Mobile QR Code QR CODE : Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering

  1. (์ฃผ)์‹ ์ผ์ด์•ค์”จ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง์‚ฌ์—…๋ณธ๋ถ€ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด, (Engineer, Sinil Engineering & Construction, Daegu, 4902, Korea)
  2. ์„ฑ๊ท ๊ด€๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ฑด์„คํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜, (Professor, School of Civil and Architectural Eng. and Landscape Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea)
  3. ์˜๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜ (Professor, School of Architecture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 8541, Korea)



๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ, Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD), ์ธ์ฒด๋ชจ๋ธ, ์‹ค๋‚ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ์งˆ, ๊ฐ์—ผ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ
Airborne transmission, Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD), Human shape model, Indoor air quality, Infection risk

๊ธฐํ˜ธ์„ค๋ช…

$w_{i}$๏ผš Mass fraction
$m_{i}$๏ผš ๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰
$d C_{w}(x,\: n)$ : x์—์„œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์› n์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋†๋„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” [kg/kg]
$\left | C_{w,\: n}\right |$ : ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์› n์ด ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์‹ค๋‚ด ์™„์ „ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋†๋„ [kg/kg]

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

2019๋…„ ๋ง ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ COVID-19๋Š” 2022๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. COVID-19๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž์˜ ๋น„๋ง๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๋ˆˆ, ์ฝ”, ์ž…์˜ ์ ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์นจํˆฌ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„๋ง ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ „ํŒŒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ง ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๋ง ์ง๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ 5 ฮผm์œผ๋กœ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 5 ฮผm์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๋ง์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ 2 m ์ด๋‚ด์— ์นจ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฒญ ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋‘๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ 2 m๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‘˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 5 ฮผm ์ด์ƒ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋น„๋ง์ด ๊ฑด์กฐ๋˜๋ฉด ์ž‘์€ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์„ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ง์ด ๊ฑด์กฐ๋˜์–ด 5 ฮผm ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๋งํ•ต(Droplet)์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.(1)

๋น„๋ง ํ•ต๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์€ ์ž…์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ˜ธํก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌ์‹ค์ž์˜ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ์— ์นจํˆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.(2) ๋˜ํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„์ง„ ๋น„๋ง์€ ์‹ค๋‚ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 6 m ์ •๋„ ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.(3-6) ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„๋ง์˜ ์ด๋™์€ ํ™˜๊ธฐ์žฅ์น˜๋‚˜ ์—์–ด์ปจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์„ค๋น„์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.(7-8)

๋ธํƒ€, ์˜ค๋ฏธํฌ๋ก  ๋“ฑ ์ „์—ผ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ฐ€ํ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์žฌ์‹ค์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „ํŒŒ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.(9-10) ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐ€ํ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์—์–ด์ปจ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ 2020๋…„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์‹๋‹น์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, Kwon et al.(11)์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ญํ•™ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ์—ผ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ’์†๊ณ„๋กœ ์‹ค๋‚ด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—์–ด์ปจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ์‹ค๋‚ด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋” ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ด๋™์ด ํ‰๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธก๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž…์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๋ถ„์„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹๋‹น์—์„œ COVID-19์˜ ์—์–ด์ปจ ๊ฐ€๋™ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹๋‹น์€ Kwon et al.(11)์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. CFD ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ด์›์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ด ํšจ๊ณผ, ์—์–ด์ปจ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ 3์ฐจ์›์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ 1์ฐจ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž์˜ ํ˜ธํก ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

2.1 CFD model๊ณผ mesh

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ์€ Kwon et al.(11)์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด์„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ ์žฌ์‹ค์ž์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” Fig. 1(a) ์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. P0์€ 1์ฐจ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž๋ฅผ Pn, ๊ทธ ์™ธ ๋น„๊ฐ์—ผ์ž๋“ค์„ Nn์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. P0๊ณผ 2์ฐจ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž์ธ P1, P3 2๋ช…์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 6.5 m, 4.8 m ์˜€์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋‘๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ธ 2 m๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ 1์ฐจ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž์™€ 6.5 m ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋˜ P1์€ ๋™์„ ์ด ๊ฒน์น˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด 5๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. P2์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ P0๊ณผ์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰ ์ด์ „์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜์ž์™€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•œ ์ด๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•… ๋Œ€์ƒ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

