Mobile QR Code QR CODE : Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea

    (ํ•œ์–‘๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€)

  2. Department of Building Technology, Suwon Science Colleage, Hwaseong, 18516, Korea

    (์ˆ˜์›๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ธฐ๊ณ„์„ค๋น„๊ณผ)




Cooling structure, Natural convection, LED, Optimization
๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ, ์ž์—ฐ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜, ์—˜์ด๋””, ์ตœ์ ํ™”

๊ธฐํ˜ธ์„ค๋ช…

cp๏ผš์ •์•• ๋น„์—ด [kJ/kgยทK]
d๏ผš๊นŠ์ด [mm]
g๏ผš์ค‘๋ ฅ ๊ฐ€์†๋„ [m/s2]
h๏ผš๋†’์ด [mm]
I๏ผš๋ณต์‚ฌ ๊ฐ•๋„ [W/m2ยทsr]
k๏ผš์—ด์ „๋„๊ณ„์ˆ˜ [W/mยทK]
l๏ผš๊ธธ์ด [mm]
M๏ผš์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ [kg]
Mw๏ผš๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰ [kg/kmol]
n โ†’ ๏ผš์ˆ˜์ง ๋ฒกํ„ฐ
P๏ผš์••๋ ฅ, ์ „๋ ฅ [Pa, W]
p๏ผš๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ [mm]
Q๏ผš๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰ [W]
R๏ผš์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์ฒด์ƒ์ˆ˜ [J/molยทK]
Rth๏ผš์—ด์ €ํ•ญ [โ„ƒ/W]
s โ†’ ๏ผš๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ
T๏ผš์˜จ๋„ [โ„ƒ]
u๏ผš์†๋„ ์„ฑ๋ถ„ [m/s]
w๏ผš๋„ˆ๋น„ [mm]

๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฌธ์ž

ฮณ๏ผš์—˜์ด๋”” ์นฉ ๊ด‘ํšจ์œจ
ฮต๏ผš๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์œจ
ฮท๏ผš์ „์›๊ณต๊ธ‰์žฅ์น˜ ํšจ์œจ
ฮ˜๏ผš์„ค์น˜ ๊ฐ๋„ [ยฐ]
ฮผ๏ผš๋™์ ์„ฑ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ [m2/s]
ฯ๏ผš๋ฐ€๋„ [kg/m3]
ฯƒ๏ผš์Šคํ…ŒํŒ-๋ณผ์ธ ๋งŒ ์ƒ์ˆ˜ [W/m2ยทK4]
ฮฉ๏ผš์ž…์ฒด๊ฐ [sr]

ํ•˜์ฒจ์ž

ex๏ผš๊ธฐ์กด
op๏ผš๋™์ž‘
ref๏ผš๊ธฐ์ค€๊ฐ’
uv๏ผš์ƒ๋ถ€ ๋ฒคํŠธ
s๏ผš๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ
sv๏ผš์ธก๋ฉด ๋ฒคํŠธ
โˆž๏ผš์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ

1. ์„œ๋ก 

์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ ˆ์•ฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์กฐ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ, ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋ช…์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” light-emitting diode(LED) ์กฐ๋ช…์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.(1) LED ์กฐ๋ช… ๋„์ž… ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ˜•๊ด‘๋“ฑ, ์ „๊ตฌ, ๋‹ค์šด๋ผ์ดํŠธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ €์ถœ๋ ฅ ์กฐ๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(2-4) ์ตœ๊ทผ LED ๊ด‘ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋‹จ๊ฐ€ ์ธํ•˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ, ํˆฌ๊ด‘๋“ฑ, ๊ณต์žฅ๋“ฑ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ณ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์กฐ๋ช…์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์— LED ์กฐ๋ช…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์งง์€ ์ˆ˜๋ช…, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ, ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ์ œ์–ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€, ์ €์˜จ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์•…ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฉ”ํƒˆ ํ• ๋ผ์ด๋“œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.(5) ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ LED chip ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํ—ˆ์šฉ junction ์˜จ๋„ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, LED ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.(6) ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณ ์ถœ๋ ฅ LED ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์—ด๋Ÿ‰ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ LED ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ, ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ switched-mode power supply(SMPS)๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์กฐ๋ช…์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด LED ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ์ „ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ํ™” ๋˜ํ•œ LED ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ด๋‹ค.

