ๋ชจ์„  ๋ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „์••์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. VVC๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ ๋ง๋‹จ์˜ ์ „์••๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „์••ํ”ผํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์•ฝ 10[MW] ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ง๋‹จ์ „์••์ด ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์ƒํ•œ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Aggressive ํƒ€์ž…์˜ VVC๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์ด 12[MW]๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ „์••์ƒํ•œ์น˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 0.021[p.u.]์˜ ์—ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. Moderate ํƒ€์ž…์˜ VVC๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์ด 12[MW] ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ „์••์ƒํ•œ์น˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 0.009[p.u.]์˜ ์—ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ „์•• ์œ ์ง€ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, VVC ํƒ€์ž…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „์•• ์ƒ์Šน์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ดํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ-๊ฐ๋Œ€ ์˜์—ญ์ด ์ข๊ณ  ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์  ์ „์••์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” Aggressive ํƒ€์ž…์˜ VVC๊ฐ€ ์ „์•• ์ƒ์Šน ์–ต์ œ์— ๋”์šฑ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3.2 Analysis of Voltage Characteristics according to Penetration Level of Volt-Var Curve

ํ˜„์žฌ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ๋“ฑ์— ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์ด ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์€ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ์—…์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์šด์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํŒจ๋„ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋งŒํผ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ PCS(Power Conversion System)์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํŒจ๋„(Panel)์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— VVC๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, PCS ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ œ์•ฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ์†์‹ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ์†์‹ค์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ต๊ณผ ์ง๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์— VVC๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, 3.2์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ VVC ํƒ‘์žฌ์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์•• ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์‹(2)์€ VVC ํƒ‘์žฌ์œจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์„ค์น˜๋œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์˜ ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ VVC๊ฐ€ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ํƒ‘์žฌ์œจ์ด 100% ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ด VVC๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ํƒ‘์žฌ์œจ์ด 0%์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” VVC๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

(2)
$$\begin{aligned} &V V C-\text {pnetration}[\%]=\frac{N_{v v c-p v}}{N_{p v}} \times 100\\ &N_{v v c-p v}: \text { Volt-Var Curve๊ฐ€ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋œ PV์˜ ์ˆ˜ }\\ &N_{p v}: \text { ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ PV์˜ ์ˆ˜} \end{aligned}$$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— 12[MW]์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, VVC ํƒ‘์žฌ์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์„  ๋ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „์••์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6(a)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด Aggressive ํƒ€์ž…์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์•ฝ 10%์˜ VVC๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋ฉด ์ „์•• ์œ ์ง€ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์„ ํ•ด์†Œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6(b)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด Moderate ํƒ€์ž…์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์•ฝ 30%์˜ VVC ํƒ‘์žฌ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋ฉด ์ „์•• ์œ ์ง€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์„ ํ•ด์†Œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— 14[MW]์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, VVC ํƒ‘์žฌ์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์„  ๋ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „์••์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. Aggressive ํƒ€์ž…์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•ฝ 17%, Moderate ํƒ€์ž…์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•ฝ40%์˜ VVC๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „์•• ์šด์˜๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์„ ํ•ด์†Œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. 12[MW]์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, Volt-Var Curve ํƒ‘์žฌ์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์„  ๋ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „์••

Fig. 6. Peak voltage for each bus according to the penetration level of volt-var curve when 12[MW] capacity of PV is connected

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.9.1312/fig6.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 7. 14[MW]์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, Volt-Var Curve ํƒ‘์žฌ์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์„  ๋ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „์••

Fig. 7. Peak voltage for each bus according to the penetration level of volt-var curve when 14[MW] capacity of PV is connected

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.9.1312/fig7.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5,6,7์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ง๋‹จ ๋ชจ์„ ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „์••์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Aggressive ํƒ€์ž…์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ „์•• ์ƒ์Šน ์–ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ํƒ‘์žฌ์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „์•• ์ƒ์Šน ์–ต์ œ ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

4. Conclusion

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ Volt-Var Curve ํƒ‘์žฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3.1์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ VVC ํƒ€์ž…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์•• ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ VVC๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ”ผํฌ์ „์••์ด ์–ต์ œ๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถˆ-๊ฐ๋Œ€์˜์—ญ์ด ์ ๊ณ  ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ Aggressive ํƒ€์ž…์˜ VVC๊ฐ€ ์ „์•• ํŠน์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋”์šฑ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ์ „์•• ํ”ผํฌ๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, Aggressive ํƒ€์ž…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์ œ์–ด๋Š” ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘, ์ง„๋™(Oscillation)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ฐ์†Œ, ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ €ํ•˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ์„ค์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

3.2์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ VVC ํƒ‘์žฌ์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์••ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. VVC ํƒ‘์žฌ์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ ์˜ ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ•ด์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ์„ค ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์—๋Š” ํƒ‘์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์— VVC๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ „์•• ์œ ์ง€ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ VVC๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—๋Š”์„œ VVC ํƒ€์ž… ๋ฐ ํƒ‘์žฌ์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ „์•• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„์—๋Š”, ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์„ ๋กœ์˜ ์—ด์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy(MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No. 2019381010001B).

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

์ดํ˜•์ง„ (Hyeong-Jin Lee)
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2015๋…„ ์•ˆ์–‘๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ „๊ธฐ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—….

2017๋…„ ์ˆญ์‹ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—…(์„์‚ฌ).

2017๋…„~ํ˜„์žฌ ๋™ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ •

E-mail : hyeongjin0420@gmail.com

์œค๊ด‘ํ›ˆ (Kwang-Hoon Yoon)
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2017๋…„ ์•ˆ์–‘๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ „๊ธฐ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—….

2017๋…„~ํ˜„์žฌ ์ˆญ์‹ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์„๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ณผ์ •.

E-mail : rhkdgns0405@gmail.com

์‹ ์ค‘์šฐ (Joong-Woo Shin)
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2015๋…„ ํ™์ต๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—….

2016๋…„~ํ˜„์žฌ ์ˆญ์‹ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์„๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ณผ์ •.

E-mail : jwshin@soongsil.ac.kr

๊น€์žฌ์ฒ  (Jae-Chul Kim)
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1979๋…„ ์ˆญ์‹ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—….

1983๋…„ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—…(์„์‚ฌ).

1987๋…„ ๋™ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—…(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ).

ํ˜„์žฌ ์ˆญ์‹ค๋Œ€ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜

E-mail : jckim@ssu.ac.kr

์œค์ƒ์œค (Sang-Yun Yun)
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1996๋…„ ์ˆญ์‹ค๋Œ€ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—….

1998๋…„ ๋™ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—…(์„์‚ฌ).

2002๋…„ ๋™ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—…(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ).

2003~2009๋…„ LS์‚ฐ์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์ฑ…์ž„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›.

2010~2016๋…„ ํ•œ์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ์ฑ…์ž„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›.

2016๋…„~ํ˜„์žฌ ์ „๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ๋ถ€๊ต์ˆ˜

E-mail : drk9034@jnu.ac.kr