Mobile QR Code QR CODE : Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering

  1. ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ์„์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ • ( Graduate Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea )
  2. ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ • ( Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea )
  3. ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ต์ˆ˜ ( Research Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea )
  4. ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ( Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea )



Air-cooling method(๊ณต๋žญ์‹), Heat transfer(์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ), Heat pipe(ํžˆํŠธํŒŒ์ดํ”„), Lithium-ion battery (๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด์˜จ์ „์ง€)

๊ธฐํ˜ธ์„ค๋ช…

$A$๏ผš ๋ฉด์  [m$^2$]
$C_{p}$๏ผš ๋น„์—ด [Jยทkg$^{-1}$ยทK$^{-1}$]
$D_{h}$๏ผš ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ์ง๊ฒฝ [m]
$I$๏ผš ์ „๋ฅ˜ [A]
$k$๏ผš ์—ด์ „๋„์œจ [Wยทm$^{-1}$ยทK$^{-1}$]
$L$๏ผš ๊ธธ์ด [mm]
Pr๏ผš ํ”„๋ž€ํ‹€์ˆ˜
$p$๏ผš ์••๋ ฅ [Pa]
$Q_{g en}$๏ผš ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰ [Wยทm$^{-3}$]
$Re$๏ผš ๋ ˆ์ด๋†€์ฆˆ์ˆ˜
$S_{i}$๏ผš ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ญ [Wยทm$^{-3}$]
$t$๏ผš ์‹œ๊ฐ„ [s]
$T_{eva}$๏ผš ์ฆ๋ฐœ๋ถ€ ์˜จ๋„ [โ„ƒ]
$T_{con}$๏ผš ์‘์ถ•๋ถ€ ์˜จ๋„ [โ„ƒ]
$U$๏ผš ์†๋„ [mยทs$^{-1}$]
$W$๏ผš ๋„ˆ๋น„ [mm]

ํ•˜์ฒจ์ž

$air$๏ผš ์™ธ๊ธฐ
$cell$๏ผš ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€
$i$๏ผš ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์กฐ๊ฑด
$i n$๏ผš ๋ฉด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ
$th$๏ผš ๋‘๊ป˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ

์•ฝ์–ด

HP๏ผš ํžˆํŠธํŒŒ์ดํ”„
HPr๏ผš ํžˆํŠธํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ๊ธธ์ด ๋น„์œจ
HT๏ผš ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ

1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ 

์ตœ๊ทผ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™” ๋ฐ ํ™”์„์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ค์—ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(ESS : Energy Storage System) ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ Li-ion ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ณต๋žญ์‹ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Li-ion ์ „์ง€๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๋น„์œจ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ๊ธด ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.(1) ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ Li-ion ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒฉ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ, ํ•˜๋กœ stacking ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ขŒ, ์šฐ๋กœ ๊ฒน์ณ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „์ž์žฅ์น˜์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ์ถฉ์ „, ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฐœ์—ด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์€ ์ „์ž์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค.(2) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ตœ์ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” 20~40โ„ƒ์ด๋ฉฐ,(3) ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€(battery cell) ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ํŽธ์ฐจ๋Š” 5โ„ƒ ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.(4) ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ์—ด๊ณผ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ๊ฐ„ ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ €ํ•˜, ์ˆ˜๋ช…๊ฐ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒฉ์˜ ์—ดํญ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.(5) ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „์ž์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ตœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ด๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜์—์„œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค.