์ตœ๊ทผ LED ์กฐ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ์จ ํžˆํŠธ ์‹ฑํฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.(7) ํžˆํŠธ ์‹ฑํฌ์˜ ์–‘์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์••์ถœ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์ด์บ์ŠคํŒ…์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ด ์บ์ŠคํŒ… ์–‘์‚ฐ ํžˆํŠธ ์‹ฑํฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 3์ฐจ์›์ ์ธ ๋””์ž์ธ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, LED ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๊ธˆํ˜•์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–‘์‚ฐ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.(8) ์••์ถœ ์–‘์‚ฐ ํžˆํŠธ ์‹ฑํฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 2์ฐจ์›์ ์ธ ํ˜•์ƒ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ›„๊ฐ€๊ณต๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ธˆํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์••์ถœ ๊ธธ์ด ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์šฉ ํžˆํŠธ ์‹ฑํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ LED ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ ํžˆํŠธ ์‹ฑํฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ, ํžˆํŠธ ์‹ฑํฌ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค.(9-11) ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ญ‡์žŽ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ์˜ ๋‘ฅ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์˜ค์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์•…ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ Fig. 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํžˆํŠธ ์‹ฑํฌ๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์†์— ๋‚ด์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(12). ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํžˆํŠธ ์‹ฑํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์žฅ ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ์ถœ์ž…์ด ์ž์œ ๋กญ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ™•๋ณด์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์œ ๋™์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. Ishizuka and Nakagawa(13)๋Š” ์ „์ž ์žฅ๋น„ ์ผ€์ด์Šค์—์„œ vent์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ ๋ฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž์—ฐ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ „์ž ์žฅ๋น„ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๋Š” LED ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ˜•์ƒ์ด ์ƒ์ดํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐœ์—ด์›์ธ ์ „์ž ์žฅ๋น„์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. Petroski et al.(14)์€ flexible graphite๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ LED ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์šฉ ํžˆํŠธ ์‹ฑํฌ ๋‚ด์žฅ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์€ flexible graphite์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์  ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.

Fig. 1. LED streetlight.(12)
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2016.28.10.394/fig1.png

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” LED ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์šฉ ์••์ถœํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ตœ์  ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋ณต์‚ฌ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฒ€์ฆ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ด์œ ๋™์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ vent ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ํƒ€์ž…์„ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ํ˜•์ƒ ์ธ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ํ™” ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์  ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2. ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

2.1 ์ˆ˜์น˜ ํ•ด์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ

Fig. 1์€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ 180 W LED ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค. Fig. 1(a)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด LED ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์€ ์ „๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ, ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ, SMPS ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ํ•˜๋‹จ์—๋Š” LED chip์ด ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ ๋œ printed circuit board(PCB)์™€ ํด๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํฌ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ(PMMA) ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๊ด‘ํ™•์‚ฐํŒ๊ณผ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€ํ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์••์ถœํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์€ Fig. 1(b)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐฉ์—ด์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํœœ์ด ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์•„๋žซ๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ด๋ฌผ์งˆ ์œ ์ž… ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ—๋ฉด์ด ์ผ์ฒดํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. Fig. 2๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ•ด์„ ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ํ˜•์ƒ ์ธ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์—๋Š” ์–‘์ชฝ์˜ side vent์™€ ์œ„์ชฝ์˜ upper vent๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€์นญ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ด์œ ๋™์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

(1) ์œ ๋™์€ ์ •์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค.

