Mobile QR Code QR CODE : Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering

  1. ๋Œ€์ „๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ • ( Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Architectural Engineering, Daejeon University, Daejeon 02841, Republic of Korea )
  2. ํ•œ๊ตญ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ( Researcher, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea )
  3. ๋Œ€์ „๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ( Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering, Daejeon University, Daejeon 02841, Republic of Korea )



Flat-plate solar collector(ํ‰ํŒํ˜• ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ), Natural circulation(์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜), Solar fraction(ํƒœ์–‘์˜์กด์œจ), Solar water heater(ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ), Thermosyphon(์—ด์‚ฌ์ดํŽ€), TRNSYS(ํŠธ๋žœ์‹œ์Šค)

๊ธฐํ˜ธ์„ค๋ช…

$a,\: b,\: c$ ๏ผš ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ์‹œํ—˜ ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค๊ณ„์ˆ˜
$A$๏ผš ๋ฐฐ๊ด€๋‹จ๋ฉด์  [ใŽก]
$A_{c}$๏ผš ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ํˆฌ๊ณผ๋ฉด์  [ใŽก]
$b_{o}$๏ผš ์ž…์‚ฌ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์ •๊ณ„์ˆ˜
$c_{p}$๏ผš ์—ด๋งค์ฒด ๋น„์—ด [kJ/kgK]
$d$๏ผš ๋ฐฐ๊ด€๊ด€๊ฒฝ [m]
$D$๏ผš ๋‚˜์„ ํ˜• ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ ์ฝ”์ผ ์ง€๋ฆ„ [m]
$De$๏ผš ๋”˜์ˆ˜
$f_{c}$๏ผš ๋‚˜์„  ๋ฐฐ๊ด€ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜
$f_{st}$๏ผš ์ง๊ด€ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜
$F_{R}(\tau\alpha)$๏ผš ๋ฌด์†์‹คํšจ์œจ
$F_{R}U_{L}$๏ผš ์—ด์†์‹ค๊ณ„์ˆ˜ [W/ใŽกK]
$g$๏ผš ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ฐ€์†๋„ [m/s2]
$I_{T}$๏ผš ์ง‘์—ด๋ฉด ์ด ์ผ์‚ฌ [W/ใŽก]
$l$๏ผš ๋ฐฐ๊ด€๊ธธ์ด [m]
$L_{c}$๏ผš ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ๊ธธ์ด [m]
$\dot m$๏ผš ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ๋Ÿ‰ [kg/s]
TRAINGLE $P_{col}$๏ผš ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค [mAq]
TRAINGLE $P_{m}$๏ผš ๋ถ€์ฐจ์  ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค [mAq]
TRAINGLE $P_{p}$๏ผš ๋ฐฐ๊ด€ ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค [mAq]
$R_{c}$๏ผš ๋‚˜์„ ํ˜• ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ ๊ณก๋ฅ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ [m]
$Re$๏ผš ๋ ˆ์ด๋†€๋“œ ์ˆ˜
$T_{amb}$๏ผš ์™ธ๊ธฐ์˜จ [โ„ƒ]
$T_{in}$๏ผš ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ์ž…๊ตฌ์˜จ๋„ [โ„ƒ]
$T_{out}$๏ผš ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ์ถœ๊ตฌ์˜จ๋„ [โ„ƒ]
$T(x)$๏ผš ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ์—ด๋งค์ฒด์˜จ๋„ [โ„ƒ]
$v$๏ผš ์œ ์† [m/s]
$\alpha$๏ผš ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๊ฐ [o]
$\beta'$๏ผš ์—ด๋งค์ฒด ํŒฝ์ฐฝ๊ณ„์ˆ˜
$\theta$๏ผš ์ž…์‚ฌ๋ฉด ํƒœ์–‘ ์ž…์‚ฌ๊ฐ [o]
$\rho_{m}$๏ผš ์—ด๋งค์ฒด ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฐ€๋„ [kg/ใŽฅ]
$\xi$๏ผš ๋ถ€์ฐจ์  ์†์‹ค๊ณ„์ˆ˜