์ „์ž์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์ค‘ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ณต๋žญ์‹ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ ์šฉ์ด ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ์žฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—ด์ „๋„์œจ๊ณผ ๋น„์—ด์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž…๊ตฌ์™€ ์ถœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฐ ์ „์ž์žฅ์น˜์—๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ ์šฉ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณต๋žญ์‹ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 37 W/cm$^2$๋กœ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ „์ž์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์—ด๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.(6,7) Wu et al.(8)์€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ ๋กœ๋ณ„ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ€์ง‘๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜จ๋„์ƒ์Šน์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ํ•€์„ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ดํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Almad(9)์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ๋™์žฅ ๋ฐ ์˜จ๋„์žฅ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์˜จ๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Mahamud and Park(10)์€ ์™•๋ณต ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ ์ €๊ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , Yu et al.(11)์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „, ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์˜จ๋„์ƒ์Šน์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Jang et al.(12)์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒฌ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์ž…๊ตฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์–ด CFD ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Sung et al.(13)์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œ ์ฒด ์œ ์ž…๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ๊ณผ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์‹œ์ผœ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ด-์œ ๋™ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ํžˆํŠธํŒŒ์ดํ”„(heat pipe, HP), ์ƒ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฌผ์งˆ(phase change material, PCM), ํžˆํŠธ์‹ฑํฌ(heat sink) ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. Wang and Jiang(14)์€ HP๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ์‚ฌ์ด HP๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ํ›„ 2.5~40 W ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ด๋Ÿ‰ ์ƒ์„ฑ 10 W ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์—์„œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ 40โ„ƒ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Kizilel and Sabbaha(15) ์€ PCM์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์›ํ†ตํ˜• ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒฉ์˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ ๊ณต๋žญ์‹ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ PCM ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์ด ๊ณต๋žญ์‹ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ข€ ๋” ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ์˜จ๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Javani et al.(16)์€ PCM์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ 4๊ฐœ ์…€๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์—ด-์œ ๋™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์‹ ํผ๊ณผ ์Šต์‹ ํผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ PCM์˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜จ๋„๋ถ„ํฌ ๊ฐœ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ HP์˜ ์ƒ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ทธ ํ˜•์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์œ ๋™์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ U์žํ˜• HP๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ์‚ฌ์ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ์œ ๋กœ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ HP ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  HPr ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์œ ๋™๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ

2.1 ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

Fig. 1์€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ณต๋žญ์‹ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋žต๋„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ฐํ˜• Li-ion ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ, ํŒฌ, ๋•ํŠธ, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ผ€์ด์Šค, HP๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ HP์˜ ๋ƒ‰๋งค๋Š” Novec-649๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ Ansys Space Claim์œผ๋กœ 3D ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , CFD ์ƒ์šฉ ํˆด CFX 19๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(17) ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์€ ์ด 16๊ฐœ๋กœ 2์—ด 8ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…€ ์‚ฌ์ด ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์€ 5 mm์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด 5 mm ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋น„์›Œ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ๋กœ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํŒฌ ๋‹จ๋…(fan alone) ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ HP๊ฐ€ ์‚ฝ์ž…๋˜์–ด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ๋กœ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ํŒฌ๊ณผ HP(fan with HP)์˜ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ด์„์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 1 Configuration of battery system : (a) fan alone and (b) fan with HP.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2020.32.3.101/fig1.png

๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ์‚ฌ์ด 5 mm ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ์œ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณผ HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€, HP, ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŒฌ์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ „๋ฉด๋ถ€์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํก๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ๋•ํŠธ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ 2์—ด ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์–ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ์œ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. HP๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ์‚ฌ์ด 14๊ฐœ์™€ ์ „๋ฉด, ํ›„๋ฉด, ์ตœ์™ธ๊ฐ 4๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ด 18๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ƒ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ฉด์„ ์ปค๋ฒ„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๋•ํŠธ์™€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๋Š” ๋‹จ์—ด์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.2 ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ „์ง€๋Š” ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ์žฌ์งˆ์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ผ€์ด์Šค์™€ ์ƒ๋‹จ๋ถ€์— ์Œ๊ทน๊ณผ ์–‘๊ทน์ด ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐํ˜• Li-ion ์ „์ง€์ด๋‹ค.(18) ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ์—ดํŠน์„ฑ์€ Table 1์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ์—ดํŠน์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. (1) ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 2๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์—ด์ „๋„์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ท ์งˆํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฒด๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. (2) ๋ฐœ์—ด์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ท ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. (3) ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. (4) ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์…€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์ด๋‹ค. (5) ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋œ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” swelling ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ์—ด์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „๊ทน์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—ด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถˆ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ์—ด๋ฐœ์ƒ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ „์ง€์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์ง€์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์€ ๊ท ์งˆํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฒด๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์—ด์ด ๊ท ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์€ ์‹(1)๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Table 1. Physical and thermal properties of battery cell