(2) ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์น˜์™€ ๊ณ ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์น˜๋Š” ์˜จ๋„์— ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ด๋‹ค.

(3) ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค.

(4) ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์€ ํšŒ์ฒด(gray body)์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 2. Computational domain.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2016.28.10.394/fig2.png

ํˆฌ๋ช… ์œ ๋ฆฌ์™€ PMMA๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹œ ๊ด‘์„  ์˜์—ญ์ธ 0.3๏ฝž2.8 ฮผm์˜ ๋‹จํŒŒ์žฅ ๋ณต์‚ฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋งŒ์„ ํˆฌ๊ณผ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 70โ„ƒ ์ •๋„์˜ PCB์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์—ด๋ณต์‚ฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” 5 ฮผm ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์žฅํŒŒ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค.(15-16) ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ LED์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹œ ๊ด‘์„ ์€ ํˆฌ๋ช… ์œ ๋ฆฌ์™€ PMMA๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ํˆฌ๊ณผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, PCB์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์—ด๋ณต์‚ฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ํˆฌ๊ณผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ˆ˜์น˜ ํ•ด์„ ์‹œ ์—ฐ์† ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹, ์šด๋™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ transport ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

(1)
โˆ‚ โˆ‚ x j ( ฯ u j ฯ• ) = โˆ‚ โˆ‚ x j ( ฮ“ ฯ• โˆ‚ ฯ• โˆ‚ x j ) + S ฯ•

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ฮฆ๋Š” arbitrary scalar parameter, ฮ“ ฯ• ๋Š” diffusion coefficient, Sฯ†๋Š” source term์ด๋ฉฐ, table 1์—์„œ ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. table 1์—์„œ ฯop๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 1. The arbitrary scalar parameter, diffusivity coefficient and source terms for Eq.(1)

Equation

ฮฆ

ฮ“ ฯ•

Sฯ†

Continuity

1

0

0

Momentum

ui

ฮผ

- โˆ‚ P / โˆ‚ x i + S k

(for z-direction Sk = -ฯopg)

Energy

T

k/cp

0

(2)
ฯ o p = P โˆž ( R / M w ) T โˆž

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, Mw๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ฒด๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์€ discrete ordinates ๋ณต์‚ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

(3)
q ห™ i n = โˆซ s โ†’ ยท n โ†’ > 0 I i n s โ†’ ยท n โ†’ d ฮฉ

(4)
q ห™ o u t = ( 1 - ฯต ) q ห™ i n + ฯต ฯƒ T 4

2.2 ์ˆ˜์น˜ ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ 180 W LED ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์€ ๊ธธ์ด ls = 360 mm, ๋„ˆ๋น„ ws = 167 mm, ๋†’์ด hs = 90 mm์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•˜๋‹จ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ PCB ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” lpcb = 250 mm์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ž…๊ตฌ์ธ side vent์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด lsv = 107 mm, ๋„ˆ๋น„ wsv = 7 mm, ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ psv = 42 mm ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ถœ๊ตฌ์ธ upper vent์˜ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด luv = 350 mm, ๋„ˆ๋น„ wuv = 8 mm, ๊นŠ์ด duv = 22.5 mm์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ด์„ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด lโˆž์„ 1.2 ls~2.4 ls, ๋„ˆ๋น„ wโˆž๋Š” 1.2 ws~2 ws, ๋†’์ด hโˆž์€ 1.2 hs ~2.4 hs๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, PCB ์ค‘์•™ ์˜จ๋„๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ 0.5%์ด๋‚ด์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ํ•ด์„ ์˜์—ญ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด์„ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์˜์—ญ์€ lโˆž = 1.5 ls, wโˆž = 1.5 ws, hโˆž = 2 hs๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์„ค์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ฐœ์—ด์›์ธ LED chip 90๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ 2 mm ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒˆ PCB์— ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด์žˆ์–ด, PCB์— ์ฒด์  ์—ด ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ญ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ LED chip์˜ ๋ฐœ์—ด์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์ฒด ๊ฒฉ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ 3,764,221~9,798,831๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฉ์ž ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ PCB ์ค‘์•™ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ 0.5% ์ด๋‚ด์ธ 8,776,813๊ฐœ ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฒฉ์ž๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ธต์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ANSYS ICEM release 16.1๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์šฉ CFD ํ•ด์„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ ANSYS Fluent release 16.1๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹(1)๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์† ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹, ์šด๋™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์ด์‚ฐํ™” ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ข…์† ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์˜ค์ฐจ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’์ด 10-5 ์ดํ•˜์ผ ๋•Œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ ด๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3. ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ฆ

๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์€ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ 6061(ฯ = 2700 kg/m3, k = 180 W/mยทโ„ƒ, ฮต = 0.8)์œผ๋กœ, 2 mm ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋Š” ํˆฌ๋ช… PMMA(k = 0.2 W/mยทโ„ƒ, ฮต = 0.85)์œผ๋กœ, ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๊ด‘ํ™•์‚ฐํŒ์€ ํˆฌ๋ช… ์œ ๋ฆฌ(k = 1 W/mยทโ„ƒ, ฮต = 0.67)๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. SMPS์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, SMPS ์–‘๋‹จ์— ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PCB ์ค‘์•™์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ์—ด์ „๋Œ€(type-T) 4๊ฐœ์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์žฅ์น˜(NI SCXI)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ • ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ธ์ž์ธ ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ Rth๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

(5)
R t h = T P C B - T โˆž Q ห™

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ,

(6)
Q ห™ = ฮท ( 1 - ฮณ ) P S M P S , A C

(7)
ฮท = P S M P S , D C P S M P S , A C

Tโˆž = 26โ„ƒ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ PSMPS,AC = 186 W, ฮท = 0.95๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ฮณ = 0.3์ด๋‹ค. LED ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ค์น˜ ๊ฐ๋„ ฮ˜๋ฅผ 0~40ยฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ 5ยฐ์”ฉ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ 5ํšŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค๋„๋Š” 2.8%์ด๋‹ค.(17)

Fig. 3์€ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ด๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 2%์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋“ฏ์ด, ฮ˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์œ ๋™์ด ํœœ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.

Fig. 3. Experimental and numerical results(Tโˆž= 26โ„ƒ).
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2016.28.10.394/fig3.png

4. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ

์•ž์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ํ•ด์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด 180 W LED ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์šฉ ์••์ถœํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด์œ ๋™ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค.

4.1 ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์—ด์œ ๋™ ๋ถ„์„

Fig. 4(a)๋Š” ์‹ค๋‚ด ์˜จ๋„ Tโˆž = 25โ„ƒ ๋ฐ ์„ค์น˜ ๊ฐ๋„ ฮ˜ = 0ยฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์—ด์œ ๋™์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. Rth,ex = 0.408โ„ƒ/W, Ms,ex = 4.05 kg์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์„ ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, side vent๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์•„๋žซ๋ฉด์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์œ ์ž… ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด z์ถ• ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์œ—๋ฉด์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์ž…๋˜์–ด ๋ฐœ์—ด๋ฉด์ธ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์•„๋žซ๋ฉด๊ณผ ์—ด๊ตํ™˜์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์••์ถœํ˜• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ํœœ๋“ค์ด ์••์ถœ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ธ x์ถ• ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด์žˆ์–ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ๋™์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐœ์—ด๋ฉด๊ณผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, upper vent์™€ side vent๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์œ—๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „๋„ ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์•„๋žซ๋ฉด์˜ ์—ด์ด ์œ—๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์›ํ™œํžˆ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์œ—๋ฉด์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ, side vent ์œ„์น˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํœœ ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋ฉด๊ณผ์˜ ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, vent ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์œ—๋ฉด์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ํšจ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์„  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 4. Streamlines of inlet air and temperature contours of cooling structures.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2016.28.10.394/fig4.png

