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  1. (School of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, Hankyoung National University, Korea )



Phase locked loop, Goertzel algorithm, LLC resonant converter, Bridgeless boost PFC converter, Integrated transformer, Sensorless

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์ „๋ ฅ ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์€ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„, ๊ณ ์ง‘์ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ •๋ฐ€์„ฑ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์–ด์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ฐ’์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „์••์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐํƒญ, ์—ฐ์žฅ์„  ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์™œ๊ณก๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ œ์–ด ์„ค๋น„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ž…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Œ€๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค[1].

์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ํŒŒ์›Œ ์„œํ”Œ๋ผ์ด์—๋Š” PFC(Power Factor Correction)๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ์žฅ๋น„๋“ค์€ PFC ์„ค์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  PFC๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋„ ์ œ์–ด ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์—ญ๋ฅ  ์กฐ์ •์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋ฉด ์ „๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์š”๊ธˆ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค[2].

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜(Discrete Fourier Transform, DFT)์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ธ ๊ณ ๋ฅด์ฒผ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์ œ์–ด์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ D-Q ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด๋‚˜ PI, PID ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ œ์–ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ DFT๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์† ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜(Fast Fourier Transform, FFT)์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค[3][4].

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†Œ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ€์ •์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ Boost Bridgeless PFC Converter์™€ LLC Resonant Converter 2-stage๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Boost Bridgeless PFC Converter์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋‹จ์ด์ž LLC Resonant Converter ์ž…๋ ฅ๋‹จ์— ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค[5]. Boost Bridgeless PFC Converter์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•ž๋‹จ์— ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํšŒ๋กœ ์ž์ฒด์—์„œ๋„ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ PLL(Phase-Locked Loop)๊ณผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL์„ ๋™์ผ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋™์ž‘์‹œ์ผœ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[6].

2. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ PLL ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

๊ธฐ์กด์—๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์œ , ๋ฌดํšจ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ PLL ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š”, ์ „์••๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ D-Q ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ํšจ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ๋ถ„์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„์ƒ์„ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ PI ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์ธ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๋Š” PLL ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์€ ๊ธฐ์กด D-Q ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ PLL์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋„์ด๋‹ค. ์ „์› ์ „์•• Vg๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„ ๋‹จ์ƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€“1์„ ๊ณฑํ•˜๊ณ  Clarke ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ Park ๋ณ€ํ™˜, ์ฆ‰ D-Q ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด Vg_qe์™€ Vg_de๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ €์—ญ ํ†ต๊ณผ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œ์ผœ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง์‹œ์ผœ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์„ PI ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œ์ผœ ์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ Sin ฮธ์™€ Cos ฮธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ D-Q ๋ณ€ํ™˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ D-Q ๋ณ€ํ™˜ PLL

Fig. 1. Conventional D-Q transformation PLL

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1190/fig1.png

3. ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ณ ๋ฅด์ฒผ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๊ณ ๋ฅด์ฒผ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ DFT, FFT์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ „์— ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” (1) ์‹ (2) ์‹์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ฅด์ฒผ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์€ DFT์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‚˜์ดํ€ด์ŠคํŠธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ด๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ sampling frequency(fs)๋Š” target frequency(ft)๋ณด๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œ 2๋ฐฐ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค[7].

(1)
$\omega_{k}=\dfrac{2\pi k}{N}$
(2)
$\sin(\omega_{k})=\sin(\dfrac{2\pi k}{N}),\: \cos(\omega_{k})=\cos(\dfrac{2\pi k}{N})$

DFT๋Š” ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ N์ผ ๋•Œ ์ด์‚ฐ์‹ ํ˜ธ xn (๋‹จ, n์€ 0๋ถ€ํ„ฐ N-1์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜)๊ณผ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜(k)์—์„œ DFT ์ถœ๋ ฅ X(k)๋Š” (3) ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์‹์„ Z-์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฅด์ฒผ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ (4) ์‹๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค[8][9].

(3)
$X_{(k)}=\sum_{n=0}^{N-1}x_{n}\bullet e^{-j\dfrac{2\pi nk}{N}}$
(4)
$H_{k}(z)=\dfrac{1-W_{N}^{-k}z^{-1}}{1-2\cos(\dfrac{2\pi k}{N})z^{-1}+z^{-2}}$

์ž…๋ ฅ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ „์••๊ฐ’ Vg๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ฮธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์–ด์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ Sin ฮธ๊ณผ Cos ฮธ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2. ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฅด์ฒผ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ PLL

Fig. 2. Proposed Goertzel algorithm PLL

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1190/fig2.png

4. ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ํšŒ๋กœ ์ž์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ฒŒ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด Boost Bridgeless PFC Converter์™€ LLC Resonant Converter 2-stage์— CDC ์ธก ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[10].