Parameter

Value

Capacity(Ah)

68

Size(length height width)(mm)

173ร—125ร—45

Density(kgโ€คm$^{-3}$)

2300

Specific heat capacity(Jยทkg$^{-1}$ยทK$^{-1}$)

1280

Thermal conductivity(Wยทm$^{-1}$ยทK$^{-1}$)

23.8(in-plane)

1.7(through-plane)

(1)
$$(\rho C_{p})_{cell}\dfrac{\partial T}{\partial t}=k_{m}\left(\dfrac{\partial^{2}T}{\partial x^{2}}+\dfrac{\partial^{2}T}{\partial y^{2}}\right)+k_{th}\dfrac{\partial^{2}T}{\partial z^{2}}+\dot q_{g en}$$

2.3 HP

HP๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์‚ฝ์ž…๋˜๋Š” 14๊ฐœ์™€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ์ตœ์™ธ๊ฐ ์ขŒ, ์šฐ์ธก์— ์‚ฝ์ž…๋˜๋Š” 4๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ด 18๊ฐœ ์ด๋‹ค. HP์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์€ U ์ž ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์งง์€ ์ชฝ์˜ HPr์ด ๊ธด ์ชฝ ๋Œ€๋น„ 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 ๋น„์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” 3๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, HPr์€ U์žํ˜• HP์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ ์ค‘ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธด ์ฑ„๋„ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์งง์€ ์ฑ„๋„์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. HP๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ’€์–ด์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ swelling ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ swelling ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ํšŒํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก U์ž ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ๋˜๋Š” HP์˜ ์งง์€ ์ชฝ ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HP์˜ ์—ดํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. (1) HP๋Š” 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ด์ „๋„์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ท ์งˆํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฒด๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค(In-plane : HP ๋ฉด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์งง์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ธด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„, through-plane : HP ๋‘๊ป˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ). (2) HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋„์œจ์€ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์€ ๊ฐ’์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. HP์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์—ดํŠน์„ฑ์€ Fig. 3๊ณผ Table 2์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. HP์˜ ์ œ์ž‘์‚ฌ์–‘๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์—ด์ „๋„์œจ์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ 3์žฅ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ HP ์—ด์ „๋„์œจ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

2.4 Fan

๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํŒฌ์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „๋ฉด๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํŒฌ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค์€ ํŒฌ์˜ ์ž‘๋™์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‚˜ ์ž‘๋™์••๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š” ์ธ์ž์ด๋‹ค. ๋™์ผํ•œ ํŒฌ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค์ด ์ž‘์œผ๋ฉด ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ ๊ณ  ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค์ด ํฌ๋ฉด ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.(19) ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€์œ ๋Ÿ‰ 121 CFM์˜ DC 24V ํŒฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. (1) ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ž…๊ตฌ์™€ ์ถœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. (2) ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ €ํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŒฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ €ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.

์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ €ํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŒฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋œ ํŒฌ์˜ P-Q ๊ณก์„ (Pressure- flow rate)์ธ Fig. 2๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. P-Q ๊ณก์„ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ 90~100 Pa ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ์†Œ์œจ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, 100 Pa์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ์†Œ์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ์†Œ์œจ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ธ 100 Pa ์ดํ•˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํŒฌ์˜ ์ •์ƒ๋™์ž‘ ์‹œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด 100 Pa์ผ ๋•Œ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ธ 1.6 CMM์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 0.7, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 CMM 4๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ ์†์‹ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹์€ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ•ด์ง„ ํŒฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹(2)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

(2)
$$F(x)=1.60634-0.00395x-4.779E-05x^{2}+1.50E-07x^{3}$$

Fig. 2 P-Q curve of fan.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2020.32.3.101/fig2.png

2.5 ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹

๋ฐœ์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐํ•ด์„์€ ๊ณ ์ฒด์˜ ์ „๋„ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ์œ ์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜ํ•ด์„์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์œ ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ข์•„์ง€๋ฉฐ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด๋†€์ฆˆ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์œ ๋กœํ˜•์ƒ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์œ ๋™์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜๋ชจ๋ธ์€ k-ฮต ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ ์„ฑ ์†Œ์‚ฐ, ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

โˆ™์—ด์ „๋„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹(Solid region) :

(3)
$$\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{1}}\left(k_{s}\dfrac{\partial T}{\partial x_{1}}\right)+S_{i}=0$$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ Si๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ญ์ด๋‹ค.

