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  1. (Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Korea.)
  2. (Dept. of Power System Research, Hyosung Corporation, Korea.)



Static Synchronous Compensator, Impedance Modeling, Harmonic Interaction

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์ตœ๊ทผ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋‚ด์— ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ „์› ๋ณด๊ธ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€๋™ ์™„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณด์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. STATCOM์€ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „์••์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์„ค๋น„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. STATCOM์€ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์†ก์ „๋ง, ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ, ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ ์—๋„ ์„ค์น˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์ž ์„ค๋น„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ STATCOM์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๊ณต์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ค๋น„ ์ธ๊ทผ์— STATCOM๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์ž ์„ค๋น„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์žฅ์น˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ๊ณต์ง„์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ๊ณต์ง„์€ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์— ์•…์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— STATCOM ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์—ฐ๊ณ„์‹œ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๋ถ„์„์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์— ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, Electro-magnetic Transients(EMT) ํˆด์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค[1]. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ EMT ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ธด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์กฐ๊ฑด, ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๋ชจ๋“œ ๋ฐ ์šด์ „์ ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ Screening ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ STATCOM ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์„ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์„ ํ˜•ํ™” ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ Bode Plot ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ๊ณต์ง„ ํ˜„์ƒ ๊ฒ€ํ† , ๊ณต์ง„ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ํ™•์ธ, STATCOM ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๊ณ„์‹œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ • ๋ฐ ํ•„ํ„ฐ ์ ์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ๊ณต์ง„์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค[2].

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” IEEE 9 BUS ์˜ˆ์ œ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์„ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์„ ํ˜•ํ™” ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฅ˜์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์œ„์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ STATCOM ๋ชจ๋ธ๋„ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต์ง„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋ฐ STATCOM ์—ฐ๊ณ„์‹œ ๊ณต์ง„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๋ถ„์„์€ Matlab S/W๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

2.1 ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก 

์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์„ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜์™€ ์ „์••์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹์€ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๋“œ๋ฏธํ„ด์Šค ์ „๋‹ฌ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์ˆ˜์‹์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์ ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ•ญ์„ ์ƒํƒœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒํƒœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ „์••์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์–ด๋“œ๋ฏธํ„ด์Šค ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค.

2.1.1 Single-Phase RL ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

Single-Phase RL ํšŒ๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ €ํ•ญ ๋ฐ ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ „์••์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ (1)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ํ•ญ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋‹ฌํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์–ด๋“œ๋ฏธํ„ด์Šค๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•œ ํ›„, ์‹ (1)์„ ์‹ (2)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ ์‹ (3)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  x(t)๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, u(t)๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, y(t)๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. RL ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹ (4)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒํƒœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ํ–‰๋ ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋“œ๋ฏธํ„ด์Šค ์ „๋‹ฌํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ œ์–ด ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๋ถ„์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์€ RL ํšŒ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์™€ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ 3์ƒ ํšŒ๋กœ, ์ˆ˜๋™ ์†Œ์ž, PI Section ์„ ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(1)
$v_{i n}(t)=R\bullet i(t)+L\bullet\dfrac{di(t)}{dt}$
(2)
$\dfrac{di(t)}{dt}=-\dfrac{R}{L}\bullet i(t)+\dfrac{1}{L}\bullet v_{i n}(t)$
(3)
\begin{align*}\dfrac{dx(t)}{dt}=A_{m}\bullet x(t)+B_{m}\bullet u(t)\\y(t)= C_{m}\bullet x(t)+D_{m}\bullet u(t)\end{align*}
(4)
$A_{m}=\left[-\dfrac{R}{L}\right]; B_{m}=\left[\dfrac{1}{L}\right]; C_{m}=[1]; D_{m}=[0]$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1. RL Circuit ์ƒํƒœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™˜

Fig. 1. State-space equation transformation of RL circuit

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.11.1904/fig1.png

2.1.2 ์ „์••ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

์ „์••ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋„ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” PI ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ, Phase Locked Loop(PLL) ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ, ์ „๋ฅ˜์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ, ์ƒ์œ„์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ˆ˜๋™ ์†Œ์ž์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ์ˆ˜์‹์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹ (5)๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํ˜•ํ™” ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. d, q ์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ ํ˜•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒํƒœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ d์ถ• ์ „์•• ๋ฐ q์ถ• ์ „์••, d์ถ• ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ q์ถ• ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ „์•• ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์˜ D Matrix๋Š” ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์‹์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ํ•ญ์— ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ’์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค.