4.2 ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ํƒ€์ž… ์„ ์ •

๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ side vent๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์˜†๋ฉด์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ํœœ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 4(b)๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์—ด์œ ๋™์„ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ํ•ด์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. Rth = 0.419โ„ƒ/W, Ms = 2.44 kg์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 40% ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋ฉด๊ณผ์˜ ์—ด๊ตํ™˜์ด ์ˆ˜์›”ํ•ด์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ํœœ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์—ด๊ตํ™˜ ๋ฉด์ ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด opened vent๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋ฉด๊ณผ ์œ—๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋†’์€ ์ „๋„ ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Fig. 5์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด grilled vent๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 5. Configuration and geometric factors of different vent types.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2016.28.10.394/fig5.png

Grilled side vent์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์€ lsv = 21.4 mm, wsv = 7 mm, psv = 13 mm์ด๋‹ค. Grilled upper vent์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, vent ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ puv๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์ƒ ์ธ์ž๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Grilled upper vent์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์€ luv = 20 mm, wuv = 14 mm, puv = 16 mm, duv = 22.5 mm์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ vent์˜ opened ํƒ€์ž…๊ณผ grilled ํƒ€์ž…์˜ vent ๋ฉด์ ์€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. table 2๋Š” side์™€ upper ventํƒ€์ž…์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. Side์™€ upper vent์— ๋ชจ๋‘ grilled ํƒ€์ž…์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „๋„ ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์•„๋žซ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ—๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ์ˆ˜์›”ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋„“์€ ์œ—๋ฉด์„ ๋ฐฉ์—ด๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ 10% ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Table 2. Thermal resistance of the cooling structures when different vent types were applied

Side vent type

Upper vent type

Rth(โ„ƒ/W)

Improvement(%)

opened

opened

0.419

0

grilled

opened

0.408

2.6

opened

grilled

0.385

8.0

grilled

grilled

0.378

9.8

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ side vent ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์˜†๋ฉด์— ์„ค์น˜, ํœœ ์ œ๊ฑฐ, side์™€ upper vent์— grilled type์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ํƒ€์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

4.3 ์ธ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„

Tโˆž = 25โ„ƒ, ฮ˜ = 0ยฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ ์ธ์ž์ธ lsv, wsv, psv, luv, wuv, puv, duv, ls๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ๊ณผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ํ˜•์ƒ ์ธ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ฐ’ ๋ฐ ํƒ์ƒ‰ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” table 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ ์ธ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด์ฐจ์›ํ™” ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 3. Reference value and range of geometric factors in the parameter study.

Standard* Sunny Subjects

(N = 5)

Cloudy Subjects

(N = 5)

Subjects

Geometric factor (non-dimensional)

Reference (mm)

Range (mm)

lsv(x1)

21.4

11.4 โ‰ค x1 โ‰ค 41.4

wsv(x2)

7

4 โ‰ค x2 โ‰ค 22

psv(x3)

13

8 โ‰ค x3 โ‰ค 38

luv(x4)

20

10 โ‰ค x4 โ‰ค 40

wuv(x5)

14

8 โ‰ค x5 โ‰ค 44

puv(x6)

16

6 โ‰ค x6 โ‰ค 36

duv(x7)

22.5

7.5 โ‰ค x7 โ‰ค 37.5

ls(x8)

360

260 โ‰ค x8 โ‰ค 360

(8)
X i = x i - x i , m a x x i , m a x - x i , m i n

Fig. 6(a)๋Š” side vent์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ ์ธ์ž์ธ X1~X3 ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ๊ณผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‹ค.

