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Mobile QR Code QR CODE : The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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  1. (Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kangwon University, Korea)
  2. (Korea Electric Power Corporation Research Institute, Korea)



Distribution Transformer, Lightning Strike, GWR(Geographically Weighted Regression)

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์†ก๋ฐฐ์ „ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ค๋น„์™€ ๊ทธ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ค๋น„ ์ฆ์„ค ๋ฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ฆ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ ๋ณ€์ „์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์šด์˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ช…์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ ์„ค๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ณ ์žฅ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์•ผ์™ธ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ๋‹จ์ถ• ์š”์ธ ์™ธ์— ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋“ฑ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ช… ๋‹จ์ถ• ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค(1).

๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€ ์ ์ง„์  ์—ดํ™”, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ณ ์žฅ, ์—ดํ™” ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ดํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ„์„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šด์ „๋น„์šฉ, ๋ณด์กด๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ดํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ณผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์š”์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ค๋น„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚™๋ขฐ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด์— ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜~์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋งŒ๊ฑด ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚™๋ขฐ์— ๊ฒฌ๋”œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ˆ์—ฐ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„ ์ง๊ฒฉ๋ขฐ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ณผ์ „์••์ด ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ์œ ๋„๋ขฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค(2). ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ณ ์žฅ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

์ด์— ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ดํ™”์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋‚™๋ขฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํŠน์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚™๋ขฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ์จ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์—๋Š” ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์ด ํ”ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋‚˜, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ตœ์†Œ์ œ๊ณฑ๋ฒ•(OLS, Ordinary Least Square)์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ฐ’๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜ค์ฐจ์˜ ๋™๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ์˜ ์ถ”์ •์น˜์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ง€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„(GWR, Geographically Weighted Regression)์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‚™๋ขฐํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‡Œํ•ด์†Œ์† ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ง€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ถ„์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์ทจ๋“๊ณผ ์ •์ œ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋‚™๋ขฐ ํŠน์„ฑ, ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ํ†ต๊ณ„, ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์—ดํ™”ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ ค, ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๋‚™๋ขฐ์˜ ์—ดํ™” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๋‚™๋ขฐ ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ์ง€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์šด์˜ ์ค‘์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ค๋น„์— ๋”์šฑ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ช…ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์‚ฐ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๋„์ž…์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค(3). ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ง€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์†Œ์ œ๊ณฑ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‚™๋ขฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ๋ฌธ์ œ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ง€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚™๋ขฐ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‡Œํ•ด๋กœ ๊ณ ์žฅ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณต๊ฐ„ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1. ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋ฐ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ง€์—ญ

Fig. 1. The target region for the spatial statistic analysis

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1874/fig1.png

์ง€๋กœ ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐํฌํ„ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค(4).

๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ „ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋ถ„ํฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œ„๋„, ๊ฒฝ๋„ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ง€์—ญ ์ค‘ ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํŠน์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋„ $127^{\circ}\sim 129^{\circ}$, ์œ„๋„ $35^{\circ}\sim 37^{\circ}$ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์„ [100$\times$100] ๊ฒฉ์ž๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์— ํŠน์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2.1 ๋‚™๋ขฐ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚™๋ขฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ๊ทน์„ฑ, ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋Š” ๋‚™๋ขฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ๋นˆ๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ [100$\times$100] ๊ฒฉ์ž์— ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2. ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ณ„ ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ: (a) ํฌ๊ธฐ, (b) ๋นˆ๋„

Fig. 2. Spatial distribution of lightning: (a) magnitude, (b) frequency

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1874/fig2.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚™๋ขฐ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” 0์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๊ทœ๋ถ„ํฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ณ„ ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ๋งˆ๋ถ„ํฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‚™๋ขฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ƒ์— ๊ฐ๋งˆ๋ถ„ํฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •๊ทœ๋ถ„ํฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚™๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ์จ ๋‚™๋ขฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ๊ทน์„ฑ, ๋นˆ๋„๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3. ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ: (a) ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ํšŸ์ˆ˜, (b) ๋นˆ๋„๋ณ„ ์ง€์—ญ์ˆ˜