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3. ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ PFC-LLC 2-stage ํšŒ๋กœ

Fig. 3. Used PFC-LLC 2-stage Circuit

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1190/fig3.png

4.1 Boost Bridgeless PFC Converter

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ Boost Bridgeless PFC Converter์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด Full-bridge PFC Converter์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์†Œ์ž๊ฐ€ 3๊ฐœ์—์„œ 2๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ PFC์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ(D1~D4, Dboost)๊ณผ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜(Q1)๋กœ ์ด 6๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ PFC์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ 2๊ฐœ(D1~D2), ์Šค์œ„์น˜ 2๊ฐœ(Q1, Q2) ์ด 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ž„๊ณ„ ๋„ํ†ต ๋ชจ๋“œ(Critical Conduction Mode, CRM)๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. CRM ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ๋˜์–ด ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ถ€์ŠคํŠธ ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ•„ํ„ฐ ํ›„๋‹จ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€์ŠคํŠธ ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ๋กœ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4. ๋ถ€์ŠคํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๋ฆฌ์Šค PFC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ

Fig. 4. Boost Bridgeless PFC Converter Circuit

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1190/fig4.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5. ๊ธฐ์กด PFC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ

Fig. 5. Conventional PFC Converter Circuit

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1190/fig5.png

4.2 LLC ๊ณต์ง„ํ˜• Converter

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์€ Half-bridge ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ธ LLC ๊ณต์ง„ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ DC ์ „์••์„ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์•„ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์†Œ์ž 2๊ฐœ(Q3, Q4)์™€ ์ •๋ฅ˜ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ 2๊ฐœ(D3, D4), ์„ผํ„ฐ ํƒญ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 1์ฐจ ์ธก์˜ ๋ˆ„์„ค ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค Lm๊ณผ ์žํ™” ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค Lr๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์ง„ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ Cr๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์ง„ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ 61.58kHz๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. Q3, Q4์˜ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ๋น„๋ฅผ 50%๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ 2์ฐจ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŒŒํ˜•์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์นญ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜์ „๋ฅ˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋™์ž‘(Zero Current Switching, ZCS)์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋™์ž‘์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6. LLC ๊ณต์ง„ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ

Fig. 6. LLC Resonant Converter Circuit

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4.3 ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(a)์€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(b)์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํšŒ๋กœ๋„์ด๋ฉฐ ํ‘œ 1์€ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์™€ ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ฝ”์–ด๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•œ ํšŒ๋กœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์ ๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ฝ”์–ด์— ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ์กด์—๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž์†์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์—†๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1 ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ

Table 1 Integrated transformer parameter

Parameter

Value

PFC Inductance (LBoost)

1.2 mH

LLC 1st Self-Inductance (L1st)

1.058 mH

LLC 2nd Self-Inductance (L2nd)

1.485 mH

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7. ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ (a) ์‹ค๋ฌผ (b) ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํšŒ๋กœ

Fig. 7. Integrated transformer (a) Used one (b) Inner Circuit

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1190/fig7.png

5. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” PSIM์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์€ ๊ธฐ์กด PLL๊ณผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž…๋ ฅ ํŒŒํ˜•์€ 220V์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ์— ํ”ผํฌ ๊ฐ’์ด 20V์ด๋ฉฐ -10ใ€ซยฐ ์œ„์ƒ ์ง€์—ฐ๋œ ์ œ 5 ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ, 50Vpp์ธ ์žก์Œ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด์„œ ์™œ๊ณก์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ Angle ์˜ค์ฐจ(Conventional_Angle_Error)์™€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” Angle ์˜ค์ฐจ(ProPosed_Angle_Error)๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” Angle ์˜ค์ฐจ๋Š” +0.5ยฐ ~ -0.5ยฐ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ Angle ์˜ค์ฐจ๋Š” +5ยฐ ~ -3ยฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ 6๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด PLL์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์ œ์–ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8. ๊ธฐ์กด PLL๊ณผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL ๋น„๊ต

Fig. 8. Comparison of Conventional PLL & proposed PLL

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1190/fig8.png

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PSIM์—์„œ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ๋กœ ์ค‘ ์„ผํ„ฐ ํƒญ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์™€ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์„œ ํ’€ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ์ „ํŒŒ ์ •๋ฅ˜ํšŒ๋กœ์™€ ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, LLC ์ž…๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ œ์–ด ๊ฐ’ ๋ฐ ์„ค์ •์„ ์ผ์น˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  LLC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ PFC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ํ›„ PLL๋งŒ ๊ฐ๊ฐ D-Q ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ PLL๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ฅด์ฒผ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ PLL๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9. PFC, LLC PSIM ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํšŒ๋กœ