์—ฐ์†์„ฑ, ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

โˆ™์—ฐ์†๋ฐฉ์ •์‹(Fluid region) :

(4)
$$\dfrac{\partial\rho_{f}\overline{u_{1}}}{\partial x_{1}}=0$$

โˆ™์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹(Fluid region) :

(5)
$$\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}(\rho_{f}\overline{u}_{i}\overline{u}_{j})=-\dfrac{\partial\overline{p}}{\partial x_{i}}+\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}\left[\mu\left(\dfrac{\partial\overline{u_{i}}}{\partial x_{j}}+\dfrac{\partial\overline{u}_{j}}{\partial x_{i}}\right)-\rho_{f}\overline{u'_{i}u'_{j}}\right]+\rho_{f}g_{i}$$

โˆ™์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹(Fluid region) :

(6)
$$\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{i}}\left(\rho_{f}c_{p,\:f}\overline{u_{i}}\overline{T}\right)=\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{i}}\left[k_{f}\dfrac{\partial\overline{T}}{\partial x_{i}}-\rho_{f}c_{p,\:f}\overline{u'_{i}T'}\right]$$

Table 2. Physical and thermal properties of HP

Parameter

Value

Size(Section)(mm)

20ร—5

Pipe(Material)

AL

Density(kgยทm$^{-3}$)

2712

Specific heat capacity(Jยทkg$^{-1}$ยทK$^{-1}$)

921

Thermal conductivity(Wยทm$^{-1}$ยทK$^{-1}$)

(HPr = 0.1)

In-plane

4 W : Long 938, Short 323

6 W : Long 1775, Short 706

8 W : Long 3123, Short 1656

Through-plane

4, 6, 8 W : 232

Thermal conductivity(Wยทm$^{-1}$ยทK$^{-1}$)

(HPr = 0.3)

In-plane

4 W : Long 1219, Short 545

6 W : Long 2536, Short 1282

8 W : Long 3346, Short 1833

Through-plane

4, 6, 8 W: 232

Thermal conductivity(Wยทm$^{-1}$ยทK$^{-1}$)

(HPr = 0.5)

In-plane

4 W : Long 1626, Short 1082

6 W : Long 3227, Short 1837

8 W : Long 3904, Short 2238

Through-plane

4, 6, 8 W : 232

Working fluid

Novec-649

Fig. 3 Configurations of HP.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2020.32.3.101/fig3.png

3. ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฒ€์ฆ

3.1 ๊ฒฉ์ž ์˜์กด์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ

HPr 0.5๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ ๊ฒฉ์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ(mesh size) 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mm์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž(mesh) ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 0.7, 1.6 CMM์˜ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 4์™€ Table 3์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜จ๋„, ์ตœ์ €์˜จ๋„ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ 0.7 CMM ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์••๋ ฅ ์†์‹ค์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ค์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ‰๊ฐ€์ง€ํ‘œ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” 2.4%์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ 1.6 CMM ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋„ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ค์ฐจ์œจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋Š” 2.7% ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ ๊ฒฉ์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜จ๋„, ์ตœ์ €์˜จ๋„ ๋ฐ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ค์ฐจ์— ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด์„์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹จ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์ฒด ๊ฒฉ์ž ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ 570๋งŒ ๊ฐœ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ ๊ฒฉ์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ 1 mm๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 4 Mesh structures of the fluid at three sizes.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2020.32.3.101/fig4.png

Table 3. Grid information and results

Parameter

Value

Flow rate(CMM)