Fig. 3. Distribution of lightning: (a) number of magnitude, (b) number of regions

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1874/fig3.png

2.2 ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ๊ฒ€ ํ›„ ์ถ”์ • ๊ณ ์žฅ ์›์ธ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4๋Š” 2013๋…„~2020๋…„๋„์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ์ถ”์ • ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ [100$\times$100] ๊ฒฉ์ž ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ณ ์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚™๋ขฐ๋ถ„ํฌ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋ถ„ํฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ณ ์žฅ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์—์„œ ์ „์ฒด ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚™๋ขฐ ์ˆซ์ž์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๋งค๋…„ ์ „์ฒด ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋น„์œจ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋‚™๋ขฐ ํšŸ์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4. ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ

Fig. 4. Ambient failures and lightning failures of distribution transformer

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1874/fig4.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5. ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํšŸ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ํšŸ์ˆ˜

Fig. 5. The number of lightning strikes and lightning failure transformers

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1874/fig5.png

๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์ด์ „ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ Moranโ€™s I ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์— ์žˆ๋Š” Local Moranโ€™s I scatter plot์€ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ 2013~2020๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ Moranโ€™s I Index ๊ฐ’์€ 0.142๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค. Moranโ€™s I Index์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์ž๊ธฐ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ์–‘์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ž๊ธฐ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์–‘์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฉ์ž์—์„œ ๊ณ ์žฅ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ง€์—ญ [100$\times$100] ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•จ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ, ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋„ 0.032 ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์–‘์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋‚˜ Moranโ€™s I ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚™๋ขฐ์™€ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒฉ์ž ๋‚ด์˜ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. Moranโ€™s I ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: (a) ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ, (b) ๋‚™๋ขฐ-๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ

Fig. 6. Moransโ€™ I results: (a) lightning failure transformers, (b) lightning-lightning failure transformers

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1874/fig6.png

3. ์ง€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œ์ œ๊ณฑ๋ฒ•(์ดํ•˜ OLS) ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ๊ฐ’์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ’์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์€ OLS ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ์ถ”์ •๊ฐ’์„ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•  ๋•Œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์ด ์ง€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„(์ดํ•˜ GWR)์ด๋‹ค. GWR์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ฐ’ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, OLS ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(5). ์ˆ˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ ํ˜•ํšŒ๊ท€์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” OLS์˜ ํšŒ๊ท€์‹์€ (1)๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค.

(1)
$Y_{i}=\beta_{0}+\sum_{k}\beta_{k}X_{ik}+\epsilon_{i}$

์‹ (1)์€ $Y_{i}$: ์ข…์† ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, $\beta_{k}$: ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜ $X_{ik}$: ๋…๋ฆฝ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ $\epsilon_{i}$: ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, GWR์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์ขŒํ‘œ์ธ ์œ„์น˜ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ (2)์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ๊ท€์‹์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ์˜ ์‹ (2)๊ฐ€ GWR์˜ ํšŒ๊ท€์‹์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.

(2)
$Y_{i}=\beta_{0}(u_{i},\:v_{i})+\sum_{k}\beta_{k}(u_{i},\:v_{i})X_{ik}+\epsilon_{i}$

์‹ (2)์—์„œ $(u_{i},\:v_{i})$: ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ i๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ขŒํ‘œ, $\beta_{k}(u_{i},\:v_{i})$: i๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ k๋ฒˆ์งธ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ, ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜ $\beta_{k}$๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋œ ์ตœ์†Œ์ œ๊ณฑ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ธ ์‹ (3)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค.

