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Lead?Acid Battery, Test Facility, Charging, Discharging, C-Rate

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ถฉ์ „์‹ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์‹œ๋™์šฉ, ์‚ฌ์ดํด์šฉ, UPS์šฉ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[1]. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€๋Š” ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด์˜จ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ฉฐ, ์งง์€ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‚ฌ์ดํด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ์งง์€ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด์˜จ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์šฉ, ๋†’์€ ์ „๋ฅ˜์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์ด์ ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์›๋ฐฑ์—… ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ 2022~2030๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ 7.00%์˜ CAGR(์—ฐ๋ณต๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ )๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ 2030๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 478์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋„๋‹ฌ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜์š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ถ„์•ผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์‹œํ—˜์„ค๋น„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ์ „, ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„(๋‚ฎ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์ถฉยท๋ฐฉ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณผ์ถฉ์ „์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ•˜๋ฝ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๋‹จ์ถ•ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค[2].

๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์ถฉ์ „ ์‹œ ์ „์••, ์ „๋ฅ˜, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์˜จ๋„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์ „๋™์ž‘์€ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ง๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์ž์ฒด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€๋Š” ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ํŠน์„ฑ

๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€๋Š” ๋‚ฉ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์–‘(+)๊ทน๊ณผ ์Œ(-)๊ทน(ํ•ด๋ฉด์งˆ, ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ๋‚ฉ)์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ์ „๊ทน ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์šฉ์•ก์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค kWh๋‹น ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์šด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋ถ€์‹์ด๋‚˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณผ์—ด ๋ฐ ํ™”์žฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ „์— ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2.1 ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์–‘๊ทน(+), ์Œ๊ทน(-), ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ, ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌํŒ, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ปค๋ฒ„ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋‹จ์ž๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ถฉยท๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ค‘ ๋‚ฉ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ์ด ์–‘๊ทน์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์Œ๊ทน์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ๋‚ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ทน ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์–‘๊ทน๊ณผ ์Œ๊ทน์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ˆ์—ฐ๋œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ง‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์ „ํ•ด์•ก์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ

Fig. 1. Lead-acid battery structure

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.749/fig1.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

Fig. 2. Lead-acid battery internal configuration

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.749/fig2.png

๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์…€ ์ „์••์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ณต์นญ์ „์•• 2[V]๋กœ, ์™„์ „์ถฉ์ „ ์‹œ ์…€ ์ „์••์€ 2.45[V]๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์™„์ „๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ 1.75[V]๊นŒ์ง€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์ „์ฒด์ „์••์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์…€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์–ด 6[V], 12[V], 24[V]๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. 12[V]์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์…€์ด ์ง๋ ฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถฉ์ „์ „์••์€ 14.7[V]๊นŒ์ง€ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์™„์ „๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” 10.5[V]๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „์••์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์—ดํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์™„์ „๋ฐฉ์ „์˜ 10.5[V]์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ์žฌ์ถฉ์ „์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์••์„ ๋†’์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž์ฒด ๋ฐฉ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ „์••๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์••์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์˜ 12[V] ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์…€์€ 6๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2(a)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์…€์ด ์ง๋ ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ, 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์…€์ด 1๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์นญ์ „์••์€ 12[V]์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2(a)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์…€์„ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑํšŒ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2(b)๋Š” ๊ฐ ์…€์˜ ์ „์••์ด 2[V]๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ ฌ๋กœ 6๊ฐœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ด 12[V]์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2.2 ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ

(1) ์ถฉ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ

๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์ถฉ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜(Constant Current, CC) ์ถฉ์ „, ์ •์ „์••(Constant Voltage, CV) ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐ ์ถฉ์ „ ๊ณตํšŒ์ „(Charge Idle Time, CIT)์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค[3]. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜(CC) ์ถฉ์ „์€ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถฉ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ C-rate (Current rate, ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „์†๋„) ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ถฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ •์ „๋ฅ˜(CC) ์ถฉ์ „ ํ›„, ์ถฉ์ „์ „์••์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณผ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •์ „์••(CV) ์ถฉ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ถฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „๋ฅ˜(Cut-Off)์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ถฉ์ „์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์ „๋ฅ˜์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 1/10๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜(CC)์™€ ์ •์ „์••(CV)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ CC-CV ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ถฉ์ „ ๊ณตํšŒ์ „์€ ์™„์ถฉ ํ›„ ์ถฉ์ „์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜์–ด ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํšŒ๋กœ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „์••์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค[4].