9.2 m ร— 10.6 m ๋„“์ด์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ ์ชฝ์˜ ๋ฒฝ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ฒฝ์€ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค(Fig. 1(b)). ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์—์„œ 3.2 m ๋†’์ด์— ์™€์ด์–ด๋กœ ์ฒœ์žฅ์— ๊ฑฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์—์–ด์ปจ 2๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ์ค‘์•™์— ํก์ž…๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  4๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๊ธ‰๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” 4way(4๋ฐฉํ–ฅ) ์—์–ด์ปจ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ด์„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์™ธ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณต๋„๋กœ ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ด ์ด 2๊ณณ (Door 1, Door 2)์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์–‘์ชฝ ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ƒ, ํ•˜๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํ‹ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์••๋ ฅ์ฐจ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์นจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์— ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ถ€(์ฐฝ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ)๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค.

ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹๋‹น์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์—์„œ ์Œ์‹์„ ์กฐ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋จน๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์žฌ์‹ค์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์˜ ์ค‘์•™์— ์—ด์›์ธ ๋ƒ„๋น„๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Fig. 1(c)). ์ธ์ฒด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Dubois ์ธ์ฒด ๋ฉด์ ๊ณต์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ๋ฉด์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋„๋ก ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(12) CFD ํ•ด์„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ 1์ฐจ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž์ธ P0์ด ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์žฌ์‹ค์ž๋Š” ๋“ค์ด๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ํ˜ธํก์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ P0์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 180 ใŽŸ ๋ฉด์ ์˜ ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์„, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์žฌ์‹ค์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1 ใŽŸ ๋ฉด์ ์˜ ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(13)

Fig. 1 CFD Model and mesh.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2022.34.11.503/fig1.png

2.2 ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด

CFD mesh์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—์–ด์ปจ์€ ์œก๋ฉด์ฒด์ธ Hexahedral mesh, ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์†๋„ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ mesh์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฉด์ฒด์ธ Polygonal mesh๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Fig. 1(d)).(14) Mesh์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์€ Orthogonal quality๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ตœ์†Œ 0.21์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.

CFD ํ•ด์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์‹ค๋‚ด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜ ํ•ด์„์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” SST k-$\omega$๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(15-17) ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„์„ Steady state๋กœ ๋จผ์ € ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ trasient ํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” Passive Scalar ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ „์ฒด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด์€ Table 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—์–ด์ปจ์—์„œ ํ† ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” 20๋„, ๊ธ‰๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ 34๋„์˜ ๊ฐ๋„๋กœ ํ† ์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—์–ด์ปจ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ƒ‰๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์žฅ๋น„์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋ฆฌ์‹œ ๋ƒ„๋น„ ๊ฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์˜จ๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” 365.81 K, ๋ƒ„๋น„์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„๋Š” 339.24 K๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ์ฒด ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰ ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์ฒด ๋ฐœ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๋Ÿ‰์€ ISO 7730์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ 46.26 W/ใŽก์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ์ฒด ํ˜ธํก์‹œ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” Hoppe(18)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 1 CFD Boundary conditions

Turbulent model

SST k-ฯ‰

Scheme

2nd order upwind

Indoor Temperature

297.65 K (24.5 โ„ƒ)

Infiltration Temperature

297.65 K (24.5 โ„ƒ)

Wall Temperature

297.65 K (24.5 โ„ƒ)

Heat Source (Pot)

Inside (food): 365.81 K (92.66 โ„ƒ)

Surface of pot: 339.24 K (66.09 โ„ƒ)

Human Body Heat

80.55 W/person (42.62 W/ใŽก)

Volume of air (Air conditioner)

1,880 ใŽฅ/h (17m/s)