(5)
$f(x)\approx f(x_{0})+\dfrac{df(x_{0})}{dx}\bullet(x-x_{0})$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ „์••ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ ์šฉํ•œ STATCOM ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ „์••ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒ์œ„์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ํŒŒํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์œ„์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ์™ธ์— ์ „๋ฅ˜์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ, PLL ๋ฐ PI ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํ†ต๊ณผ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ธก ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์œ„์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[3].

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ „์••ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ

Fig. 2. General structure of a voltage source converter controller

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.11.1904/fig2.png

STATCOM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒํƒœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ–‰๋ ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๊ณผ Simulink๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. IEEE 9 BUS System์—์„œ BUS #2 ์œ„์น˜์— STATCOM์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ STATCOM AC ์ „์•• ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ’์€ 1.0p.u.๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 0.1sec์— AC ์ „์•• ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ’์„ 1.01p.u.๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ STATCOM์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋„ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด STATCOM์˜ ๋™ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” Matlab Simulink๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, PSCAD ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ EMT ํˆด์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค[4].

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3. STATCOM ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 3. Validation results of STATCOM impedance modeling

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2.1.3 ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ†ตํ•ฉ

๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ ์ „์› ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง, ์ˆ˜๋™ ์†Œ์ž, PI Section ์„ ๋กœ, ์ „์••ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ํ›„, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ด๋‘๋ฉด ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ „์••ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์›”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋ฐ ์ „์••ํ˜• ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ, ๋™๊ธฐ์กฐ์ƒ๊ธฐ, High Voltage Direct Current(HVDC) ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ค๋น„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์‹œ์—๋„ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4. ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ

Fig. 4. Integrated impedance modeling structure

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2.2 IEEE 9 BUS System ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

IEEE 9 BUS System ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ณต์ง„ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ STATCOM ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์—ฐ๊ณ„์‹œ ๊ณต์ง„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด IEEE 9 BUS System์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Simulink๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ ์ „์› ๋ชจ๋ธ, ์„ ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ, ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5. IEEE 9 BUS System ๊ตฌ์กฐ

Fig. 5. IEEE 9 BUS System structure

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์„ ๋กœ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ‘œ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๊ณ , ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ‘œ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์„ ๋กœ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ Per Unit ๋ณ€ํ™˜์‹œ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „์••์€ 138kV, ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 100MVA์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ ์ „์› ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด Short Circuit Ratio(SCR) ๊ฐ’์„ 5๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. STATCOM ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ •๊ฒฉ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 200Mvar์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ œ์–ด ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๋ถ„์„์‹œ STATCOM ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ๋Š” STATCOM ์ •๊ฒฉ ์šด์ „ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. STATCOM์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์šด์ „์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ง„ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. STATCOM ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€๋งŒ ์šด์ „์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ํŒ๋ณ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ทผ์†Œํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋งŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1 IEEE 9 BUS ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์„ ๋กœ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ

Table 1 IEEE 9-bus system line parameters

Line #

R [pu]

X [pu]

B [pu]

1

0.010

0.068

0.176

2

0.017

0.092

0.158

3

0.032

0.161

0.306

4

0.039

0.170

0.358

5

0.009

0.057

0.149

6

0.012

0.101

0.209

ํ‘œ 2 IEEE 9 BUS ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ

Table 2 IEEE 9-bus system load parameters

Load #

R [pu]

X [pu]

1

0.80

2.00

2

1.11

3.33

3

1.00

2.85

3. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ถ„์„

3.1 STATCOM ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์—ฐ๊ณ„์‹œ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ๊ณต์ง„ ๋ถ„์„

๊ณต์ง„ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒํƒœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์œ„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์‹œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ฆํญ๋˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ์ •๋„์— ์•…์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค์˜ ๊ฐ๋„๋Š” -90ยฐ โˆผ +90ยฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์–‘์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ง„๋™์ด ๊ฐ์‡ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๊ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด ํŠน์ • ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ณต์ง„์ด ์ฆํญ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

3.1.1 STATCOM ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์—ฐ๊ณ„์‹œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ถ„์„

์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์‘๋‹ต ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์‘๋‹ต์€ 2kHz๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. STATCOM ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค๋Š” ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํŽธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๊ฐ๋„๋„ -90ยฐ โˆผ +90ยฐ ๋‚ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ 200Mvar STATCOM์ด IEEE 9 BUS System์˜ BUS \#2์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๊ณต์ง„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6. STATCOM ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค

Fig. 6. System impedance with and without STATCOM integration

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.11.1904/fig6.png

3.2 STATCOM ๊ด€๋ จ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„

STATCOM ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ณ„์‹œ ๊ด€๋ จ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ์ค‘์š”๋„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ์•ˆ์ •๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฃผ์š” ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ›„, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ œํ’ˆ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ STATCOM์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 3 STATCOM ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค

Table 3 STATCOM parameter sensitivity analysis scenarios

No.

ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ

From

To

Step

1

์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ํ†ต์‹  ์ง€์—ฐ

60ฮผs

100ฮผs

10ฮผs

2

์ „๋ฅ˜์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ P Gain

0.1

1.5

0.2

3

์ „๋ฅ˜์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ I Gain

0.5

1.5

0.2

3.2.1 STATCOM ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ํ†ต์‹  ์ง€์—ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„

STATCOM ๊ด€๋ จ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณต์ง„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ํ†ต์‹  ์ง€์—ฐ ๊ฐ’์„ 60ฮผs์—์„œ 100ฮผs๊นŒ์ง€ 10ฮผs์”ฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด STATCOM ์–ด๋“œ๋ฏธํ„ด์Šค ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ํ†ต์‹  ์ง€์—ฐ๊ฐ’์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก STATCOM ์–ด๋“œ๋ฏธํ„ด์Šค ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ(350Hz)์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ์ฆํญ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ STATCOM์„ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7. ํ†ต์‹  ์ง€์—ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ STATCOM ์–ด๋“œ๋ฏธํ„ด์Šค ๋ถ„์„

Fig. 7. Analysis of STATCOM admittance according to communication delay

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.11.1904/fig7.png

STATCOM์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ด๋“œ๋ฏธํ„ด์Šค ๋ถ„์„ ์ดํ›„, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด STATCOM ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ง€์—ฐ๊ฐ’์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ ์œณ๊ฐ’์€ ์šฐ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ํ†ต์‹  ์ง€์—ฐ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ•ด๋‹น STATCOM์ด ๊ณ„ํ†ต๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

STATCOM์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•  ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ STATCOM ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•ด์„๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” STATCOM์ด ์„ค์น˜๋  ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  STATCOM ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8. ํ†ต์‹  ์ง€์—ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ STATCOM ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•ด์„

Fig. 8. Eigenvalue analysis of STATCOM according to communication delay

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.11.1904/fig8.png

STATCOM ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ์‹œ ์ง€์—ฐ๊ฐ’์„ 100ฮผs๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ STATCOM์„ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•ด์„์‹œ ์ง€์—ฐ๊ฐ’์ด 100ฮผs ์ด์ƒ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณ ์œณ๊ฐ’์€ ์šฐ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9. ํ†ต์‹  ์ง€์—ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•ด์„

Fig. 9. Eigenvalue analysis of overall system according to communication delay

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2024.73.11.1904/fig9.png

3.2.2 STATCOM ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ P Gain์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„

๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์˜ P Gain์ด๋‹ค. P Gain์„ 0.1์—์„œ 1.5๊นŒ์ง€ 0.2์”ฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด STATCOM ๋Œ€์ƒ ์–ด๋“œ๋ฏธํ„ด์Šค ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. P Gain์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ, ํŠน์ • ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ STATCOM ์–ด๋“œ๋ฏธํ„ด์Šค ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฆํญ๋˜๊ณ , ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์€ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„์ƒ ํ™•์ธ์‹œ P Gain์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 1.3 ์ด์ƒ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ยฑ90ยฐ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ์–ด๋“œ๋ฏธํ„ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ ์Œ์˜ ๋Œํ•‘์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, STATCOM์„ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ณ„์‹œ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์•ˆ์ •๋„์— ์•…์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10. P Gain์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ STATCOM ์–ด๋“œ๋ฏธํ„ด์Šค ๋ถ„์„

Fig. 10. Analysis of STATCOM admittance according to current controller P gain

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P Gain ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ STATCOM ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด, P Gain์ด 1.3 ์ด์ƒ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณ ์œณ๊ฐ’์€ ์šฐ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ด์งˆ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ P Gain์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ถ„์„์‹œ ๊ณ ์œณ๊ฐ’์ด ์šฐ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ผ๋„ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ณ„์‹œ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ STATCOM ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11. P Gain์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ STATCOM ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•ด์„

Fig. 11. Eigenvalue analysis of STATCOM according to current controller P gain

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด, P Gain์„ 1.3๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์œณ๊ฐ’์€ ์ขŒ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ P Gain์„ 1.5๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ณ ์œณ๊ฐ’์ด ์šฐ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฅ˜์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ P Gain์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋‚˜, STATCOM ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ณ„์‹œ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ P Gain ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12. P Gain์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•ด์„