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์ถฉ์ „ํŠน์„ฑ

Fig. 3. Lead-acid battery charge characteristics

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(2) ๋ฐฉ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4๋Š” ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ „ํŠน์„ฑ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜(CC)์˜ ๊ฐ’์ด ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ „์••์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ค์ •๋œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ข…์ง€ ์ „์••๊ฐ’๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„๋‹ฌ ์‹œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” 0[A]๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๋ฐฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „์••์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์™„์ „๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํœด์ง€๊ธฐ์— ์ „์••์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฐ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์›์ธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋‘๋ฉด, ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์†์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ด์ƒ ์ถฉ์ „์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ณตํšŒ์ „์€ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ์ฆ‰ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ 0A์ผ ๋•Œ ์ „์••์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํšŒ๋กœ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋œ๋‹ค[5]. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ์ดํ›„ ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํœด์ง€๊ธฐ๋™์•ˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ „์••์ด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ฐฉ์ „์ „์••์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์ „ํŠน์„ฑ

Fig. 4. Lead-acid battery discharge characteristics

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(3) ๋‹ค์ด๋‚˜๋ฏน ๋ฐฉ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5๋Š” ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ๋‹ค์ด๋‚˜๋ฏน ๋ฐฉ์ „ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์ „์ง„ํ–‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ 0.5์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ง„ํ–‰(Current On), ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ข…๋ฃŒ(Current Off) ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ด๋‚˜๋ฏน ๋ฐฉ์ „์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค[6]. ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜ (CC)๋ฐฉ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ์‹œ ์ „์••์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ณตํšŒ์ „ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ๋‹ค์ด๋‚˜๋ฏน ๋ฐฉ์ „ํŠน์„ฑ

Fig. 5. Lead-acid battery dynamic discharge characteristics

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.749/fig5.png

3. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œํ—˜์„ค๋น„

๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์†๋„์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์‹œํ—˜์€ ํŠน์„ฑ, ์ˆ˜๋ช…, ๊ณ ์žฅ์ง„๋‹จ, ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „๊ณผ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์‹œํ—˜์„ค๋น„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๊ณผ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง€์นจ ๋ฐ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ง€์‹์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[7].

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3.1 ์‹œํ—˜์„ค๋น„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์€ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜์„ค๋น„๋กœ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ „์›์„ ์ž…๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ AC-DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ DC-DC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „์šฉ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ DC ์ „์›๊ณต๊ธ‰์žฅ์น˜์— ์‹œํ—˜ํ’ˆ์ธ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „์šฉ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ DC ์ „์›๊ณต๊ธ‰์žฅ์น˜(EA-PSB 9360-40)๋Š” Elektro-Automatik์—์„œ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ „์›์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ C-rate ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜์„ค๋น„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋„

Fig. 6. Test equipment configuration for lead acid battery performance analysis

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.749/fig6.png

3.2 ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹คํ—˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์‹œํ—˜์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์ „๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œํ—˜ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์ „์••, ์ „๋ฅ˜, ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „์ข…์ง€ ์ „์••๊ฐ’๋“ค์„ ์‹ค์ œ ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(a), 7(b)์—์„œ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(c)์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(a), 7(b)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜ ์‹œ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ๋„์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒํƒœํŒŒ์•…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ

Fig. 7. Battery charger and discharger monitoring

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.749/fig7.png

4. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

3์žฅ์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „์••, ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ C-rate๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ ฌ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์นญ์ „์•• 48[V], ๊ณต์นญ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ 40[Ah]์˜ ์‚ฌ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์–‘์€ ํ‘œ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์ถฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ „์ฒด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 0.1~0.25[C] ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ C-rate๋กœ ์ œํ•œํ•œ๋‹ค[7]. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธ‰์† ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์˜จ๋„์ƒ์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณ ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” C-rate 0.25, 0.5, 0.75[C] ๊ฐ’์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ 0.25 [C] ๊ฐ’์—์„œ ๋‹ค์ด๋‚˜๋ฏน ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1 ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์‚ฌ์–‘