Fig. 9. PFC, LLC 2-stage circuit simulation on PSIM

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1190/fig9.png

ํ‘œ 2 ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „์› ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„

Table 2 Grid power frequency component

Parameter

Amplitude

phase

Fundamental wave (60 Hz)

307.33 V

0ยฐ

3rd harmonic (180 Hz)

0.51 V

80.3ยฐ

5th harmonic (300 Hz)

2.39 V

-52.5ยฐ

7th harmonic (420 Hz)

3.06 V

11.7ยฐ

9th harmonic (540 Hz)

1.75 V

122.8ยฐ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10์€ D-Q ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด PLL์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ํŒŒํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์œ„์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ Vg๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••, Angle์€ PLL๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ œ์–ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค. ILboost๋Š” ๋ถ€์ŠคํŠธ ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅซ๊ฐ’์ด๋ฉฐ Iin์€ Boost Bridgeless PFC Converter์— ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. Vdc๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์˜ CDC์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์••๊ฐ’์ด๋ฉฐ Vout์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์˜ Rout์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์ด๋‹ค. Vg๋Š” ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „์›์„ 110Vrms๋กœ ๊ฐ•์••์‹œํ‚จ ํŒŒํ˜•์— ์ฒจ๋‘์น˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์••์ด 10V์ธ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์€ ํ‘œ 2์˜ ํ™€์ˆ˜ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ๋งŒ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์•• ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์—†๋Š” PFC์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ Vg๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ 170V๋ฅผ Vdc๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Vout์€ 50V๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10์˜ ILboost์™€ Iin์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์ „๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ์Šค์œ„์นญ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์™œ๊ณก์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋จ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10. ๊ธฐ์กด PLL ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํŒŒํ˜•

Fig. 10. Conventional PLL simulation waveforms

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1190/fig10.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11. ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํŒŒํ˜•

Fig. 11. Proposed PLL simulation waveforms

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1190/fig11.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11์€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด Vg๋Š” ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „์›์„ 110Vrms๋กœ ๊ฐ•์••์‹œํ‚จ ํŒŒํ˜•์— ์ฒจ๋‘์น˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์••์ด 10V์ธ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10์˜ Vdc์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11์˜ Vdc๋Š” 170V๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์•• Vout์€ 55V๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11์˜ I(Lboost)๊ณผ Iin์€ ์˜์ „๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ๋น„๊ต์  ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์™œ๊ณก์ด ๋น„๊ต์  ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•จ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

6. ์‹ค ํ—˜

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12(a)๋Š” Boost Bridgeless PFC Converter์ด๋‹ค. ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12(b)๋Š” Half-bridge ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ธ LLC ๊ณต์ง„ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ์ œ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” DSP ๋ณด๋“œ์™€ AD ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ณด๋“œ์ด๋‹ค. LLC ๊ณต์ง„ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์‹คํ—˜์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ PFC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์™ธ์— LLC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ(์ƒํ™ฉ I)์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด PLL ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ PFC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ LLC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(์ƒํ™ฉ II) ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด PLL ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ 3์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ I, ์ƒํ™ฉ II ์–‘์ชฝ์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 4๋Š” LLC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ PFC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์™ธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ I์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. PFC๋Š” 5kHz์—์„œ 40kHz ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ LLC๋Š” 50kHz๋กœ ๋™์ž‘์‹œ์ผœ PFC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์™ธ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12. ์‹คํ—˜ํ•œ ํšŒ๋กœ (a) ๋ถ€์ŠคํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๋ฆฌ์Šค PFC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ (b) LLC ๊ณต์ง„ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์™€ ์ œ์–ด ๋ณด๋“œ

Fig. 12. Experimental Circuit Hardware (a) Boost Bridgeless PFC Converter Circuit (b) LLC Resonant Converter Circuit with MCU

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1190/fig12.png

ํ‘œ 3 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ณตํ†ต ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ

