Mobile QR Code QR CODE : Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering

  1. ํ•œ๋ฐญ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ (Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanbat National University, 25 Dongseodero, Daejeon, 3458, Korea)
  2. ํ•œ๋ฐญ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜ (Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanbat National University, 15 Dongseodero, Daejeon, 34158, Korea)



์‘์ถ• ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜, ํ๋ฆ„์‘์ถ•, ๋†’์€ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ, ์‚ฐ์—…์šฉ ํžˆํŠธํŽŒํ”„, R1234ze(E)(HFO๋ƒ‰๋งค)
Condensation heat transfer coefficient, Flow condensation, High reduced pressure, Industrial heat pump, R1234ze(E)

๊ธฐํ˜ธ์„ค๋ช…

$Cp_{mix}$๏ผš ์ •์••๋น„์—ด [Jยทkg$^{-1}$K$^{-1}$]
$h$๏ผš ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ [Wยทm$^{-2}$K$^{-1}$]
$Q_{flux}$๏ผš ์—ด์œ ์† [Wยทm$^{-2}$]
$\dot{m_{mix}}$๏ผš ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์† [kgยทm$^{-1}$s$^{-1}$]
$T_{f}$๏ผš ๋ƒ‰๋งค ์˜จ๋„ [โ„ƒ]
$T_{f,inlet}$๏ผš ๋ƒ‰๋งค ์ž…๊ตฌ์˜จ๋„ [โ„ƒ]
$T_{f,outlet}$๏ผš ๋ƒ‰๋งค ์ถœ๊ตฌ์˜จ๋„ [โ„ƒ]
$T_{s}$๏ผš ์‹œํ—˜๋ถ€ ๋™๊ด€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜จ๋„ [โ„ƒ]

1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ 

ํ™”์„์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ณผ๋‹คํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํƒ„์†Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค๋“ค์ด ๊ณผ๋‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์— ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์†ํ™” ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์—… ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋†’์€ ํ™”์„์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•ด ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณ ์˜จ์˜ ์ž‰์—ฌ์—ด์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…์šฉ ํžˆํŠธํŽŒํ”„๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „ํ™˜์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 100โ„ƒ~130โ„ƒ์˜ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…์šฉ ํžˆํŠธํŽŒํ”„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์˜จ์šฉ ์‘์ถ• ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ณ ์˜จ์šฉ ์‘์ถ• ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ƒ‰๋งค๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” HFC ๋ƒ‰๋งค๋Š” ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ R-1234yf, R-1234ze(E) ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ HFO ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๋†’์€ ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์‘์ถ• ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค.

Liu et al.(1)์€ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฑ„๋„์—์„œ Shear-Stress Transport k-ฯ‰ model๊ณผ VOF ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ์‘์ถ•๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ R-450a์™€ R-134a, R-1234ze(E)์˜ ์‘์ถ• ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์‘์ถ•์˜จ๋„ 313 K, ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์† 400, 600, 800 kg/ใŽกs ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ R-134a์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” R450a๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‰๊ท  ์•ฝ 12% ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋ฉฐ R-1234ze(E)์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” R450a๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‰๊ท  ์•ฝ 9.2% ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Longo et al.(2)์€ ๋‚ด๊ฒฝ 4 mm์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ด€์—์„œ R-134a, R-152, R-1234yf, R-1234ze(E)์˜ ์‘์ถ• ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์‹๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ์‘์ถ•์˜จ๋„ 30~40โ„ƒ, ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์† 100 kg/ใŽกs~800 kg/ใŽกs์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‘์ถ• ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” Akers et al.์ƒ๊ด€์‹๊ณผ 20% ๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” Fridel ์ƒ๊ด€์‹๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Col et al.(3)์€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ด€์—์„œ R-134a์™€ R1234ze(E)์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์••๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์‘์ถ•์˜จ๋„ 40โ„ƒ, ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์† 100 kg/ใŽกs~800 kg/ใŽกs์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋„๊ฐ€ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ R-134a์™€ R-1234ze(E)์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ’์ด ์œ ์‚ฌํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Jeong and Yun(4)์€ ์ž„๊ณ„์ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์—์„œ R1234ze(E)์™€ R134a์˜ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. R1234ze(E)์™€ R134a์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†์€ 500, 600 kg/ใŽกs์—์„œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  R134a์˜ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ R1234ze(E)์˜ ๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ด์ „๋„์œจ๊ณผ ์•ก์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋น„๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž„๊ณ„์••๋ ฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ž„๊ณ„์••๋ ฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์˜ˆ์ธก์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‚ฐ์—…์šฉ ํžˆํŠธํŽŒํ”„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ HFC ๋ƒ‰๋งค๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์€ ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์—์„œ์˜ R-1234ze(E)์˜ ์‘์ถ• ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฐ์—…์šฉ ํžˆํŠธํŽŒํ”„ ์‘์ถ•์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž„๊ณ„์ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ๋ณ€ํ™” ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2. ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ •๋ฆฌ

