The Journal of
the Korean Institute of Interior Design

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  • ISSN : 1229-7992(Print)
  • ISSN : 2733-6832(Online)
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Current Issue : Vol.35 No.3(통권 176호), 2026-06

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A Quantitative Analysis Approach for Biophilic Residential Design Using Generative AI

김지연(Kim, Ji-Yeon) ; 박성준(Park, Sung-Jun)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.3.001

Previous studies on biophilic design have primarily treated natural elements as binary variables, limiting the precise evaluation of their psychological effects across varying levels of visual occupancy. This study proposes an integrated methodology to quantitatively control and visualize biophilic design attributes in residential spaces using Generative AI, establishing a systematic framework for evidence-based design. The spatial scope was limited to residential living rooms, with plants and wood selected as key biophilic attributes. These were tested across three target visual occupancy levels: L1 (15%), L2 (30%), and L3 (50%). The methodology integrated a five-step prompt structuring framework, LoRA fine-tuning, and Image-to-Image generation. To empirically validate the accuracy of the generated spatial images, YOLOv8-Seg was utilized for segmentation analysis. The study quantitatively compared the generation accuracy between a ‘Prompt Only’ condition and a ‘Prompt+LoRA’ condition. The analysis revealed that the ‘Prompt Only’ approach tended to consistently under-represent plant attributes, while inconsistently representing wood attributes ? over-representing at lower levels (L1?L2) and under-representing at the highest level (L3) ? due to pre-trained model biases. In contrast, the ‘Prompt+LoRA’ method demonstrated high precision, successfully maintaining error margins within ±3%p of the targeted visual occupancy ratios across all three levels for both attributes. These findings confirm that integrating LoRA fine-tuning with structured prompting provides reliable quantitative control over domain-specific spatial elements. Ultimately, this research advances biophilic design from a qualitative approach to a quantitative experimental paradigm, offering a robust data-driven visualization tool for early-stage architectural decision-making.

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Spatial Design Education Model Utilizing the Dual Process of Generative AI and Professional Design Tools

강은정(Kang, Eun-Jung)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.3.011

The rapid advancement of generative AI is transforming the spatial design process, necessitating new pedagogical approaches in design education. This study proposes and evaluates the AISD (AI-Integrated Space Design) Education Model, which strategically integrates generative AI tools into the Double Diamond design framework. A 15-week interior design studio course involving 39 third-year undergraduates was analyzed using a mixed-methods approach. To overcome current technical limitations of AI in precise spatial realization, this study implemented a “Dual Process” that separates AI-driven ideation from SketchUp-based 3D modeling.The results, supported by qualitative observations and quantitative learner surveys, are as follows:First, generative AI significantly accelerated the ‘Discover’ and ‘Define’ stages by structuring research data and visualizing initial concepts, with 93.3% (M =4.63) of students acknowledging increased process efficiency. Second, AI simulations effectively mitigated “idea fixation” and expanded design diversity during the ‘Develop’ stage, as confirmed by 96.7%(M =4.57) of respondents. Third, the dual process fostered a proactive academic attitude, enabling students to critically select and refine AI outputs. This ensured the preservation of learner authorship(M =4.67), preventing technological dependency. Furthermore, the pedagogical effectiveness was validated by all students winning awards in national design competitions. While limited to a single-case study, this research provides a foundational framework for integrating AI as a co-creative asset in spatial design education while maintaining human-centric design agency.

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The Healing Spatial Composition in Contemporary Office Architecture

나유은(Na, You-Eun) ; 김광호(Kim, Kwang-Ho)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.3.021

Recent transformations in workplace culture emphasize the growing importance of healing, communication, and emotional well-being within office environments. This study investigates the spatial composition of healing office environments in contemporary architecture, focusing on how office spaces can accommodate not only functional needs but also users’ psychological and behavioral demands. By integrating Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Kwangho Kim’s Elements of Behavioral Affordance, a comprehensive analytical framework was developed to assess healing, rest, and communication spaces within five representative contemporary office buildings in Korea and abroad. Through this framework, the study identifies spatial components that support physical and emotional healing, community interaction, individual reflection, and self-actualization. The findings suggest that contemporary office buildings are evolving into complex environments where work, rest, and interpersonal connection are organically integrated. Furthermore, the results provide practical insights for human-centered design strategies that prioritize user well-being in future office buildings.