Table 3 Experimental parameter

Parameter

Value

Input power Voltage : Vg

100 Vrms

Resonant frequency : fr

61.58 kHz

Out maximum power : Pout

300W

ํ‘œ 4 ์ƒํ™ฉ I ์‹คํ—˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ

Table 4 Situation I experimental parameter

Parameter

Value

PFC Converter operating frequency band : fPFC

5 k ~ 40 kHz

LLC Converter operating frequency : fLLC

50 kHz

DC link Capacitor Voltage : VDC

160 V

LLC output Voltage : Vout

50 V

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ I์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด PLL๋กœ ๋™์ž‘์‹œํ‚จ ํŒŒํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ PFC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 5kHz~40kHz์ด๋ฉฐ LLC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Š” 50kHz์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13(a)์˜ Ch 1์€ Vg๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ์ „์› ์ „์••์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „์›์— ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋‹ฅ์Šค๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ 100Vrms๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋‹ฅ์Šค ์ž์ฒด์—๋Š” ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ์กด์žฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ์™€ ์™œ๊ณก์ด ์‹ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์Œ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ „์•• ์™œ๊ณก์ด ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Ch 2๋Š” Angle ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด PLL ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œ ๋ผ๋””์•ˆ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ -ฯ€ ~ ฯ€๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. LLC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ PFC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™๋จ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Ch 3 Iin์€ PFC ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ „์›์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ํŒŒํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. Vg๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋” ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์™œ๊ณก์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Ch 4 ILBoost๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์ž PFC์˜ ๋ถ€์ŠคํŠธ ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. Ch 5 VDC๋Š” DC ๋งํฌ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์••๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค. Ch 6 Vout์€ LLC์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ์ „์••์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์›ํ™œํ•œ CRM ๋™์ž‘์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ „๋ฅ˜์™€ ์ „์•• ๋˜ํ•œ ์™œ๊ณก์ด ์‹ฌํ•จ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13(b)๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13(a)์˜ Part III์˜ Vg, Angle, Iin์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒŒํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ PFC์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Vg, Angle, Iin ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜์ ์—์„œ ๊ต์ฐจํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ฐ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13. ๊ธฐ์กด PLL ์ƒํ™ฉ I ์‹คํ—˜ ํŒŒํ˜• (a) ๋กค ํŒŒํ˜• (b) Part III ํŒŒํ˜•

Fig. 13. Conventional PLL situation I experiment waveforms (a) Roll waveform (b) Part III waveform

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1190/fig13.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ I์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL๋กœ ๋™์ž‘์‹œํ‚จ ํŒŒํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ PFC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 5kHz~40kHz์ด๋ฉฐ LLC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Š” 50kHz์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14(a)์˜ Ch 2๋Š” Sin Angle ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œ sin ํ•จ์ˆซ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™๋จ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14(b)๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14(a)์˜ Part IV์˜ Vg, Sin Angle, Iin์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒŒํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด PLL ๋ฐฉ์‹๋ณด๋‹ค ์ œ์–ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ธ ์ „์› ์ „์••๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ œ์–ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 200ฮผs์—์„œ 30ฮผs ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 5๋Š” LLC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ PFC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ II์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. PFC๋Š” 5kHz์—์„œ 50kHz ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ LLC๋Š” 41kHz๋กœ ๋™์ž‘์‹œ์ผœ PFC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ II์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด PLL๋กœ ๋™์ž‘์‹œํ‚จ ํŒŒํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ PFC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 5kHz~50kHz์ด๋ฉฐ LLC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Š” 41kHz์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15(a)์˜ ์ฑ„๋„ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13(a)์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ Ch 3, Ch 4๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด CRM ๋™์ž‘์ด ์ง๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์†๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ž์†์˜ ์ƒ์‡„ ๋ณด๊ฐ•์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ œ์–ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ Angle์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13(a)์˜ Ch 2์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15(a)์˜ Ch 2๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 14(b)๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15(a)์˜ Part V์˜ Vg, Angle, Iin์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒŒํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ PFC์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Vg, Angle, Iin ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜์ ์—์„œ ๊ต์ฐจํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ฐ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14. ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL ์ƒํ™ฉ I ์‹คํ—˜ ํŒŒํ˜• (a) ๋กค ํŒŒํ˜• (b) Part IV ํŒŒํ˜•

Fig. 14. Proposed PLL situation I experiment waveforms (a) Roll waveform (b) Part IV waveform

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1190/fig14.png

ํ‘œ 5 ์ƒํ™ฉ II ์‹คํ—˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ

Table 5 Situation II experimental parameter

Parameter

Value

PFC Converter operating frequency band : fPFC

5 k ~ 50 kHz

LLC Converter operating frequency : fLLC

41 kHz

DC link Capacitor Voltage : VDC

140 V

LLC output Voltage : Vout

30 V

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ II์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” PLL๋กœ ๋™์ž‘์‹œํ‚จ ํŒŒํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ PFC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 5kHz~50kHz์ด๋ฉฐ LLC ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Š” 41kHz์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16(a)์˜ Ch 2๋Š” Sin Angle ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œ sin ํ•จ์ˆซ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™๋จ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16(b)๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16(a)์˜ Part VI์˜ Vg, Sin Angle, Iin์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒŒํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15(a)์˜ Ch 3, Ch 4์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16(a)์˜ Ch 3, Ch 4์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์ƒํ™ฉ II์—์„œ๋„ CRM ๋™์ž‘์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15. ๊ธฐ์กด PLL ์ƒํ™ฉ II ์‹คํ—˜ ํŒŒํ˜• (a) ๋กค ํŒŒํ˜• (b) Part V ํŒŒํ˜•