0.7

1.6

Mesh size(mm)

0.5

1.0

1.5

0.5

1.0

1.5

Total number of nodes

5,399,584

3,006,065

2,064,508

5,399,584

3,006,065

2,064,508

Total number of elements

9,092,288

5,712,172

4,147,339

9,092,288

5,712,172

4,147,339

Average temperature(โ„ƒ)

45.1

45.9

45.9

36.0

36.5

36.5

Maximum flow velocity(mยทs$^{-1}$)

5.8

5.3

5.3

13.5

12.6

12.7

Pressure drop(Pa)

21.4

20.7

20.8

110.2

107.2

108.1

3.2 HP ์—ด์ „๋„์œจ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ฆ

CFD ํ•ด์„์œผ๋กœ ์–ป์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€๊ณผ HP์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ผ HP ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์€ ์˜จ๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HP๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ƒ‰๋งค์ฑ„๋„์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ์žฌ์งˆ์˜ 20 mm ร— 5 mm๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ž‘๋™์œ ์ฒด๋กœ 3M ์‚ฌ์˜ Novec-649๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HP๋Š” ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ๋˜๋Š” HPr 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ Fig. 3์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐœ์—ด์กฐ๊ฑด์€ 4, 6, 8 W 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ๊ธฐ ์˜จ๋„ 25โ„ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋ถ€์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ ด๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ผ HP์˜ ์‘์ถ•๋ถ€์™€ ์ฆ๋ฐœ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์—ด์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํžˆํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฝ์ž…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์—ด๋ถ€์— Kํ˜• ์—ด์ „๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HP๋Š” U์žํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์–‘์ชฝ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์งง์€ ์ชฝ๊ณผ ๊ธด ์ชฝ์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ๋ถ€ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์ธก์ • ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‘์ถ•๋ถ€์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ์‘์ถ•๋ถ€ ์ค‘์•™์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์€ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ HPr๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ด์ „๋„์œจ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹์€ ์‹(7)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” Table 2์— ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

(7)
$$k=\dfrac{QL}{A(T_{eva}-T_{cond})}$$

Q๋Š” ๋ฐœ์—ด๋ถ€์— ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ „์••(V), ์ „๋ฅ˜(I)์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฐ’์ด๋ฉฐ, L์€ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ธธ์ด๋กœ ์‘์ถ•๋ถ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ฆ๋ฐœ๋ถ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ด๋‹ค. $T_{eva}$๋Š” ์ฆ๋ฐœ๋ถ€์˜ ์˜จ๋„, $T_{cond}$๋Š” ์‘์ถ•๋ถ€์˜ ์˜จ๋„์ด๋‹ค. A๋Š” HP ์ฑ„๋„์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ 20 mm ร— 5 mm๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•ด์„์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์—ดํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ดํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.(17) ์—ด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฌ๊ณ  ์—ด์ „๋„์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์ฒ  AISI 1010(7832 kgยทm$^{-3}$, 434 Jยทkg$^{-1}$ยทK$^{-1}$, 63.9 Wยทm$^{-1}$ยทK$^{-1}$), ์—ด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฌ๊ณ  ์—ด์ „๋„์œจ์ด ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ธ STS 304(7900 kgยทm$^{-3}$, 477 Jยทkg$^{-1}$ยทK$^{-1}$, 14.9 Wยทm$^{-1}$ยทK$^{-1}$), ์—ด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ž‘๊ณ  ์—ด์ „๋„์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ HDPE(945 kgยทm$^{-3}$, 2250 Jยทkg$^{-1}$ยทK$^{-1}$, 0.46 Wยทm$^{-1}$ยทK$^{-1}$)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌ ์…€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์—ด์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํžˆํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Ÿ‰(power supply)์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์—ด์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์—ด๋ถ€์™€ HP์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ์‘์ถ•๋ถ€์— Kํ˜• ์—ด์ „๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , HPr 0.5์˜ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ํ•ด์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰ 4, 6, 8 W ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ํ•ด์„์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€๊ณผ HP ์ˆ˜๋ ด ์˜จ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ•ด์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 0.2~0.9โ„ƒ ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„ 2.7%๋กœ ํ•ด์„์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 5์— ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜์™€ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 5 Experimental apparatus and comparison of average temperatures between experiment and simulation.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2020.32.3.101/fig5.png

4. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ

4.1 ํŒฌ ๋‹จ๋…(Fan alone) ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ฑ๋Šฅ

Fig. 6์—์„œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜จ๋„, ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜จ๋„์™€ ์ตœ์ €์˜จ๋„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” Fig. 1์— ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰ 4 W ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ Fig. 6(a)์˜ ํŒฌ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์œ„์น˜์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์•ž๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ 1, 2๋ฒˆ ์…€์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ›„๋ฉด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ 15, 16๋ฒˆ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์กฐ๊ฑด 0.7 CMM ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜จ๋„ 47.6โ„ƒ, ์ตœ์ €์˜จ๋„ 32.7โ„ƒ, 1.2 CMM์—์„œ 40.6โ„ƒ, 29.8โ„ƒ, 1.6 CMM์—์„œ 36.9โ„ƒ, 28.4โ„ƒ, 2.0 CMM์—์„œ 34.7โ„ƒ, 27.7โ„ƒ๋กœ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ , ์ตœ์ €์˜จ๋„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํŽธ์ฐจ๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 14.8, 10.8, 8.5, 6.9โ„ƒ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ 13, 14๋ฒˆ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์˜จ๋„์™€ 15, 16๋ฒˆ์˜ ์˜จ๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” 15, 16๋ฒˆ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ตœ์™ธ๊ฐ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ์ชฝ ๋ฉด์—๋งŒ ์—ด์›์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜จ๋„์ƒ์Šน์˜ ํญ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด 0.7 CMM์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์˜จ๋„์ƒ์Šน๋ฅ ์ด ๋น„๊ต์  ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. Fig. 6(b)์— 6, 8 W ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋„์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 4, 6, 8 W์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 6 Variations in (a) average temperature and (b) maximum temperature and temperature deviation of battery cells with heat inputs of 4, 6, 8 W at various flow rates.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2020.32.3.101/fig6.png

Table 4์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์œ„์น˜๋ณ„ ์œ ์†๊ณผ ๋ ˆ์ด๋†€์ฆˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธก์ •์œ„์น˜๋Š” Fig. 1์— ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 0.7 CMM ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ A์ง€์ ์—์„œ๋งŒ 2445๋กœ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์˜์—ญ์— ์†ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 1.2 CMM ๊ณผ 1.6 CMM ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” B์ง€์ , 2.0 CMM ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” C ์ง€์ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์˜์—ญ์ด ๋„“์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ง€์ ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์œ ์†์ด ๋นจ๋ผ ๋ ˆ์ด๋†€์ฆˆ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์˜์—ญ์— ์†ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธก์ •์œ„์น˜ ๋ณ„ ์œ ์†์€ ๋™์ผ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰๋„ ๋™์ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์œ ์†๊ณผ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜จ๋„์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด๋†€์ฆˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹์€ ์‹(8)๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค.

Table 4. Flow velocity and Reynolds number at various flow rates and measuring points.

Parameter

Value

Flow rate(CMM)

0.7

1.2

1.6

2.0

Measuring point

Velocity

(mยทs$^{-1}$)

Re

Velocity

(mยทs$^{-1}$)

Re

Velocity

(mยทs$^{-1}$)

Re

Velocity

(mยทs$^{-1}$)

Re

A

4.34

2445

7.26

4084

10.18

5726

13.09

7363

B

2.69

1517

4.52

2546

6.34

3571

8.14

4579

C

1.46

824

2.48

1397

3.52

1982

4.56

2566

D

0.92

518

1.56

880

2.23

1257

2.98

1677

E

0.83

467

1.39

783

1.96

1104

2.53

1423

(8)
$$Re=\dfrac{VD_{h}}{v}$$

Fig. 7์€ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด๋ณ„ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์˜จ๋„์™€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์œ ์†์ด ๋นจ๋ผ์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์••๋ ฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒฌ ์ถœ๊ตฌ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 0.7 CMM์—์„œ 17.5 Pa, 1.2 CMM์—์„œ 46.9 Pa, 1.6 CMM์—์„œ 90 Pa, 2.0 CMM์—์„œ 146.9 Pa๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 7 Variations in temperature of battery cells and the pressure drop of the system with heat inputs of 4 W, 6 W, and 8 W at various flow rates.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2020.32.3.101/fig7.png