Table 1 BMS(Battery Management System) specifications

Parameter

Value (1๊ฐœ๋‹น)

Value (4๊ฐœ ์ง๋ ฌ)

์ „์ง€ํ˜•์‹

6S Lead

24S Lead

๊ณต์นญ์ „์••

12[V] (10.5[V]~16.0[V])

48[V] (42[V]~64[V])

๊ณต์นญ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰

40[Ah]

40[Ah]

์ถฉ์ „๋ฐฉ์‹

CC-CV-๋ถ€๋™

CC-CV-๋ถ€๋™

์ตœ๋Œ€์ถฉ์ „์กฐ๊ฑด

13.32[V],

NO Limit [A]

53.28[V],

NO Limit [A]

์ตœ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ „์กฐ๊ฑด

13.32[V],

NO Limit[A]

53.28[V],

NO Limit [A]

๋‹ค์ด๋‚˜๋ฏน ์ตœ๋Œ€

์ถฉ์ „ใ†๋ฐฉ์ „ ์กฐ๊ฑด

13.32[V], 10[A]

53.28[V], 10[A]

๋ฐฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „์••

7[V]

(1.75[V] per cell)

42[V]

(1.75[V] per cell)

4.1 ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜, C-rate 0.25[C]

(1) ์ถฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜

๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ ์ถฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณผ์ถฉ์ „์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋ณดํ†ต ์ •๊ฒฉ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ 1/10์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ถฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „๋ฅ˜ 4[A], C-rate 0.25[C], ์ถฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜ 10[A] ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค.

์ •์ „๋ฅ˜(CC) ์ถฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์ตœ์ดˆ ์ถฉ์ „์ „์•• 48.2[V]์—์„œ ์ „์••์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘œ 1์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ถฉ์ „์ „์•• 53.3[V]๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถฉ์ „์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8(a)์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8(b)๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ถฉ์ „ ์‹œ ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•๋Œ€ ํŒŒํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์„ค์ •๊ฐ’ 10[A]๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ถฉ์ „์ „์••๋„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ถฉ์ „์ „์•• 48.2[V]์—์„œ ๊ธ‰์†๋„๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜(CC) ์ถฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ถฉ์ „์ „์•• 52.2[V]๋กœ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๋Œ€๋žต 45[S]์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ตœ๋Œ€์ถฉ์ „์ „์•• 53.3[V]๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „์••์ƒ์Šน ํ›„ ์ •์ „์••(CV) ์ถฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ ์„ค์ •๊ฐ’ ์ถฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜ 10[A]๋Š” ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ถฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „๋ฅ˜ 4[A]์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ถฉ์ „์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์ „ ์ข…๋ฃŒ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€๋žต 90๋ถ„ ํ›„ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „์šฉ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ DC ์ „์›๊ณต๊ธ‰์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” 0[A]๋กœ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ „์••์€ 50.8[V]๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•˜๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์ถฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 8. Lead-acid battery charging test results

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.749/fig8.png

(2) ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜

ํ‘œ 1์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „์•• 42[V], C-rate 0.25[C], ์ „๋ ฅ์ œํ•œ 5[kW]๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9(a)๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์„ค์ •๊ฐ’์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜ 10[A]๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์— ์ถฉ์ „๋œ ์ „์•• 50.7[V] ์ „์••์ด 48.6[V]๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜(CC) ๋ฐฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „์•• 42[V]๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „์••์ด ๋ฐฉ์ „๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ง„ํ–‰ ์•ฝ 90๋ถ„ ํ›„ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „์•• 42[V] ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ’์ด 0[A]๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์ „์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋œ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ถฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜ ๋•Œ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „์šฉ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ DC ์ „์›๊ณต๊ธ‰์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์ „์••์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์ถฉ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ „์••์ด 47.2[V]๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9(b)๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹œ ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•๋Œ€ ํŒŒํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์— ์ถฉ์ „๋œ ์ „์•• 50.7[V]๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์••์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 9. Lead acid battery discharging test results