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์—ด์‚ฌ์ดํŽ€(Thermosiphon)์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํŽŒํ”„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ด์žฅ์น˜ ์—†์ด ์ž๋™ ์šด์ „๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์„ค์น˜ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ํžˆํŠธํŽŒํ”„ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ ์œ ์œจ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ํ•˜๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„, ๋†’์€ ์—ด์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.(1) ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ 2012๋…„ โ€œ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜์‹ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…โ€์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ดํ›„ โ€œ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…โ€ ์ฃผํƒ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ง€์›๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜์‹ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2025๋…„ ์ œ๋กœ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์˜๋ฌดํ™”์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ‰ํƒ•์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋†’์€ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์šฉ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜, ํ˜ธํ…”, ๋ณ‘์› ๋“ฑ์— ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ง๋œ๋‹ค.

์—ด์‚ฌ์ดํŽ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ Close(2)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ด์‚ฌ์ดํŽ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์œ ๋™ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ดํ›„, Ong์€(3,4) ์œ ํ•œ์ฐจ๋ถ„๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ•์—ด์กฐ ์ง์ ‘๊ฐ€์—ด๋ฐฉ์‹ ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ Rakopoulos and Vazeos(5)์€ ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ ๋‚ด์žฅํ˜• ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ„์ ‘๊ฐ€์—ด๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Koffi et al.(6,7)์€ ๋‚˜์„ ํ˜• ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ(Helical coil heat changer)๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์—ด์กฐ์— ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ํ”„๋กœํ†  ํƒ€์ž… ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ด๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์—ด์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, Taherian et al.(8)์€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ๋งจํ‹€์‹(Horizontal mantle type) ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™์  ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ Tse and Chow(9)์€ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ์›ํ˜• ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ง ๋ฐฉ์‹(Parallel circular tube rings type)์˜ ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ์™€ ์กฐํ•ฉ๋œ ์—ด์‚ฌ์ดํŽ€ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์  ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ด๋“ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๊ด€๊ณผ ์ง€๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ‰ํŒํ˜• ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ์—์„œ(๊ท ๋“ฑํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ) ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ง€๊ด€์„ ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์—ด๋งค์ฒด ์œ ๋™์— ์˜ํ•œ ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด Baek et al.(10)์€ ์ˆ˜์ง ์„ค์น˜ํ˜• ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ โ€œ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค ์‹œํ—˜โ€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌ๋œ ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค ๋ฐ ์ง€๊ด€์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ๋กœํ˜•ํƒœ์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ์‹คํ—˜์ด๋‚˜ TRNSYS ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜(11,12,13,14)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์—ด์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ถ„์„์— ํ•œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œ ๋™ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์—ด์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ „๋ฌดํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜์„ ํ˜• ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ ๋‚ด์žฅํ˜• ์ถ•์—ด์กฐ์™€ ํ‰ํŒํ˜• ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋™ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์šด์ „์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด Baek์˜ ํ•ด์„ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด TRNSYS ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , TRNSYS ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™์  ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ์ด๋ก ํ•ด์„

2.1 ์ž์—ฐ์œ ๋™ํ•ด์„

Fig. 1์€ ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ์ถ•์—ด์กฐ๋Š” ํ‰ํŒํ˜• ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ์ƒ๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ถ•์—ด์กฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ์ž…๋œ ์—ด๋งค์ฒด๋Š” ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์—ด๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ€๋„์ฐจ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆœํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ด์‚ฌ์ดํŽ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์œ ๋™์„ ์ด๋ก ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„์ž…๋œ ๊ฐ€์ •์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Fig. 1 Side view of the thermosiphon solar water heater.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2021.33.5.209/fig1.png

โ‘  ์—ด๋งค์ฒด ์œ ๋™์€ 1์ฐจ์›์ด๋‹ค.

โ‘ก ์ถ•์—ด์กฐ์™€ ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ด€ ์—ด์†์‹ค์€ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.

