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Distribution Transformer, Water Content, Polynomial, Field Data

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์€ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‚ด ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ธ์žฅ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹ ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 50%์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๋•Œ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‚ด ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ฒ ์‹ฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์†ํ•ด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‚ด ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ธ์žฅ๊ฐ•๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ IEC, IEEE ๋“ฑ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ  ๋‚ด ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์šด์˜ ์ค‘์ธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋˜ํ•œ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ ์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์™„์ „ ๋ฐ€ํ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ธฐ์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ํ‘œ์ค€๋“ค์ด ์†ก์ „๊ธ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ „๊ธ‰ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ทผ๋ž˜์— ์ž์‚ฐ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๋ณด์ˆ˜์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํšจ์œจ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋ฐœ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์†Œ๋ชจํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฐ์ „ ์„ค๋น„๋“ค๋„ ์ž์‚ฐ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜ค์† ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ๋ถ€ํ•˜์œจ, ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ, ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค.

์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ  ๋‚ด ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ [22]์—์„œ ์ž˜ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. Montsinger[1], Dakin[2], Shroff & Stannett[3], Lampe & Spicar[4], McNutt & Kaufman[5]์€ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์˜ ๊ฐํ™”(degradation)์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ IEEE์˜ loading guide ๋‚ด ์ ˆ์—ฐ์˜ ์—ดํ™”(insulation aging)์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์ •๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ฐ€ํํ˜• ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์œ ํšจํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€ ์—ดํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Emsley[6-7]๋Š” Ekenstam[8], Lundgaard[9], Lelekakis[10-14], Martin[15]์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 4%์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์€ 0.5%์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€ ์ ˆ์—ฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต ์‹œ 4๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ ˆ์—ฐ ์—ดํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[11]. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ, ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ ์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€์˜ ์—ดํ™”๋ฅผ ์•…ํ™”์‹œํ‚ด์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[16-18]. McNutt์€ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ  ๋‚ด ๊ธฐํฌ๋Š” ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค์˜ ์—ดํ™”์™€ ํก์ˆ˜๋œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ธฐํฌ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 140โ„ƒ โˆผ 150โ„ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[19-20]. 1985๋…„ McNutt์€ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด 1.5%๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ธฐํฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜จ๋„๋Š” 130โ„ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค[21]. ์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ทผ๋ž˜์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. [23]์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. [24]์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™์ž‘ ์ค‘์ธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€ ๋‚ด ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ด‘์„ฌ์œ  ์„ผ์„œ์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. [25]๋Š” ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ์ธก์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ €๋น„์šฉ ์„ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. [26]์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์ „์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์‹ ์„ผ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. [27]์€ ๊ด‘์„ฌ์œ  ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๊ทธ ๊ฒฉ์ž ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์„ผ์„œ์˜ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. [28]์€ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ์—ญํ•™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์œ„์—์„œ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ  ๋‚ด ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์†ก๋ณ€์ „๊ธ‰์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ž์‚ฐ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ธ‰ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ ์ถ”์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์šด์ „ ์ค‘์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ธ‰ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•ด์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์—๋„ ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ธ‰ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ต์ฒด ๋น„์šฉ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์„ผ์„œ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ž„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ, ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์šด์˜ ์ค‘์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ธ‰ ์ฃผ์ƒ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 150๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ  ๋‚ด ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด๋‹น ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ธ‰ ์ฃผ์ƒ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹คํ•ญ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2. ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„

2.1 ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์žฅ์น˜

์ „๋ ฅํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธก์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ๋Š” Karl Fischer Titration(KFT), Cellulous-Water Adsorption Isotherms, On-line Water Activity Probes, Frequency Domain Dielectric Spectroscopy(FDS), Polarization and Depolarization Current Measurement๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ [22]์—์„œ ์ž˜ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Karl Fischer Titration(KFT)๋Š” 1935๋…„์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค[29]. ๋งŒ์ผ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—, ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์š”์˜ค๋“œ๋Š” ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ  ๋‚ด์— ์œตํ•ด๋œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„๊ณผ ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์š”์˜ค๋“œ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์–‘ ์ „๊ทน์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง๋œ๋‹ค[30]. ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ  ํ‘œ๋ณธ์€ ์š”์˜ค๋“œ ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ž…๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์˜ค๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„์— ์ฒด์ž„๋ฒ„๋กœ ์ด๋™๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ ์˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ณผ ์š”์˜ค๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ด์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.(๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€: IEC 60814, ASTM D1533, ASTM D3277)