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.749/fig9.png

4.2 ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜, C-rate 0.5[C]

(1) ์ถฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜

C-rate 0.5[C], ์ถฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „๋ฅ˜ 4[A], ์ถฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜ 20[A] ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ C-rate 0.5[C] ์ถฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜์€ โ€œ4.1 ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜, C-rate 0.25C]โ€์—์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ์ถฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜ 10[A]์—์„œ 20[A]๋กœ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถฉ์ „์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10(a)์€ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ถฉ์ „์ „์•• 47.2[V]์—์„œ ์ถฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ 20[A] ํ๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ์ „์••์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์•ฝ 20์ดˆ ํ›„ 53.3[V]๋กœ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถฉ์ „์ „์••๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถฉ์ „๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10(b)์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜(CC) ์ถฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ ์•ฝ 10๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ์ „์••์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์ถฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋†’์—ฌ ๊ธ‰์† ์ถฉ์ „ ์‹œ ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜(CC) ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.

์ •์ „์••(CV) ์ถฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „๋ฅ˜ 4[A]์— ๋„๋‹ฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 90๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง„ํ–‰ ํ›„ ์ถฉ์ „์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ 0[A]์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜์™€ 50.8[V]๊นŒ์ง€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ „์••์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 4.1์ ˆ์˜ ์ถฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ต ์‹œ ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜(CC) ์ถฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด 50% ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์ถฉ์ „์ „์••์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์ถฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 10. Lead-acid battery charging test results

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.749/fig10.png

(2) ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜

์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜ 20[A]๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์— ์ถฉ์ „๋œ 50.7[V] ์ „์••์€ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ 47.7[V]๋กœ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11(a)์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „์•• 42[V]๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 40๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ „์••์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  0[A]์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „์•• 42[V]์—์„œ 47.2[V]๋กœ ์ „์••์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11(b)๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์— ์ถฉ์ „๋œ ์ „์••๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•๋Œ€ ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

4.1 ์ ˆ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ต ์‹œ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ง„ํ–‰์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์•ฝ 50% ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „์•• 42[V]์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋จ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 11. Lead-acid battery discharging test results

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.749/fig11.png

4.3 ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜, C-rate 0.75[C]

(1) ์ถฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜

๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์ถฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜ 30[A] ์„ค์ • ํ›„ ์ถฉ์ „ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์‹œ ์ตœ์ดˆ ์ถฉ์ „๋œ ์ „์•• 48[V]์—์„œ ์ถฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „์•• 53.28[V]๋กœ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12(a)์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ถฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜ 30[A]๋Š” ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜(CC) ์ถฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ ์•ฝ 10[s] ๋™์•ˆ ํ๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „์•• 53.28[V] ๋„๋‹ฌ ํ›„ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •์ „์••(CV) ์ถฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ 15[A]์—์„œ ์•ฝ 90๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ถฉ์ „์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „๋ฅ˜ 4[A]๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ถฉ์ „์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜๊ณ . ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ๋ถ€๋™์ถฉ์ „์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์ „์••์ด 50.7[V]๋กœ ์ „์••์ด ๋ณ€๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12(b)๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12(a)์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ถฉ์ „ ์‹œ ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•๋Œ€ ํŒŒํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜ 30[A]๊ฐ€ ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜(CC) ์ถฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ ์•ฝ 10์ดˆ ๋™์•ˆ ํ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„ ์ •์ „์••(CV) ์ถฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ ์ถฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „๋ฅ˜ 4A๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „์••์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ถฉ์ „๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ์ถฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 12. Lead-acid battery charging test results