โ‘ข ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ์„ ํ˜•๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค.

โ‘ฃ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋ฐฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๊ฐ ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ๊ท ์ผํ•˜๋‹ค.

์—ด๋งค์ฒด์˜ ์œ ๋™์€ ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ณ ์˜จ๊ณผ ์ €์˜จ ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„์ฐจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์—ด์‚ฌ์ดํŽ€(Thermosiphon)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ ฅ (Buoyant Pressure, $BP$)์™€ ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์œ ๋กœ์˜ ์ด ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค(Total pressure loss, $\triangle P_{t}$) ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ด ๋ฐ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ „๋‹ฌ ํ‰ํ˜•์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ์••๋ ฅ ํ‰ํ˜•๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.

(1)
\begin{align*} BP & =TRIANGLE P_{t}=TRIANGLE P_{col}+TRIANGLE P_{p}+TRIANGLE P_{m} \end{align*}

Duffie์™€ Beckman(15)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ด์‚ฌ์ดํŽ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ ฅ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.

(2)
\begin{align*} BP & = g\rho_{m}\beta'\sin(\alpha)\int_{0}^{L_{c}}(T(x)- T)dx \end{align*}

Close(2)์€ ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ์—ด๋งค์ฒด ์˜จ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์„ ํ˜•์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(3)
$T(x)- T_{i}=\dfrac{x}{L_{c}}(T_{f2}- T_{f1})$

์‹(3)์„ ์‹(2)์— ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด,

(4)
\begin{align*} BP & = g\rho_{m}\beta'\sin(\alpha)\int_{0}^{L_{c}}\dfrac{(T(x)- T)}{L_{c}}dx \end{align*}

์‹(4)๋ฅผ ์ ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ด์‚ฌ์ดํŽ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ ฅ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.

(5)
\begin{align*} BP & = g\rho_{m}\beta'\sin(\alpha)\dfrac{L_{c}}{2}(T_{out}- T_{in}) \end{align*}

์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค($\triangle P_{col"}$)์€ KS B ISO 9806-1์˜ โ€œ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค ์‹œํ—˜โ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹(6)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด 2์ฐจํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(6)
$\triangle P_{col}= a\dot m^{2}+ b\dot m + c$

๋ฐฐ๊ด€ ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค, $\triangle P_{p}$์€ Darcy-Weisbach์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹(7)๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค.

(7)
$\triangle P_{p}= f_{st}\rho\dfrac{v^{2}}{2}\dfrac{l}{d}= f_{st}\dfrac{l}{d}\dfrac{\dot m^{2}}{2g\rho^{2}A^{2}}$

๋ฐฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—ด๋งค์ฒด ์œ ๋™์ด ์ธต๋ฅ˜์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ($Re < 2000$) ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(8)
$f_{st}=\dfrac{64}{Re}$

์ถ•์—ด์กฐ์˜ ๋‚ด์žฅ ๋‚˜์„ ํ˜• ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜($f_{c}$)๋Š” Adler ๊ด€๊ณ„์‹์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

(9)
$\dfrac{f_{c}}{f_{st}}= 0.1064 De^{0.5}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $De$๋Š” ๋”˜์ˆ˜(Dean number)๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค.

(10)
$De = Re\sqrt{\dfrac{D}{2 R_{c}}}$

๋ฐฐ๊ด€ ๋ถ€์†์žฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ฐจ์  ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค, $\triangle P_{m}$์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(11)
$\triangle P_{m}=\xi\rho\dfrac{v^{2}}{2}=\xi\dfrac{\dot m^{2}}{2g\rho^{2}A^{2}}$

์‹(5)์™€ ์‹(6), ์‹(7), ์‹(11)์„ ์‹(1)์— ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ 2์ฐจ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŽ€ ๋ฃจํ”„์—์„œ ์—ด๋งค์ฒด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(12)
\begin{align*} &\left[\dfrac{\xi}{2g\rho^{2}A^{2}}+f\dfrac{l}{d}\dfrac{1}{2g\rho^{2}A^{2}}+a\right]\dot m^{2}+b\dot m +c = g\rho_{m}\beta'\sin(\alpha)\dfrac{L_{c}}{2}(T_{out}- T_{in}) \end{align*}