Fig. 6. Effects of geometric factors on the thermal resistrance and mass of cooling structures.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2016.28.10.394/fig6.png

X2(wsv)์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, X1(lsv)๊ณผ X3(psv)๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์— 1% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์ ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณค๋‹ค. X2๊ฐ€ ์ปค์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก side vent์˜ ๋ฉด์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์œ ์ž…๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Fig. 6(b)๋Š” upper vent์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ ์ธ์ž์ธ X4~X7๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ๊ณผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‹ค. X5(wuv)๊ณผ X7(duv)์ด ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, X4(luv)์™€ X6(puv)๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— 1% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์ ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. X5๊ฐ€ ์ปค์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก upper vent์˜ ๋ฉด์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์œ ์ž…๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. X7๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฐœ์—ด๋ฉด๊ณผ ์œ—๋ฉด๊ณผ์˜ ์ „๋„ ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Fig. 6(c) ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๊ธธ์ด X8(ls)์˜ ์ธ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. X8์€ ์ธ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ํ˜•์ƒ ์ธ์ž ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. X8์ด ์ž‘์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ „์—ด ๋ฉด์ ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์–ด ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์•…ํ™”๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ธ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํฐ X2, X5, X7, X8์„ ์ตœ์  ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ธ์ž๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

4.4 ์ตœ์  ์„ค๊ณ„

์••์ถœํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ํ™” ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์  ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•์ƒ ์ธ์ž์ธ X2, X5, X7, X8๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ธ์ž๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ ์–ด ์ตœ์  ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ธ์ž์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ๋œ X1, X3, X4, X6์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์  ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์  ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ œํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(9)

Find X2, X5, X7, X8

To Minimize Ms/Ms_ex

Subject to Rth/Rth_exโ‰ค1

0โ‰คX2โ‰ค1

0โ‰คX5โ‰ค1

0โ‰คX7โ‰ค1

0โ‰คX8โ‰ค1

์ตœ์  ์„ค๊ณ„ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋Š” ์ƒ์šฉ ์ตœ์  ์„ค๊ณ„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ PIAnO version 3.2๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง๊ต ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ‘œ L25(54)์˜ 25๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ . Kriging ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์  ๊ฐ’์„ ๋„์ถœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ™” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ’์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

โ€ข Population size๏ผš150

โ€ข Maximum number of generation๏ผš250

โ€ข Violated constraint limit๏ผš0.003

โ€ข Number of consecutive generations without improvement๏ผš15

โ€ข Mutation probability๏ผš0.01

โ€ข Selection probability๏ผš0.15

โ€ข Inital seed value๏ผš150

Fig. 7์€ ์ตœ์  ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์€ lsv = 21.4 mm, wsv = 23 mm, psv = 13 mm, luv = 20 mm, wuv = 40 mm, puv = 16 mm, duv = 36.5 mm, ls = 260 mm ๊ธฐํ•˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋•Œ ์—ด์ €ํ•ญ๊ณผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ Rth = 0.379โ„ƒ/W, Ms = 1.64 kg์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ 10% ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 60% ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค.

Fig. 7. Schematic diagram and temperature contour of the optimized cooling structure.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2016.28.10.394/fig7.png

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 180 W LED ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์••์ถœํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ํ™” ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์  ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๊ฐ€์ •๊ณผ discrete ordinates ๋ณต์‚ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋ณต์‚ฌ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ์—ด์œ ๋™ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, vent ์œ„์น˜, ํœœ ํ˜•์ƒ, vent ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ํƒ€์ž…์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜•์ƒ ์ธ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ตœ์  ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ธ์ž๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง๊ต ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜์ ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ , Kriging ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ™” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์  ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ 10% ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 60% ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ํ™”๋œ ์••์ถœํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์—ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ›„ ๊ธฐ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2016๋…„๋„ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ†ต์ƒ์ž์›๋ถ€(MOTIE)์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€์›(KETEP)์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—…(No. 20162010103830)๊ณผ ์ธ๋ ฅ์–‘์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…(No. 20164010200860)์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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