Fig. 15. Conventional PLL situation II experiment waveforms (a) Roll waveform (b) Part V waveform

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1190/fig15.png

ํ‘œ 6์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13(b), ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14(b), ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15(b), ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16(b)๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋ณ„ ์ œ์–ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ Angle๊ณผ Vg, Iin์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ I์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด PLL ์ƒํ™ฉ I(Conventional PLL situation I)๊ณผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL ์ƒํ™ฉ I(Proposed PLL situation I)๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœ Angle๊ณผ Vg ๋น„๊ต๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 160ms, 3๋„ ์ฐจ์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13(a)์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14(a)์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋น„๊ต์  ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ํŒŒํ˜•์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒํ™ฉ II๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๊ธฐ์กด PLL์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž์†์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์‡„๊ต, ์ƒ์‡„๋กœ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์†Œํญ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด PLL ์ƒํ™ฉ I์™€ ๊ธฐ์กด PLL ์ƒํ™ฉ II๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์•ฝ 40us์”ฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Vg์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ Iin์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 24us ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด๋Š” Vg์™€ Iin์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์ฐจ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด PLL๋ณด๋‹ค ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL์ด ์ ์Œ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL์ด ๊ธฐ์กด PLL๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ญ๋ฅ ์ด ์†Œํญ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์•ˆ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15(a)์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16(a)๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16. ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL ์ƒํ™ฉ II ์‹คํ—˜ ํŒŒํ˜• (a) ๋กค ํŒŒํ˜• (b) Part VI ํŒŒํ˜•

Fig. 16. Proposed PLL situation II experiment waveforms (a) Roll waveform (b) Part VI waveform

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1190/fig16.png

ํ‘œ 6 ์‹คํ—˜ ์œ„์ƒ ์ง€์—ฐ ์ •๋„

Table 6 Experimental phase delay

Parameter

Vg vs Angle

Iin vs Angle

Time

degree

Time

degree

Conventional PLL situation I

195us

4.21

350us

7.56

Proposed PLL situation I

-32us

-0.69

68us

1.47

Conventional PLL situation II

230us

4.97

390us

8.42

Proposed PLL situation II

12us

0.26

92us

1.99

7. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” Boost Bridgeless PFC Converter์™€ LLC Resonant Converter๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ PFC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ธก ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ PLL ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜์—ฌ, PFC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์— LLC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15(a)์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์˜์ „๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์™œ๊ณก์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฅด์ฒผ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ PLL ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ PFC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์œ„์— LLC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14์™€ PFC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์— LLC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16 ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์™œ๊ณก์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์„ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ผํ„ฐ ํƒญ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ ๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋กœ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋‹ฅ์Šค ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์••์— ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ์™€ ์™œ๊ณก์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ „์› ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํŒŒํ˜•์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ LLC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ PFC ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋“  ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋“  ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์™œ๊ณก์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ธฐ์กด PLL์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Vg์™€ Iin์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 3.5ยฐ์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PLL์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1.7ยฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„์ƒ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฅด์ฒผ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ PLL ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์—ญ๋ฅ  ๋ณด์ •๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž„์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Reaserch Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(NO. 2021R1F1A1059253)

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

์‹ ์šฉ์ง„(Yong-Jin Shin)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1190/au1.png

He received the B.S. in electrical engineering from Hankyong National University, Ansung. Korea, in 2023. Since 2023, he is pursuing the M.S. at the same university. His research interests are in photovoltaic systems, inverter and converter.

์ด์šฐ์ฒ (Woo-Cheol Lee)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1190/au2.png

He received the B.S. and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, in 1987, 1989, 2001, respectively. From 1988 to 1998, he was with the R&D Institute, Hyosung Industries Company Ltd., as a Senior Researcher, Seoul, Korea. He was a Visiting Professor in the department of Electrical Engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA from 2007 to 2009. Since 2002, he has been with Hankyong National University, Ansung, Korea, where he is a Professor with the Department of Electrical, Electronic and Control Engineering. His research interests are in the areas of power converter, APF, UPS, and electrical drives.