์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€๋Š ํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํก์ฐฉ ๋“ฑ์˜จ์„ (Adsorption Isotherms)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์ผ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋“ฑ์˜จ์„  ํก์ฐฉ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ข€ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋งŒ์ผ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์œ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์••๊ณผ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ฑด์กฐ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์™€ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํก์ฐฉ ๋“ฑ์˜จ์„ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์˜ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋“ฑ์˜จ์„  ํก์ฐฉ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์—ˆ๋‹ค[31-34]. ํ•ด๋‹น ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค-๋ฏธ๋„ค๋ž„ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ[35-38], Fessler๋Š” [31-33][36]์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Freundlich ํก์ฐฉ ๋“ฑ์˜จ์„  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„ ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ(Water activity probes)๋Š” ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ  ๋‚ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„ ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ ์™€ ํด๋ฆฌ์ด๋ฏธ๋“œ(polyimide) ๋ˆ(Strip) ์‚ฌ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์˜ ์ด๋™์€ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„ ๋ฐ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•„์งˆ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์˜ ๊ตํ™˜์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜๋Š” ํด๋ฆฌ์ด๋ฏธ๋“œ ๋ˆ์˜ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค[40]. ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์˜ ๋ถ„๊ด‘ํ•™(spectroscopy)๊ณผ ๋ถ„๊ทน(polarization) ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๊ทน(depolarization) ์ „๋ฅ˜์ธก์ •์€ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‹ค[41-45]. ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ์–‘๋‹จ์— ๊ฐ€์•• ๋˜๊ธฐ์— ์ด์— ์•ž์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. FDS์—์„œ๋Š” 0.1 mHzโˆผ1000 Hz์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์ ˆ์—ฐ ์œ ์ „ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜(dielectric dissipation factor)๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ„๊ทน ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๊ทน ์ „๋ฅ˜์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์˜ ์กด์žฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ˆ์—ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ ˆ์—ฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์˜จ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ „๋ ฅํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ซ์ŠคํŒŸ ์˜จ๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋” ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ‰๊ท  ์˜จ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธก์ •์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์˜จ๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค์ œ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋” ๋‚ฎ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.

2.2 ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ „์„ธ์ข…์ถฉ๋‚จ ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ๋‚ด 150๊ฐœ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ์ฃผ์ƒ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ต์ฒด๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋œ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ์ฃผ์ƒ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์ฃผ์ƒ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ณ ์žฅ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ์žฅ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ๊ณผ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋“ฑ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์ƒ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๊ต์ฒด๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ •๋น„์˜ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ™•๋ณด๋œ 150๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ์ƒ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰, ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ’(ํ‰๊ท , ์ตœ์†Œ, ์ตœ๋Œ€, ๋ถ€ํ•˜์œจ) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํ™•๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ 100๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ํ‘œ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ž์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธก์ •๋ฐฉ์‹ ์ค‘ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ Karl Fischer Titration(KFT) ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์€ KFT ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค.

Table 1 ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ

์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ

์ œ์กฐ์ผ์ž(์—ฐ-์›”)

๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰(kVA)

์„ฑ์ง„์ „๊ธฐ

2004-03

100

์ œ๋ฃก์‚ฐ์—…

2003-09

75

. . . . . . . . .

์‚ผ์ผ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ

2002-01

50

ํ’์‚ฐ์ „๊ธฐ

2012-06

50

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1. KTF ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์‹œ

Fig. 1. KTF measuring equipment and example of results

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1264/fig1-1.png../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1264/fig1-2.png

์œ„์˜ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •๋œ ๋ฐฐ์ „์šฉ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์ ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ Inter Quartile Range(IQR) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ•œ ๋ฐ ํ•˜ํ•œ์€ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์‹ (1) ๋ฐ ์‹ (2)๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.