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Narrative Creativity in Nature-Inspired Learning Spaces: A Multimodal VR Study Integrating Eye-Tracking, GSR, and Perceived Restorativeness

이영유(Li, Yingru) ; 정소비(Zheng, Xiaofei) ; 첸지에(Chen, Jie) ; 김나연(Kim, Nayeon)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.3.029

Conventional classrooms often offer limited support for sustained attention, restoration, and creative performance, and empirical evidence on biophilic design in learning spaces remains scarce. To address this gap, we developed three immersive virtual reality (VR) classrooms for an art and design studio (a conventional control, an ocean classroom, and a forest classroom), and tested 34 participants in a within-subject design, recording eye-tracking, galvanic skin response (GSR), perceived restoration, and creative story scores. The results showed the following. The ocean and forest classrooms significantly increased students' overall visual attention allocation compared with the conventional classroom. At the area of interest (AOI) level, both biophilic classrooms significantly increased total fixation time (TFT) and fixation count (FC) on the ceiling and wall AOIs. For the desk AOI, apparent reductions in the forest classroom did not survive area normalization, indicating that this pattern reflected differences in AOI size. GSR showed no overall multivariate effect and no amplitude differences; only SCR frequency in the ocean classroom was marginally higher than in the conventional classroom, indicating limited, cue-specific physiological effects. The ocean and forest classrooms both yielded higher perceived restoration than the conventional classroom, and preference ratings were higher for both biophilic classrooms than for the conventional classroom. Lastly, creative story performance was higher in both biophilic classrooms than in the conventional classroom; this effect remained significant after statistically controlling for narrative length, suggesting that the biophilic advantage is not fully explained by differences in verbal output alone. These results show that biophilic cues can be evaluated as measurable design interventions. By combining VR with multimodal behavioral, physiological, and subjective measures, this study provides preliminary quantitative evidence that may inform future investigations of biophilic design strategies for art and design studio classrooms.

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A Comparison of Perceptions and Consumer Decision-Making about Age-Friendly Home Remodeling between Middle-Class Older Adults and Adult Children

오지영(Oh, Jiyoung) ; 조아라미(Jo, Arami) ; 권현주(Kwon, Hyun Joo)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.3.049

This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of perceptions, decision-making, and information acquisition regarding age-friendly home remodeling among middle-class older adults and adult children. In September 2025, a face-to-face survey was conducted with 400 participants, including 200 older adults aged 75 and over living in owner-occupied apartments in Busan Metropolitan City and 200 adult children aged 45 to 54. Data were analyzed using t-tests and chi-square tests to compare the major variables between the two groups. The results showed that adult children reported significantly higher levels of perception and needs on age-friendly housing remodeling than older adults. Older adults most frequently responded “when necessary,” whereas adult children most frequently responded “if affordable,” and both groups rated safety as the most necessary characteristic. For the cost bearer of housing remodeling, older adults most frequently responded that they would pay the full cost themselves, whereas adult children more often responded that both parents and themselves should pay. No group difference was found in affordable cost, and both groups reported limited experience obtaining such information. In terms of preferred information sources, older adults preferred in-person consultation and education, whereas adult children preferred online information. These findings suggest that potential consumer groups of age-friendly home remodeling are both older adults and adult children, and market expansion strategies should be different depending on the two groups.

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The Spatial Structure of Shiroiya Hotel as the Urban Living Room

유아람(You, Aram)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.3.059

This study examines the spatial structure of Shiroiya Hotel in Maebashi, Japan, designed by Sou Fujimoto, focusing on how the architect’s conceptual approach is realized in a built architectural environment. While previous studies on Sou Fujimoto and his works have primarily focused on his conceptual discourse and theoretical background, this study emphasizes the analysis of an actual built work and its spatial operation within the urban context. In particular, the study explores how Fujimoto’s ideas of the part?whole relationship and the integration of architecture, art, and nature appear across different spatial scales. The research analyzes the project through three spatial scales: the lounge space, the site composition, and the urban context. First, the lounge space reveals a layered spatial environment where architectural elements, artworks, plants, and furniture coexist and interact, forming a hybrid spatial condition. Second, at the site scale, the project demonstrates an architectural composition formed through the aggregation of heterogeneous elements, including renovated structures, newly added volumes, and diverse programs such as cafes and retail spaces. Third, in relation to the city, the hotel functions as an accessible and active public environment that connects urban circulation, cultural programs, and everyday activities. Through these analyses, the study argues that Fujimoto’s architectural concepts operate consistently across multiple spatial scales, forming a spatial environment that extends from interior architectural elements to the urban context. As a result, Shiroiya Hotel can be interpreted as a facility functioning as a “living room” of the city, where architectural space mediates between everyday life and cultural activities within the urban context of Maebashi.