Fig. 1์€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋žต๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ๋ƒ‰๋งค๋ฅผ ์‘์ถ•์‹œ์ผœ ํŽŒํ”„๋กœ ์ˆœํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‘์ถ•๋ถ€, ํ•ญ์˜จ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์—ด๋ถ€, ๋ƒ‰๋งค์˜ ์‘์ถ• ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œํ—˜๋ถ€๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆ„์ด 1/2 inch์˜ ๋™๊ด€ 2 m๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฑ„์›Œ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” PVC๊ด€์ด ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œํ—˜๋ถ€๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ฒด์ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋†’์€ ์˜จ๋„์˜ ๋ƒ‰๋งค๋ฅผ ์‘์ถ•์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด PVC๊ด€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—๋Š” ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฑ„์šด ํ›„ ํ•ญ์˜จ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œํ—˜๋ถ€์˜ ๋™๊ด€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด 6๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ์—ด์ „๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ฉ๋•œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค์˜ ์—ด์ „๋Œ€๋Š” Fig. 2์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๋‹จ, ์ค‘๋‹จ, ํ•˜๋‹จ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 1 Schematic of experimental apparatus.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2022.34.9.420/fig1.png
Fig. 2 Details of the test section.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2022.34.9.420/fig2.png

๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์กฐ๊ฑด์€ Table 1์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ƒ‰๋งค๋Š” R-1234ze(E)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์˜ ๋ƒ‰๋งค์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์ ๋‹น ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‹(1)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํ—˜๋ถ€์˜ ์ž…๊ตฌ์™€ ์ถœ๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋„, ์‹œํ—˜๋ถ€ ๋™๊ด€์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ํ›„ ์ •์••๋น„์—ด๊ณผ ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค์˜ ์˜จ๋„์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์‹(2)๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ๋ƒ‰๋งค์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฒด์ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ Table 2์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„์™€ ์ฒด์ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •์••๋น„์—ด์€ REFPROP(5)์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œํ—˜๋ถ€ ์ž…๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ƒ‰๋งค ๊ฑด๋„๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜๋ถ€ ์ž…๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ƒ‰๋งค ์—”ํƒˆํ”ผ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‹œํ—˜๋ถ€ ์ถœ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ƒ‰๋งค ๊ฑด๋„๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ƒ‰๋งค์˜ ์‘์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ‰ํ˜•์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธก์ •์˜ค์ฐจ๋Š” Table 1๊ณผ Table 2๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ EES(Engineering Equation Solver)์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ณ„์‚ฐํˆด์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๊ฐ’์˜ ยฑ12%์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.

Table 1 Experimental conditions

Fluid

Condensation temperature

Reduced pressure

Saturation pressure

Heat flux

Mass flux

R-1234ze(E)

40โ„ƒ

0.5 to 0.7

1.82 to 2.54 MPa

6 to 20 kWยทm$^{-2}$

300 - 500 kgยทm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$

Table 2 Accuracy of measuring instruments

Instruments

Accuracy

Thermocouple

ยฑ0.1โ„ƒ

Mass flow meter

ยฑ0.2%

Volume flow meter

ยฑ0.2%

Differential pressure transducer

ยฑ0.05%

Pressure transducer

ยฑ0.5%

(1)
$Q_{flux}=\dot{m}_{mix}Cp_{mix}(T_{f,inlet}- T_{f,outlet})[W\bullet m^{-2}]$
(2)
$h=Q_{flux}/(T_{s}- T_{f})[W\bullet m^{-2}K^{-1}]$

3. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 3์€ R-1234ze(E)์˜ ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์ด 0.5์ผ ๋•Œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ฑด๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‘์ถ• ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†์—์„œ ๊ฑด๋„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฑด๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์•ก๋ง‰์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ƒ์˜ ์†๋„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์•ก์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ Kelvin-Helmholtz ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์— ๊ทธ ์›์ธ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†์ด 300 kg/ใŽกs์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†์ด 400๊ณผ 500 kg/ใŽกs์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์•ฝ 23%, 57% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 4๋Š” ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์ด 0.6์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์ด 0.5์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์† ๋ฐ ๊ฑด๋„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 3 Variation of condensation heat transfer coefficient with mass flux at a reduced pressure of 0.5.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2022.34.9.420/fig3.png
Fig. 4 Variation of condensation heat transfer coefficient with mass flux at a reduced pressure of 0.6.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2022.34.9.420/fig4.png