(1)
$Lower Bound = Q1-\dfrac{1.5\times(Q3-Q1)}{2}$
(2)
$Upper Bound = Q3+\dfrac{1.5\times(Q3-Q1)}{2}$

IQR์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํ•œ๊ณผ ํ•˜ํ•œ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” 7๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด 93๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜(๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜, ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰, ์ตœ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ•˜, ํ‰๊ท ๋ถ€ํ•˜, ์ตœ์†Œ๋ถ€ํ•˜, ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์œจ, ์ตœ์†Œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์œจ, ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰)์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ”ผ์–ด์Šจ ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์„ธ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „๋ ฅ์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2. ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 2. Results of correlation analysis for main variables

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1264/fig2.png

๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๋ถ€ํ•˜์œจ โ€“0.08, ์ตœ์†Œ๋ถ€ํ•˜ โ€“0.07, ํ‰๊ท ๋ถ€ํ•˜ 0.1, ์ตœ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ•˜ 0.18, ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ 0.14, ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ 0.43์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ  ๋‚ด ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ  ๋‚ด ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค[46-47]. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ  ๋‚ด ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์‹์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋žต์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

3. Equations and Units

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹คํ•ญ์‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์‹ (3)์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(3)
$f_{optimal}(x)=\min\sum_{i=1}^{n}(y_{i}-f(x_{i}))^{2}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $f_{optimal}(x)$๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ตœ์  ๋‹คํ•ญ์‹์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, $y$๋Š” ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ  ๋‚ด ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธก์ •๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. $x$๋Š” ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‹ (3)์—์„œ $f(x_{i})$๋Š” ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” $i$๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์‹ (4)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ (4)๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋‹คํ•ญ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.

(4)
$f(x_{i})= a_{0}+a_{1}x_{i}+a_{2}x_{i}^{2}+\cdots +a_{m}x_{i}^{m}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $f(x)$๋Š” $x$๋…„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์‹œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, $a$๋Š” ๋‹คํ•ญ์‹์˜ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‹ (4)์—์„œ ๋‹คํ•ญ์‹์˜ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ $a$๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์‹ (5)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ตœ์†Œ์ž์Šน๋ฒ•(Least Square Method)์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ (5)๋Š” $XA=Y$์˜ ํ–‰๋ ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜๋ฉด, $A=(X^{T}X)^{-1}X^{T}Y$๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‹ (5)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ $a$๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์ธ $A$๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(5)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1264/eq5.png

์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด, ์‹ (5)๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‹ (4)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ ๋‹คํ•ญ์‹์˜ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๋‹คํ•ญ์‹์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ธกํ•œ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์•„์ง€๋Š” ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๋‹คํ•ญ์‹ (3)์„ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์‹์€ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ (6)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(6)
$f(x)= 11.01190 - 0.62408x + 0.03774x^{2}$

์œ„์˜ ์‹ (6)์„ ์‹ค์ œ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์—์„œ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์‹ค์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด, 10๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‹ค์ธก ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ 5~15ppm ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํฐ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์•ž์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด, ๋ถ„์„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์งง์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ต์ฒด๋œ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ํ›ผ์†๋˜์–ด์žˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 10~15๋…„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ค‘๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‹ค์ธก ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ 5~20ppm ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ ์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ถ”์ • ๊ณก์„  ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์™„๋งŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. 15๋…„์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ํ›„๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ธก ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด 5~25ppm๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ถ”์ • ๊ณก์„ ๋„ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์‹ (6)์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ์ตœ์ข…์‹์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‹ (3) ์‹ (4) ์‹ (5)์˜ ์ตœ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์‹์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž„์„ ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ, ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์šด์ „ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ์™„์ „ ๋ฐ€ํ ์ •๋„, ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์‹์ด ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ’์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•จ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3. ์ œ์•ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์˜ˆ์‹œ

Fig. 3. Case of estimated water content using the proposed method

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.7.1264/fig3.png

4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์šด์˜ ์ค‘์ธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด๋‹น ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‹คํ•ญ์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์ถ”์ •์‹์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹คํ•ญ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ตœ์  ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์ถ”์ •์‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜ ์•ฝ 12๋…„์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผ ์‹œ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •๋ฆฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์†ก์ „๊ธ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ „๊ธ‰ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ธ‰ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์‹ค์ œ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์šด์˜ ์ค‘์ธ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์— ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

๊น€์ค€ํ˜(Jun-Hyeok Kim)
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He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Sungkyunkwan University in 2012, 2014, and 2022, respectively. In 2016, he worked at the Korea Electronics Technology Institute. From 2017 to 2024, he was with the Korea Electric Power Corporation Research Institute. He joined the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Hankyong National University in 2024 and has been serving as a professor since then. His research interests include applying artificial intelligence to power systems and electrical equipment for condition inference, estimation, and asset management analysis.