Talking

Velocity

1.05 m/s

Temperature

307.15 K (34 โ„ƒ)

Breathing

Velocity

0.31 m/s

Temperature

297.65 K (24.5 โ„ƒ)

2.3 CFD Case

Table 2๋Š” ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ CFD ํ•ด์„ Case๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. CFD ํ•ด์„์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ž ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋กœ ์ •์˜ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์—์–ด์ปจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ค๋น„์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์ œ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋น„๋ง์˜ ์ด๋™๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋น„๋ง์ด ๊ฑด์กฐ๋˜์–ด ์ž‘์€ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ „ํŒŒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋น„๋ง์ด ๊ฑด์กฐ๋˜์–ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์€ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์„ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ „ํŒŒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์—์–ด์ปจ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—์–ด์ปจ ๊ฐ€๋™ ์œ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ Case๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—์–ด์ปจ์„ ๊ฐ€๋™ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ Case A-O, ๊ฐ€๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ A-N์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ CFD ํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 2 CFD Cases

Case

Route of Transmission

Airconditioner condition

A-O

Airborne Transmission

Operated

A-N

Not operated

3. CFD ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

3.1 ์—์–ด์ปจ์„ ๊ฐ€๋™ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ค๋‚ด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ด๋™

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž์˜ ์ž…์—์„œ ํ† ์ถœ๋œ ๋น„๋ง์ด ๊ฑด์กฐ๋˜์–ด ์ž‘์€ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ „ํŒŒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ CFD ํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 2(a)์€ 1์ฐจ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž P0์˜ ์ž…์—์„œ ํ† ์ถœ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ Streamline์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ฒœ์žฅ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” AC2์— ํก์ž…๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—์–ด์ปจ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹ค๋‚ด๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Fig. 2(b)~(d)๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์œ„์น˜์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์—์„œ Case A-O์˜ ํ’์† ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. Fig. 2(c)๋Š” P0์ด ์ฐฉ์„ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ’์† ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. P0์—์„œ ํ† ์ถœ๋œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ์‹ค๋‚ด ์—ด์›์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ƒ์Šน๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒœ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์Šนํ•œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ Fig. 2(b)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—์–ด์ปจ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์‹ค๋‚ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์œ„์น˜๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ AC 2 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๋Š” AC 2์˜ ํก์ž…๊ตฌ๋กœ ํก์ž…๋˜์–ด ๋„ค ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค๋‚ด๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. AC 2์— ํก์ž…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ AC 2์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฐ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ์‹ค์ž ์ฃผ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 2(d)์—์„œ AC 1์—์„œ ํ† ์ถœ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๊ฐ€๋ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ฒฝ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํ˜€ ์™€๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์™€๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ •์ฒด์‹œ์ผœ ์™€๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์ƒ์Šน์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 2 Streamline and velocity vectors for case A-O.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2022.34.11.503/fig2.png

3.2 ์—์–ด์ปจ์„ ๊ฐ€๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ค๋‚ด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ด๋™

Fig. 3์€ ์—์–ด์ปจ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€๋™์‹œ Streamline๊ณผ ์œ„์น˜๋ณ„ ํ’์† vector๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. Fig. 3(a)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด P0์˜ ์ž…์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ํ˜ธํก์€ ์ธ์ฒด ๋ฐœ์—ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒœ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—์–ด์ปจ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ Case A-N๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋กœ P0์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜†์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ด๋™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Vector๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ Case A-O์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ์Šนํ•œ ์œ„์น˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(Fig. 3(b)). ๋˜ํ•œ, Case A-O์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ Case A-N์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค๋‚ด ํ’์†์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. Fig. 3(c)๋Š” P0์˜ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ณณ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์ด๋‹ค. Vector๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ธ์ฒด์˜ ์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ„๋น„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์—ด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒœ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, Case A-O์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ง ์ˆœํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ Door 1์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด P0์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์Œ“์ธ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ ์ชฝ ๋ฒฝ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  Door 1์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Fig. 3(d)๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด Z=1.1 m์—์„œ๋Š” ์นจ๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ Door 1์—์„œ P1, P3๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์ชฝ ๋ฒฝ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์˜†์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 3 Streamline and Velocity Vectors for Case A-N.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2022.34.11.503/fig3.png

4. ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€

4.1 ์žฌํก์ž…๋ฅ 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” COVID-19๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ „ํŒŒ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ ์žฌ์‹ค์ž๋ณ„ ์˜ค์—ผ์› ์žฌํก์ž…๋ฅ (19)๊ณผ CRIAQ(20)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์žฌ์‹ค์ž๋ณ„ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์žฌํก์ž…๋ฅ ์€ Mass fraction์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Mass fraction์€ ํก์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ํŠน์ • ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ • ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ Mass fraction์ด 1์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด 100%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. Mass fraction์€ ์‹ (1)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(1)
$w_{i}=\dfrac{m_{i}}{m_{1}+m_{2}+...+m_{n}}$

Fig. 4๋Š” 5๋ถ„์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ Case A-O์™€ A-N์—์„œ ๊ฐ ์žฌ์‹ค์ž๋ณ„ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์žฌํก์ž…๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ P0~P3, N1~N9๋Š” Fig. 1์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž์™€ ๋น„๊ฐ์—ผ์ž๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. Case A-O์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—์–ด์ปจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์‹ค ์ „์ฒด๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ ์žฌ์‹ค์ž์˜ ์žฌํก์ž…๋ฅ ์ด Case A-N์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•˜๋‹ค. Case A-O์˜ ์žฌํก์ž…๋ฅ ์€ P1, P2, P3๊ณผ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ผํ–‰์ธ N1, N7์—์„œ ๋น„๊ฐ์—ผ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ์ตœ๋Œ€ 1.35๋ฐฐ ๋” ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. Case A-N์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์žฌ์‹ค์ž๋ณ„ ์žฌํก์ž…๋ฅ ์˜ ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. P0์˜ ์ผํ–‰์ธ P2์˜ ์žฌํก์ž…๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ  N6, N7์˜ ์žฌํก์ž…๋ฅ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฌ์‹ค์ž๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ 101๋ฐฐ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. Case A-N์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์žฌ์‹ค์ž๊ฐ€ Case A-O๋ณด๋‹ค ์žฌํก์ž…๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ P2, N6, N7์€ Case A-N์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋†๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  P0์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋ชฐ๋ ค ์žˆ์–ด ํŠน์ • ์žฌ์‹ค์ž์˜ ์žฌํก์ž…๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

Fig. 4 Recirculation Rate for eachperson for air-conditioner operation condition.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2022.34.11.503/fig4.png

4.2 CRIAQ

Fig. 5๋Š” Case A-O์™€ Case A-N์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1.1 m ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ 5๋ถ„์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ CRIAQ1์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. CRIAQ๋Š” ์‹ค๋‚ด ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.(21-22) ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์œจ์ธ CRIAQ1๋Š” ๊ฐ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์›์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์‹ค๋‚ด๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š”์ง€, ์ฆ‰ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์›์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์ด๋‹ค. CRIAQ1์€ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ•๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋†๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค. CRIAQ1์€ ์‹(1)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(2)
$CRIAQ1 =\dfrac{d C_{w}(x,\: n)}{\left | C_{w,\: n}\right |}$

CRIAQ 1 ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, Case A-O์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ AC 1์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฒฝ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํ˜€ ์™€๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ CRIAQ1์˜ ๊ฐ’์ด 0.44๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—์–ด์ปจ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋ฉด์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์™€๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ •์ฒด๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์นจ๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ N2, N3์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2์ฐจ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž์ธ P3๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ 10% ์ •๋„ ๋‚ฎ์€ CRIAQ1 ๊ฐ’์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์‹ ์„ ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

Case A-O์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ CRIAQ1์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ“๊ฐ’์ด ์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’์˜ 2.9๋ฐฐ์˜€๊ณ  Case A-N์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ตœ๋Œ“๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ 26,000๋ฐฐ๋กœ Case A-N์—์„œ ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. Case A-N์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Case A-O๋ณด๋‹ค ์ตœ๋Œ“๊ฐ’์ด 6.3๋ฐฐ ๋†’์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’์ด 14,000๋ฐฐ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” Case A-O์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—์–ด์ปจ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์‹ค ์ „์ฒด๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ Case A-N์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ •์ฒด๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค.