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.749/fig12.png

(2) ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜

์•ž์„œ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•œ C-rate 0.25, 0.5[C]์˜ ์ถฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ต ์‹œ ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜(CC) ์ถฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ๋”์šฑ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ •์ „์••(CV) ์ถฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ถฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜ 10, 20, 30A๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ถฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „์ฒด ์ถฉ์ „ ์†Œ์š”์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๋Œ€๋žต 80~90๋ถ„ ์ •๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์†Œ์š”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9(a), 11(a)์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜ 30[A] ์„ค์ • ํ›„ ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹œํ—˜ ์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์— ์ถฉ์ „๋œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ถฉ์ „์ „์••์ด 50.6[V]์—์„œ 46.4[V]๋กœ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13(a)์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 30[A]์˜ ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜(CC) ๋ฐฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „์•• 42[V]๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „์••์ด ๋ฐฉ์ „๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์ „๊ณตํšŒ์ „ ๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ 0[A]์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์ „์••์ด 50.7[V]๋กœ ์ „์••์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13(b) ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9(b), 11(b)์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•๋Œ€ ํŒŒํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์— ์ถฉ์ „๋œ ์ „์••์ด ๊ธ‰์†์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 4.2์ ˆ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ต ์‹œ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ง„ํ–‰์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์•ฝ 50% ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋ฐ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „์•• 42[V]์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 13. Lead-acid battery discharging test results

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.749/fig13.png

4.4 ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ๋‹ค์ด๋‚˜๋ฏน ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜, C-rate 0.25[C]

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ๋‹ค์ด๋‚˜๋ฏน ๋ฐฉ์ „ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” on-off ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜ 10[A]๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14(a)๋Š” on-off ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜ 10[A](๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14(b))์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์— ์ถฉ์ „๋œ ์ „์•• 49[V]์—์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ข…์ง€์ „์•• 42[V]๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14. ๋‹ค์ด๋‚˜๋ฏน 0.25[C] ๋ฐฉ์ „

Fig. 14. Dynamic 0.25[C] discharge

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.749/fig14.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14(b)์—์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜ 10[A]์˜ on/off์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ „์••์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14(c)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณ€๋™๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜ on(๋ถ€ํ•˜์ƒํƒœ), ๋ฐฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜ off(๋ฌด๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ƒํƒœ) ์ƒํƒœ์ผ ๋•Œ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผ์ •์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์†Œ์š” ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹จ์ž์ „์••๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์‹œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ on์—์„œ off๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ๋•Œ ์ „์••๊ฐ’์ด ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ off์—์„œ on์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ „์••์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ on/off ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์™€ ํœด์‹์„ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด๋‚˜๋ฏน ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜์€ ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์„ฑ ์‹œํ—˜์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „์šฉ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ DC ์ „์›๊ณต๊ธ‰์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ์‹œํ—˜์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

C-rate ๋ณ„ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜(CC)-์ •์ „์••(CV) ๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ์‹œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „์••์€ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์••์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

C-rate 0.5[C], 0.75[C] ์‹คํ—˜์€ ๋‚ฉ ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์ถฉใ†๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ ๋†’์€ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ถฉ์ „ ์‹œ C-rate ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „์••์— ๊ธ‰์†๋„๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜(CC) ์ถฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ์งง์•„์ง€๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •์ „์••(CV) ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.

๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ C-rate ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •์ „๋ฅ˜(CC) ๋ฐฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „์••์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ง„ํ–‰๋ชจ๋“œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋„ ์ ์  ์งง์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ์‹œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์••์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.

์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ on/off ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด๋‚˜๋ฏน ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹คํ—˜ ์‹œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ „์••์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ on/off ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์„ฑ ์‹œํ—˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์— ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ €ํ•˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์šด์˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์ง€์นจ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2024๋…„๋„ ๊ด‘์ฃผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Œ.

์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2022๋…„๋„ ์ •๋ถ€(์‚ฐ์—…ํ†ต์ƒ์ž์›๋ถ€)์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€์›์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„ (No. 2022610100010, ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ESS ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์ถ•)

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

์œค์šฉํ˜ธ(Yong-Ho Yoon)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.4.749/au1.png

received the Ph.D. degree in Mechatronics Engineering from Sungkyunkwan University, Korea, in 2007. From 2007 to 2011, he was with Technical Research Institute of Samsung Thales Company, Korea, as a senior researcher. Currently, he has been with Gwangju University, where he is a professor in the School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering. His research interests are in the areas of analysis and control of SRM and BLDC motor and renewable of PV inverter.