Fig. 5๋Š” ์ž„๊ณ„์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.7์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ €๊ฑด๋„ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ณ ๊ฑด๋„ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†์ด ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ปค์ง์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์•ก์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„์ฐจ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‘ ์ƒ์˜ ์†๋„๋น„์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์ด ์ž„๊ณ„์ ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ธฐ์ƒ๊ณผ ์•ก์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋น„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์ €๊ฑด๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ƒ์ƒํƒœ(single phase)์—์„œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†์ด ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ •๋„๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ฑด๋„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ƒ์˜ ์†๋„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ €๊ฑด๋„์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 6์€ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†์ธ 300 kg/ใŽกs์ผ ๋•Œ ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ์‹œํ—˜๋ถ€์˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์ˆ˜ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” 40โ„ƒ, ์ฒด์ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ 7~8 Lยทmin-1์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์ด 0.6๊ณผ 0.7์ผ ๋•Œ์˜ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์ด 0.5์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์•ฝ 14%, 25% ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” R1234ze(E)์˜ ์•ก์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋น„๋ฅผ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ€๋„๋น„๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ƒ์˜ ์†๋„์™€ ์•ก์ฒด์ƒ์˜ ์†๋„๋น„๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์•ก์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋‹จ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ž„๊ณ„์••๋ ฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์•ก๋ง‰์˜ ์—ด์ „๋„๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ๋”์šฑ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 5 Variation of condensation heat transfer coefficient with mass flux at a reduced pressure of 0.7.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2022.34.9.420/fig5.png
Fig. 6 Effects of the reduced pressure on the condensation heat transfer coefficient at mass flux of 300 kg/ใŽกs.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2022.34.9.420/fig6.png
Table 3 Comparison of the experimental heat transfer coefficient data with the Cavallini and Zecchin, the Shah, and the Traviss correlation

300kgยทm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$

68.1โ„ƒ

76.3โ„ƒ

83.6โ„ƒ

Cavallini and Zecchin

49.4%

127%

109%

Shah

86.4%

165%

129%

Traviss

21.8%

80.2%

68.3%

400kgยทm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$

68.1โ„ƒ

76.3โ„ƒ

83.6โ„ƒ

Cavallini and Zecchin

96.9%

131%

146%

Shah

134%

166%

159%

Traviss

63.2%

104%

110%

500kgยทm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$

68.1โ„ƒ

76.3โ„ƒ

83.6โ„ƒ

Cavallini and Zecchin

45.2%

51.6%

70.2%

Shah

100.6%

84%

76.8%

Traviss

29.7%

30%

47.2%

Fig. 7์€ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†์ด 500 kg/ใŽกs์ด๊ณ  ์ž„๊ณ„์••๋ ฅ์ด 0.5์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์™€ Cavallini and Zecchin ์ƒ๊ด€์‹(6), Shah ์ƒ๊ด€์‹(7), Traviss ์ƒ๊ด€์‹(8)์˜ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ’๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Table 3์€ ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์‹ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ Cavallini and Zecchin ์ƒ๊ด€์‹์€ 91.81%, Shah ์ƒ๊ด€์‹์€ 122.36%, Traviss ์ƒ๊ด€์‹์€ 61.60% ๊ณผ๋Œ€ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์ƒ๊ด€์‹๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๋†’์€ ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์ด ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋„๋น„, Xtt, Re, Pr ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ž„๊ณ„์  ๋ถ€๊ทผ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์•ก์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ์‘์ถ•์•ก๋ง‰์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ ๋‘๊ป˜ ๋ฐ ์œ ๋™์–‘์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์‹์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž„๊ณ„์ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์›์ธ์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ƒ๊ด€์‹๋“ค์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์ƒ๊ด€์‹์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž„๊ณ„์ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์˜ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๊ด€์‹์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ฉด ์‘์ถ• ์ „ ์••๋ ฅ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ด€์‹์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฌด์ฐจ์›๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๊ณ , Xtt๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 7 Comparison of the condensation heat transfer coefficients between the predictions and the experimental results.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2022.34.9.420/fig7.png

4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” R-1234ze(E)์˜ ๋†’์€ ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์˜ ์‘์ถ•ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฐ์—…์šฉ ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(1) ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์ด 0.5์—์„œ 0.6, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  0.6์—์„œ 0.7๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ 19% ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์ด 0.5์ผ ๋•Œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†์ด 300 kg/ใŽกs์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œ ์†์ด 400๊ณผ 500 kg/ใŽกs์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์•ฝ 23%, 57% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

(2) ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ด€ ๋‚ด์ธก ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ Cavallini and Zecchin ์ƒ๊ด€์‹, Shah ์ƒ๊ด€์‹, Traviss ์ƒ๊ด€์‹์€ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฐ’์„ 100% ๋‚ด์™ธ์—์„œ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์‹์ด ๋†’์€ ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ , R-1234ze(E)์˜ ์—ด ๋ฐ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋†’์€ ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ๊ด€์‹์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์ƒ๊ด€์‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‘์ถ•์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™˜์‚ฐ์••๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ‰๊ท  19%์”ฉ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ›„ ๊ธฐ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ต์œก๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ€(NRF-2016R1D1A1B02010075)๊ฐ€ ํ›„์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ(NRF)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.

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