ํ•œํŽธ n๊ฐœ ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ง๋ ฌ๊ณผ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋  ๋•Œ ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค ๋ฐ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

โ‘  ์ง๋ ฌ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ

(13)
$\triangle P_{col"}=\triangle P_{col, 1}+\triangle P_{col,\:2}+\cdots +\triangle P_{col,n}$

(14)
$\dot m =\dot m_{col, 1}=\dot m_{col, 2}=\cdots =\dot m_{col, n}$

โ‘ก ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ

(15)
$\triangle P_{col}=\triangle P_{col, 1}=\triangle P_{col,2}=\cdots =\triangle P_{col,n}$

(16)
$\dot m =\dot m_{col, 1}+\dot m_{col, 2}+\cdots +\dot m_{col, n}$

2.2 ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ํ•ด์„

์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ์˜ ์ง‘์—ด์—ด๋Ÿ‰($Q_{u}$)์™€ ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ์ถœ๊ตฌ์˜จ๋„($T_{out}$)๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹(17), ์‹(18)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.

(17)
$Q_{u}= A_{c}(F_{R}(\tau\alpha)I_{t}K_{\theta}- F_{R}U_{L}(T_{in}-T_{amb}))$

(18)
$T_{out}=\dfrac{Q_{u}}{C_{p}\dot m}+ T_{in}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $K_{\theta}$๋Š” ์ž…์‚ฌ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์ •์ธ์ž(Incident angle modifier)๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(19)
$K_{\theta}= 1 - b_{o}\left(\dfrac{1}{\cos}(\theta)- 1\right)$

์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ๋™ํ•ด์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง(๋œ ์‹(12)์™€ ์‹(18)์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•ด์„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Newton-Raphson์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹(12)์˜ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹(14)์— ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์œ ๋™์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3. ๋ถ„์„๋ชจ๋ธ

3.1 ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ

Fig. 2์™€ Table 1์€ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ„์„๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์š” ์‚ฌ์–‘์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํšกํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ ๋‚ด์žฅ ์›ํ†ตํ˜• ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ์ถ•์—ด์กฐ์™€ ๊ทธ ํ•˜๋ถ€์— ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ 2์žฅ์˜ ํ‰ํŒํ˜• ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์—ด๋œ ์—ด๋งค์ฒด๋Š” ์—ด์‚ฌ์ดํŽ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋ถ€ ์ถ•์—ด์กฐ์˜ ๋‚˜์„ ํ˜• ์ฝ”์ผ ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ(Helical coil heat exchanger)์— ์œ ์ž…๋˜์–ด ์‹œ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์—ดํ•œ ํ›„ ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋ถ€๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ(Closed loop)๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of solar water heater.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2021.33.5.209/fig2.png

Table 1. Specification of component

Contents

Remarks

Collector

Dimension

2 mร—1 mร—0.1 m

Area = 2ใŽก

Zero loss efficiency, $F_{R}(\tau\alpha)$

0.7207

ASHRAE standard

Heat loss coefficiency, $F_{R}U_{L}$

5.1109 W/ใŽกK

IAM coefficient

0.1207

Storage tank

Capacity

350 liter

Thickness of insulation

50 mm

Helical coil exchanger

Length

20 m

Coil diameter

0.02 m

Radius of curvature

0.175 m

Table 2. Monthly hot water load

Month

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Total

Hot watrer use

(liter/mon)

6,347

5,595

5,521

4,880

4,703

3,130

2,570

1,577

3,270

5,524

5,308

6,153

54,579

Hot water load

(kWh/mon)