์žฌํก์ž…๋ฅ ๊ณผ CRIAQ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋†๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—์–ด์ปจ์„ ๊ฐ€๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ Case A-N์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ํŠน์ •์žฌ์‹ค์ž ๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์žฌํก์ž…๋ฅ ๊ณผ CRIAQ๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—์–ด์ปจ์„ ๊ฐ€๋™ํ•œ Case A-O์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌํก์ž…๋ฅ ๊ณผ CRIAQ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ“๊ฐ’์€ Case A-N๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์œ„์น˜๋ณ„ ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—์–ด์ปจ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„“ํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์œ„์˜ ์žฌํก์ž…๋ฅ ๊ณผ CRIAQ 1์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ P1, P3์˜ ์žฌํก์ž…๋ฅ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฌ์‹ค์ž๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ P1, P3 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋น„ํ•ด CRIAQ1์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—์„œ ํ’์†๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ N2, N3์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ P0๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ N2, N3 ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์นจ๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์—์–ด์ปจ์„ ๊ฐ€๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ CRIAQ1์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์—์–ด์ปจ์„ ๊ฐ€๋™ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ’์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—์–ด์ปจ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋” ๋จผ ๊ณณ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 5 Contours for CRIAQ 1.
../../Resources/sarek/KJACR.2022.34.11.503/fig5.png

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž…์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜ํ•ด์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด CFD ํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—์–ด์ปจ ๊ฐ€๋™ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—์–ด์ปจ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—์–ด์ปจ์ด ๊ฐ€๋™๋œ ์ƒํƒœ, ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€๋™๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด CFD ํ•ด์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž P0์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ํ† ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ(๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค)๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํก์ž…๋ฅ ๊ณผ CRIAQ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

1) ์—์–ด์ปจ์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„“ํžˆ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž์˜ ์ž…์—์„œ ํ† ์ถœ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ฒœ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ•œ ๋’ค ์—์–ด์ปจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํก์ž…๋˜์–ด ์žฌํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—์–ด์ปจ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

2) ์—์–ด์ปจ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํ˜€ ์™€๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ •์ฒด๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค.

3) ์˜ค์—ผ์› ์žฌํก์ž…๋ฅ ๊ณผ CRIAQ ๋ชจ๋‘ 2์ฐจ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž(P1, P3)์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฌธํ—Œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ํ™•์‚ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž…์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

4) ์นจ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹ ์„ ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ž…๋œ ๊ณณ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์‹ ์„ ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค ์ „์ฒด์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ตœ์†Œ ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—์–ด์ปจ์„ ๊ฐ€๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์—ผ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋„“์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ์—ผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์— ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์—์–ด์ปจ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋™ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—์–ด์ปจ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋™์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„“ํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ ์„ ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ํฌ์„์‹œ์ผœ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” COVID-19์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ง€์นจ ๋งˆ๋ จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํŠน์ •์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ „ํŒŒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ถ€์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ™˜๊ธฐ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋น„๋ง ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์นจ๋ฐฉ์šธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ ์–‘์ƒ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

References

1 
World Health Organization (WHO) , 2004, Infection prevention and control of Epidemic-and Pandamic Prone Acute Respiratory Infections in Health Care-WHO Guidelines, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/112656/9789241507134_eng.pdf?sequence=1URL
2 
La Rosa G., Fratini M., Libera S. D., Iaconelli M., Muscillo M., 2013, Viral infections acquired indoors through airborne, droplet or contact transmission, Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita, Vol. 49, pp. 124-132DOI
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