์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ์˜จ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์†์˜ ์ œ๊ณฑ์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ €ํ•ญ์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํŒฌ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ €ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ 2 CMM ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” 0.7 CMM ๋Œ€๋น„ 8๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ €ํ•ญ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ค€์ธ 100 Pa ์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํŒฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ํฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

4.2 Fan with HP ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ HPr์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ฑ๋Šฅ (HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ์ œ์™ธ)

๋ณธ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” HP์˜ ์ ์šฉ๊ณผ ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์œ ๋™๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HPr 0.1, 0.3, 0.5์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ HP๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ , ํŒฌ ๋‹จ๋… (fan alone) ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ํ•ด์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ๋ฐœ์—ด์กฐ๊ฑด์€ 4 W์ด๋ฉฐ(18) ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฐ ์œ ์†์˜ ์ธก์ •์œ„์น˜๋Š” ํŒฌ ๋‹จ๋…(fan alone) ํ•ด์„์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ HP ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐํŠน์„ฑ๋งŒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ฒˆ ํ•ด์„ ์—์„œ HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์€ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.

Fig. 8์— HPr์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŒฌ ๋‹จ๋…(fan alone) ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋Œ€๋น„ HPr 0.1์—์„œ 6.9~7.3%, HPr 0.3์—์„œ 8.4~10.9%, HPr 0.5์—์„œ 10.6~14.2% ๋‚ฎ์•„ ์กŒ๋‹ค. HP์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ์‚ฌ์ด ์œ ๋กœ์— HP ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œ ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ข์•„์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์œ ์†์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐํšจ์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ธก์ •์œ„์น˜ ๋ณ„ ์œ ์†์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, HPr์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์œ ์†์ด ๋นจ๋ผ์กŒ๊ณ  ํŒฌ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ์ˆ˜๋ก ์œ ์†์ด ๋นจ๋ผ์ง€๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์˜์—ญ์ด ๋„“์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์€ ํŒฌ ๋‹จ๋…(fan alone) ํ•ด์„์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 8 Variations in temperature of battery cells and pressure drop with HP at various flow rates(Non-heat transfer of HP).
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2020.32.3.101/fig8.png

์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ HPr์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŒฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ €ํ•˜ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. Fig. 8์—์„œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, HPr 0.3์˜ 0.7 CMM ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์•ฝ 19 Pa์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์€ 2.0 CMM์—์„œ 161 Pa๋กœ ์•ฝ 8๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ HPr 0.5์—์„œ๋Š” 180 Pa ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น„์œจ๋ณด๋‹ค ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” HPr 0.5 ์ ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ข์•„์ง„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์œ ๋กœ์—์„œ์˜ ์™€๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด 2.0 CMM ์—์„œ๋Š” HPr 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์ด 100 Pa์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํŒฌ ๋‹จ๋…(fan alone) ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ 2.0 CMM ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ํŒฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ €ํ•˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ €ํ•˜ ํญ์ด ๋”์šฑ ํฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

4.3 Fan with HP ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ HPr์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ฑ๋Šฅ(HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ์ ์šฉ)

HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ์ด์ „ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์€ 0.7 CMM๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฐ 2.0 CMM์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 1.2, 1.6 CMM 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์˜ ๋™์ผํ•œ 4 W ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HP๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ HPr 0.5 ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ HPr 0.1, 0.3์˜ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์€ HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋„์œจ์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 9๋Š” HPr 0.1, 0.3์—์„œ HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์™€ ๋ฏธ์ ์šฉ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ด๋‹ค. 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋น„์œจ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ ์šฉ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ณด๋‹ค 0.2~1.2โ„ƒ ๋‚ฎ์•„ ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ €์˜จ๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜จ๋„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฏธ์ ์šฉ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 10์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์ ‘ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํฐ, ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ณผ๋กํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ณผ๋กํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ธ์ ‘ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ์‚ฌ์ด ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€๋กœ ์—ด์ด ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ, HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ด๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 11(a)๋Š” HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ HP์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€๋กœ ์—ด์ด ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. HP๊ฐ€ ์‚ฝ์ž…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์—ด์ด ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŒฌ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ด์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŒฌ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐํšจ์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” U์žํ˜• HP์˜ ์งง์€ ๋น„์œจ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ Fig. 11(b)์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ด์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ์‚ฌ์ด ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ด์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ธ์ ‘ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์†Œ์œจ๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŒฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๋ณธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ตœ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ HPr 0.3๊ณผ 1.2 CMM ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ํŒฌ ๋‹จ๋…(fan alone) ์กฐ๊ฑด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜จ๋„ 3.7โ„ƒ, ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ 6.9โ„ƒ ์ €๊ฐ์˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 9 Variations in maximum temperature of battery cells with HPr of (a) 0.1 and (b) 0.3 at various flow rates.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2020.32.3.101/fig9.png

Fig. 10 Variations in temperature difference between battery cells with HPr of (a) 0.1 and (b) 0.3 at various flow rates.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2020.32.3.101/fig10.png

Fig. 11 Temperature distribution of battery cells with condition of (a) heat transfer of HP and (b) non-heat transfer of HP.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2020.32.3.101/fig11.png

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜์™€ HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ๋™ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด HPr์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ๋™ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ตœ์ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ HPr์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HP๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ HP์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ๋น„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์„์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜จ๋„, ์œ ์† ๋ฐ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž ์˜์กด์„ฑ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  2.7%์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋„์œจ์€ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ HP์˜ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ HPr์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. HP ์—ด์ „๋„์œจ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์„๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 2.8% ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ•ด์„์€ ์™ธ๊ธฐ์˜จ๋„ 25โ„ƒ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ HPr, ํŒฌ ํ’๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ๋ŠฅํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ํŒฌ ๋‹จ๋…(fan alone) ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜จ๋„์™€ ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด 0.7 CMM๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰ 4 W ๊ธฐ์ค€, ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜จ๋„ 47.6โ„ƒ, 14.8โ„ƒ์˜ ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— HP๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HPr์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์œ ๋™๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋‘ ํŒฌ์˜ ํ’๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ HPr์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์œ„์น˜๋ณ„ ์œ ์†์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฐ ์ธ์ ‘ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŒฌ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HPr 0.1์—์„œ 0.3 ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์„ ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋‹ค HPr 0.5 ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๋„ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด ์ธก์ •์œ„์น˜ ๋ณ„ ์œ ์†์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํŒฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ณ  HPr์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์œ ์†์ด ๋นจ๋ผ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋„“์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ์†๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜จ๋„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•ด์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ํŒฌ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๋ณธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ตœ์  ๋ƒ‰๊ฐํšจ์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ HPr 0.3 ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ 1.2 CMM์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํŒฌ ๋‹จ๋…(fan alone) ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜จ๋„ 3.7โ„ƒ, ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ 6.9โ„ƒ ์ €๊ฐ์˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ธ HPr 0.3, 1.2 CMM ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์™€ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ์ ์šฉ ์‹œ 0.2~1.2โ„ƒ์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜จ๋„ ์ €๊ฐ๊ณผ 1.2~2.8โ„ƒ์˜ ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ ๊ฐœ์„ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜จ๋„ ์ €๊ฐ์˜ ํญ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜จ๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ ๊ฐœ์„ ์˜ ํญ์ด ๋” ํฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” HP์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์…€์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€๋กœ์˜ ์—ด๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ์—ด์› ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋Š” HP์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ด๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

ํ›„ ๊ธฐ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2017๋…„๋„ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ†ต์ƒ์ž์›๋ถ€์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€์›(KETEP)์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(No. 20173010013220).

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