Fig. 12. Eigenvalue analysis of overall system according to current controller P gain

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3.2.3 STATCOM ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ I Gain์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„

๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋Š” STATCOM ์ „๋ฅ˜์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์˜ I Gain์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰์‹œ I Gain์„ 0.5์—์„œ 1.5๊นŒ์ง€ 0.2์”ฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด STATCOM ์–ด๋“œ๋ฏธํ„ด์Šค ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. I Gain์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์–ด๋“œ๋ฏธํ„ด์Šค ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์œ„์ƒ์€ ์•ž์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ํ†ต์‹  ์ง€์—ฐ ๋ฐ P Gain ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13. I Gain์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ STATCOM ์–ด๋“œ๋ฏธํ„ด์Šค ๋ถ„์„

Fig. 13. Analysis of STATCOM admittance according to current controller I gain

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด STATCOM ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด, I Gain์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ณ ์œณ๊ฐ’์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” STATCOM์ด ๊ณ„ํ†ต๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ I Gain ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์•ˆ์ •๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์œณ๊ฐ’์˜ ํ—ˆ์ˆ˜๋ถ€ Im(ฮป)๋Š” 2ร—ฯ€ร—f ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•ด์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์‹œ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ ํ™•์ธ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14. I Gain์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ STATCOM ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•ด์„

Fig. 14. Eigenvalue analysis of STATCOM according to current controller I gain

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STATCOM ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ์‹œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ ์œณ๊ฐ’์€ ์ขŒ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด I Gain ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ ์œณ๊ฐ’์ด ์šฐ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. I Gain์ด 0.9 ์ด์ƒ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฐจ๋™๊ธฐ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์˜ ๊ณ ์œณ๊ฐ’์€ ์šฐ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ํ†ต์‹  ์ง€์—ฐ, PI Gain ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ˜์˜์‹œ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15. I Gain์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ณ ์œ ์น˜ ํ•ด์„

Fig. 15. Eigenvalue analysis of overall system according to current controller I gain

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4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

IEEE 9 BUS System ๋ฐ STATCOM์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ STATCOM ์—ฐ๊ณ„์‹œ ์•ˆ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ํ†ต์‹  ์ง€์—ฐ, PI Gain ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. STATCOM ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ณ„์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ฐ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ํ†ต์‹  ์ง€์—ฐ์ด ์•ˆ์ •๋„์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— STATCOM ์ œํ’ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‹œ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ํ†ต์‹  ์ง€์—ฐ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋œ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด PSCAD์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ EMT ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์ง„ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

References

1 
L. Harnefors, R. Finger, X. Wang, H. Bai, and F. Blaabjerg, โ€œVsc input-admittance modeling and analysis above the nyquist frequency for passivity-based stability assessment,โ€ IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 6362-6370, Aug. 2017.DOI
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P. Kundur, Power system stability and control, McGraw-Hill, pp. 699~826, 1994.URL
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J.Sun, โ€œImpedance-Based Stability Criterion for Grid- Connected Inverters,โ€ IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 3075-3078, Nov. 2011.DOI
4 
Nam-Kyu Kim, Young-Jin Kwon, and Joo-Yong Jung, โ€œAn Analysis on Interaction of Grid Connected STATCOM based on Impedance Modeling,โ€ Proceedings of the 2024 Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers Summer Conference, pp. 18, Jul. 2024.URL

์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

์ •์ฃผ์šฉ(JooYong Jung)
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He received his M.S. degree in electrical and electronic engineering from Yonsei University. Currently, he is a senior researcher in Power & Industrial Systems R&D Center at Hyosung, Korea, and pursuing the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at Yonsei University. His research interests are control and protection system design for HVDC, FACTS and interaction analysis between power electronic devices.

๊ถŒ์˜์ง„(YoungJin Kwon)
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He received B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degree from Myongji University, Korea in 2000, 2002, 2010 respectively. He was a researcher at KEPCO-KDN Co., Ltd. His research interests are to develop power system protective algorithm and signal processing algorithm. He is a chief researcher in Power & Industrial Systems R&D Center at Hyosung, Korea from 2011. His research interests are power system analysis, protection and automation for FACTS and DER.

๊น€๋‚จ๊ทœ(NamKyu Kim)
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He received M.S. degree in electrical engineering from Inha University. Currently, he is an senior researcher in Power & Industrial Systems R&D Center at Hyosung, Korea. His research interests are power system analysis for HVDC, energy storage system and interaction analysis between power electronic devices.