369

335

311

251

213

123

91

52

112

224

240

326

2,634

3.2 ๊ธ‰ํƒ•๋ถ€ํ•˜

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญํ† ๊ตํ†ต๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ฃผ๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ •์›์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” โ€œ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ •๋ณด์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(์ดํ•˜ K-apt)โ€์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ‰ํƒ• ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ์€ K-apt์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์†Œ์žฌ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ค‘ 1997๋…„์—์„œ 2016๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค€๊ณต๋œ 202๊ฐœ ๋‹จ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 2๋Š” ๋ถ„์„๋œ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋‹น ์›”๋ณ„ ๊ธ‰ํƒ•์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ธ‰ํƒ•๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธ‰ํƒ•๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ 1์›”์€ 369 kWh๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ 8์›”์˜ 52 kWh์— ๋น„ํ•ด 7๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๊ธ‰ํƒ•๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” 2,647 kWh(๊ธ‰ํƒ•๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜จ๋„ : 55โ„ƒ ๊ธฐ์ค€)๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

3.3 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” TRNSYS 17์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™์  ๊ฑฐ๋™๊ณผ ์—ด์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 3์€ ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ TRNSYS ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ด์‚ฌ์ดํŽ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™์  ์ž์—ฐ ์œ ๋™์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ „์ˆ ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ํ•ด์„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ W-language(16)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด TRNSYS ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ(์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์—์„œ โ€œw-interpreterโ€๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋จ)๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. W-language๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค CSTB(Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bรขtiment)์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ TRNSYS ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋ฐ ์–ธ์–ด(Programming language)๋กœ TRNSYS ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค(Simulation studio) ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ(Compile) ์—†์ด ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. TRNSYS ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋Š” โ€œw-interpreterโ€์™€ ์ถ•์—ดํƒฑํฌ(Type 60l; a horizontally cylindrical tank with helical coil heat exchangers)๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ถ•์—ดํƒฑํฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์„ ํ˜• ์ฝ”์ผ ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ๊ตฌ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฐ ์••๋ ฅ์†์‹ค(โ€œw-interpreterโ€์—์„œ ํ•ด์„๋จ)์ด ๋‘ ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋งํฌ(Link)๋œ๋‹ค.

ํ•œํŽธ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์—ด์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋Œ€์ „์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์—ฐ๋„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ(TMY3)(17)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 3 TRNSYS model of solar water heater with natural circulation.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2021.33.5.209/fig3.png

4. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„

Fig. 4๋Š” ์ง‘์—ด๋ฉด์  4 ใŽก์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์›”๋ณ„ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด๊ณต๊ธ‰์—ด๋Ÿ‰(Solar yield)๊ณผ ํƒœ์–‘์˜์กด์œจ(Solar fraction)์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ 1์›”์˜ ํƒœ์–‘์˜์กด์œจ์€ 50.5%๋กœ ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 5์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 9์›”๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ 100%์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—ด๋Ÿ‰์€ 2,001 kWh๋กœ ์—ฐ ํ‰๊ท  ํƒœ์–‘์˜์กด์œจ์€ 75.1%๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

Fig. 5๋Š” ์—ด์‚ฌ์ดํŽ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง‘์—ด ์—ด๋งค์ฒด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณ„ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ 0.0174 kg/s๋กœ ๊ฐ•์ œ์ˆœํ™˜์‹์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๊ณ„์œ ๋Ÿ‰ 0.0333 kg/s(30 kg/ใŽกh ๊ธฐ์ค€)์— ๋น„ํ•ด 47% ์ด์ƒ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž‘๋™์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ $(T_{in}-T_{amb})/I_{t}$ > 0.14์ผ ๋•Œ ์—ด์‚ฌ์ดํŽ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์œ ๋™์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 6์€ ์ง‘์—ด ์—ด๋งค์ฒด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณ„ ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ์ถœ๊ตฌ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. $(T_{in}-T_{amb})/I_{t}$์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ถœ๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ์ž…โ€ค์ถœ๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋„์ฐจ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ณผ์—ด ํ•˜ํ•œ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ 90โ„ƒ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ž‘๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„(์•ฝ 2,339์‹œ๊ฐ„)์˜ 6.5%์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 153์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณผ์—ด ์šฐ๋ ค๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 4 Monthly energy yield and solar fraction.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2021.33.5.209/fig4.png