(3)
$\hat\beta(u_{i},\:v_{i})=(X^{T}W(u_{i,\:}v_{i})X)^{-1}X^{T}W(u_{i},\:v_{i})$

์‹ (3)์—์„œ $\hat\beta(u_{i},\:v_{i})$: ์œ„์น˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ถ”์ •๊ฐ’, $W(u_{i},\:v_{i})$: ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ฐ€์ค‘ํ–‰๋ ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜์ธ $\hat\beta$๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด GWR ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ, GWR์€ ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํ–‰๋ ฌ์ธ $W(u_{i},\:v_{i})$์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋ฉฐ ํ–‰๋ ฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ค‘ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •ํ•ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ปค๋„(kernel)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ปค๋„์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋†’์€ ์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋งคํ•‘(mapping)ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ปค๋„์€ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์„ค์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ ์ •ํ˜• ์ปค๋„, ์ ์‘ํ˜• ์ปค๋„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ€์ง‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ, ๊ท ์ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ผ ๋•Œ ๊ณ ์ •ํ˜•์„ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ถ”์ •์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์‘ํ˜• ์ปค๋„์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ, GWR์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ปค๋„ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์˜ ์„ค์ •์— ๋” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์—ญํญ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ฐ€์šฐ์‹œ์•ˆ ํ•จ์ˆ˜, ํฌ์•„์†ก ํ•จ์ˆ˜, ๋ฐ”์ด์Šคํ€˜์–ด ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šฐ์‹œ์•ˆ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹ (4)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(4)
$w_{ij}=\exp[-(\dfrac{d_{ij}}{\theta})^{2}/2]$

์‹ (4)์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” I(ํšŒ๊ท€์ ), j(๊ด€์ฐฐ์ )๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, $\theta$: ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋งคํ•‘์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ($\theta$)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์ด ์ปค์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋Š” 1์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ OLS ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์ด ์ž‘์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋Š” 0์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์„ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ต์ฐจ๊ฒ€์ฆ(CV, Cross Validation) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋˜๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œ์˜ ์ •๋ณด์†์‹ค๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” AIC(Akaike Information Criterion) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์€ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”๋œ ๋ถ„์„์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์–ด AIC ๊ฐ’์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, AIC ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ GWR์˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค(6,7).

4. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” 2013~2020๋…„์— ์ทจ๋“๋œ ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ OLS ๋ฐ GWR ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต์™€ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ „์ฒด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฐ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚™๋ขฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ๊ทน์„ฑ, ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ณ„ ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ณ„ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

4.1 OLS, GWR ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต

์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด GWR์˜ ์‹œํ–‰์— ์•ž์„œ OLS๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. OLS๋Š” ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. OLS์—์„œ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐ’์€ ์‹ (1)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ตœ์†Œ์ œ๊ณฑ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์„ ํ˜• ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. OLS, GWR์˜ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์— ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(a)๋Š” OLS์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์‹ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ OLS๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์ธ ํ™•์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(b)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋Š” GWR์˜ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ’์ด ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, GWR์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜์™€ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋กœ๋Š” ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๋„์ถœ์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.

์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ OLS ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ‘œ 1์— ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณต์„ ์„ฑ(multicollinearity)์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํŒฝ์ฐฝ๊ณ„์ˆ˜(VIF, Variance Inflation Factor) ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. VIF ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณต์„ ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณต์„ ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ถ”์ •๋œ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ VIF ๊ฐ’์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ [1.014, 1.0617, 1.0476]์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ 10 ์ดํ•˜์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณต์„ ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ‘œ 1์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ OLS์˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” $r^{2}$๊ฐ’์€ 0.0501์˜ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— OLS๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‚™๋ขฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ๊ทน์„ฑ์€ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 7. ์ถ”์ • ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ  ๋ถ„ํฌ: (a) OLS, (b) GWR

Fig. 7. Estimated failure rate distributions: (a) OLS, (b) GWR

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1874/fig7.png

GWR ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ์„  ๋ถ„์„ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฐ€์ค‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ปค๋„ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ค์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ ์‘ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‚ฌ์ „์— ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์„ ์ง€์ •ํ•  ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์ถ”์ •๊ฐ’ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต์ฐจ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” AIC ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1. ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ์ œ๊ณฑ๋ฒ• ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Table 1. OLS analysis results of lightning failures

๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜

ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜

t

VIF

ํฌ๊ธฐ

0.00017858

1.2937

1.014

๊ทน์„ฑ

0.00032725

0.089024

1.0617

๋นˆ๋„

0.022378

18.825

1.0476

๋ชจํ˜•์ ํ•ฉ๋„

$r^{2}$=0.0501, rmse=0.2558

ํ‘œ 2์— ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋œ GWR ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ $r^{2}$ ๊ฐ’์ด 0.3415๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ OLS ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ณ„ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ‘œ 2์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ์ถ”์ •์น˜์—์„œ ๋‚™๋ขฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” โ€“0.0056์—์„œ 0.0032, ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๊ทน์„ฑ์€ โ€“0.1104์—์„œ 0.1015, ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” โ€“0.0197์—์„œ 0.1581์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšŒ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋†’์€ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ GWR ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ทจ๋“ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํŠน์ • ๊ฒฉ์ž์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 2. ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ์ง€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Table 2. GWR analysis results of lightning failures

๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜

์ตœ์†Œ

์ค‘์•™

์ตœ๋Œ€

ํ‰๊ท 

ํฌ๊ธฐ

-0.0056

0.0000

0.0032

0.0000

๊ทน์„ฑ

-0.1104

-0.0003

0.1015

-0.0006

๋นˆ๋„

-0.0197

0.0000

0.1581

0.0112

๋ชจํ˜•์ ํ•ฉ๋„

$r^{2}$=0.3415, rmse=0.2129

๋Œ€์—ญํญ

0.2439

ํ‘œ 1, ํ‘œ 2์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ OLS์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” GWR ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ๋†’์€ ์„ค๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์ธ ์™ธ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋‚™๋ขฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์ œ์‹œ์™€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. GWR ๋ถ„์„ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ VIF๋Š” 10 ์ดํ•˜๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณต์„ ์„ฑ์€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.

4.2 ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„

GWR ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฉ์ž ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋„์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, GWR์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์ ํ•ฉ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‡Œํ•ด ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ GWR์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜์™€ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์–ด ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 8. GWR ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ

Fig. 8. The distribution of regression coefficients driven by GWR analysis

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1874/fig8.png

ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉ์ž ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์ด ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. GWR์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 9. ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„ ์‹œ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜

Fig. 9. The annual trends of regression coefficients and residual square

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2022.71.12.1874/fig9.png

์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฒฉ์ž๋งŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, 2017๋…„, 2018๋…„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ดํ™” ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚™๋ขฐ ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ค๋ช… ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์ค‘ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฉ์ž ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ตœ์†Œ์ œ๊ณฑ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‡Œํ•ด๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์€ ์ตœ์†Œ์ œ๊ณฑ๋ฒ• ๋Œ€๋น„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ง€์ ์„ ํŠน์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ „์ฒด ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๊ฒฉ์ž ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ณด์ •๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ฐ€์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋†’์€ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋„์ถœ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Korea Electric Power Corporation(Grant number: R21XO02-10). Also, this study was supported by 2022 Research Grant from Kangwon National University.

References

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J. W. Kim, U. J. Sup, 2013, Exploring NDVI Gradient Varying Across Landform and Solar Intensity Using GWR: a Case Study of Mt. Geumgang in North Korea, Journal of the Korean Society for Geospatial Information System, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 73-81DOI

์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

๋ฐ•์ฒœ๊ทœ (CheonKyu Part)
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He received the B.S. degree from the Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea, in 2022.

He is currently working toward M.S. degree in electrical engineering at Kangwon National University.

์กฐ์ข…์€ (Chongeun Cho)
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He received his Masterโ€™s degree Department of Electrical Engineering Devices and Materials in Chungnam National University, Korea in 2013.

He is currently working as a senior researcher at the AMS department of KEPCO Research Institute and is researching life evaluation of distribution facilities.

๊น€๋„์ธ (Do-In Kim)
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He received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and electronic engineering from Yonsei University, Korea in 2020.

Since 2022, he has joined the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kangwon National University, Kangwondo, Korea as an Assistant Professor.