Fig. 5 Thermosyphon mass flow rate.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2021.33.5.209/fig5.png

Fig. 6 Collector outlet temperature.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2021.33.5.209/fig6.png

Fig. 7 Collector efficiency with fluid mass flow rate.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2021.33.5.209/fig7.png

Fig. 7์€ ์ง‘์—ด ์—ด๋งค์ฒด์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์ง‘์—ดํšจ์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์—ฐ๊ตฌ(6)์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ง‘์—ดํšจ์œจ์€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ตœ๊ณ  42.3 %์— ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 8์€ ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์ž‘๋™ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. Table 1์˜ ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ์ธ์ฆ์‹œํ—˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ($F_{R}(\tau\alpha)$ = 0.7207, $F_{R}U_{L}$ = 5.1109 W/ใŽกK)๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ ์ž‘๋™์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „์ˆ ํ•œ ์ˆœํ™˜์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋œ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 9๋Š” ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ๋ฉด์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํƒœ์–‘์˜์กด์œจ๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „์ˆ ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง‘์—ด๋ฉด์ ์ด 4 ใŽก์ผ ๋•Œ ํƒœ์–‘์˜์กด์œจ๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œํšจ์œจ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 75.1%์™€ 36.2%๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ๋ฉด์ ์ด ์ปค์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ํƒœ์–‘์˜์กด์œจ์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œํšจ์œจ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง‘์—ด๋ฉด์ ์ด 6 ใŽก์ผ ๋•Œ ํƒœ์–‘์˜์กด์œจ์€ 85.5%๋กœ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋‚˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œํšจ์œจ์€ 27.5%๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ณผ์—ด์šฐ๋ ค๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 8 Collector efficiency.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2021.33.5.209/fig8.png

Fig. 9 Solar fraction with collector area.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2021.33.5.209/fig9.png

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 350 liter์˜ ๋‚˜์„ ํ˜• ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ ๋‚ด์žฅํ˜• ์ถ•์—ด์กฐ์™€ 4 ใŽก์˜ ํ‰ํŒํ˜• ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ๋™ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์šด์ „์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž์—ฐํ˜• ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ด์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  TRNSYS ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์ „์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋™์  ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(1) ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด๊ณต๊ธ‰์—ด๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํ‰๊ท  ํƒœ์–‘์˜์กด์œจ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2,001 kWh์™€ 75.1%๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ 1์›”์˜ ํƒœ์–‘์˜์กด์œจ์€ 50.5%๋กœ ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 5์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 9์›”๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ 100%์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ณผ์—ด ํ•˜ํ•œ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ 90โ„ƒ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ž‘๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„(์•ฝ 2,339 ์‹œ๊ฐ„)์˜ 6.5%์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 153์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณผ์—ด ์šฐ๋ ค๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

(2) ์—ด์‚ฌ์ดํŽ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ 0.0174 kg/s๋กœ ๊ฐ•์ œ์ˆœํ™˜์‹์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ค๊ณ„์œ ๋Ÿ‰ 0.0333 kg/s(30 kg/ใŽกh ๊ธฐ์ค€)์— ๋น„ํ•ด 47% ์ด์ƒ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž‘๋™์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

(3) ์ž์—ฐ์ˆœํ™˜ ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ง‘์—ดํšจ์œจ์€ 42.3%๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์ง‘์—ด๊ธฐ ์ธ์ฆ์‹œํ—˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ €ํ•˜ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ถ•์—ด์กฐ์˜ ์—ด์†์‹ค์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ์—ฐ ํ‰๊ท  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œํšจ์œจ์€ 36.2%๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

ํ›„ ๊ธฐ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…ํ†ต์ƒ์ž์›๋ถ€์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€์›(KETEP)์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(No. 20173030083430).

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