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Spatial Typologies of Michi-no-Eki Architecture in Mediating Regional Programs

김민호(Kim, Min-Ho) ; 강선우(Kang, Sunwoo) ; 노현우(Noh, Hyunwoo) ; 유아람(You, Aram)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.3.069

Michi-no-Eki, originally introduced in Japan in 1993 as road-based facilities providing rest areas and regional information for road users, have evolved into local hubs accommodating programs such as farmers’ markets, local food facilities, and experiential activities. This study examines how the architecture of Michi-no-Eki spatially organizes regional programs. Selected cases in the Kanto and Kyushu regions are analyzed, and architectural configurations are categorized into three types based on program arrangement and spatial organization: clustered, linear, and dispersed. The results show that the spatial configuration of Michi-no-Eki is closely related to the organization of programs and visitor circulation. The clustered type forms a large internal space centered on the market facility, the linear type arranges commercial and F&B facilities along corridors or semi-outdoor circulation spaces, and the dispersed type distributes multiple buildings around open spaces to create a village-like complex. In conclusion, rather than directly representing regional identity, the architecture of Michi-no-Eki functions as a spatial mediator through which regional programs become visible and experienced.

Abstract Full Text PDF

Community-Integrated Spatial Design of Welfare Facilities for the Elderly with Dementia

박경민(Park, Kyung-Min) ; 이태경(Lee, Tae-Kyung) ; 최인영(Choi, In-Young)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.3.080

The purpose of this study is to propose a community-integrated spatial planning approach for welfare facilities for the elderly with dementia to create dementia-friendly residential environments. To achieve this, the study identifies spatial characteristics of community-integrated dementia care facilities, presents detailed planning elements, and develops a design applied to an actual day care center. The research process includes theoretical review, case analysis, and design development. The theoretical review examines the concepts and characteristics of dementia care facilities and community-integrated spaces, while the case analysis derives planning elements for each spatial characteristic. The design development phase conducts a field survey, analyzes existing conditions, and proposes a design plan. The results are as follows: First, the concept of community-integrated spaces in dementia care facilities was defined, and detailed planning elements were derived through case analysis. Second, a practical spatial planning proposal was presented by applying these elements to an actual target facility.

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Spatial UX Design for Exhibition Spaces in the Context of Digital Enabler Utilization

이주영(Lee, Ju-Young) ; 황연숙(Hwang, Yeon-Sook)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.3.090

As cultural spaces enter the phygital era, exhibition environments increasingly operate as hybrid interfaces combining physical space and digital experience. However, digital enablers often give rise to cognitive overload and techno-stress, referred to as the digital paradox. Despite their prevalence, the spatial integration for digital enablers and its impact on visitor user experience remain insufficiently examined. Therefore, this study investigates the spatial UX elements following the utilization of digital enablers in exhibition spaces and proposes design strategies to enhance usability while mitigating the digital paradox. To achieve this, a systematic literature review and qualitative open coding analysis were conducted. As a result, digital enablers were classified into three categories, and four core spatial UX dimensions-physical sensory environment, information interaction, social engagement, emotional wellbeing-were derived. Baesd on these dimensions, an on-site evaluation checklist was developed and applied to five major exhibition spaces in Seoul, selected for their extensive use of digital technologies. The analysis revealed that accessibility options were often embedded in secondary interface layers, device heights were standardized around adult users, digital guidance systems were poorly aligned with physical signage, audiovisual stimuli frequently overlapped, and recovery spaces following intensive digital experiences were mostly absent. Thus, these spatial conditions were found to exacerbate cognitive fatigue and sensory overload, reinforcing digital paradox. In response, this study proposes spatial UX design strategies including integrating accessibility controls at the initial interface level, adopting adjustable and body-responsive device placements, designing cognitive load mitigation zones, and incorporating emotional recovery spaces. By establishing an integrated evaluation framework linking digital enablers and physical spatial design, this study contributes design principles for inclusive exhibition environments and positions spatial UX as a critical mediator of digital wellbeing in future cultural space research.

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Brand Experience Elements of Flagship Stores: A Heterotopia Perspective

한정인(Han, Jeong-In) ; 박세현(Park, Se-Hyeon) ; 윤성호(Yoon, Sung-Ho)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.3.099

This study aims to analyze the characteristics of brand experience spaces in fashion brand flagship stores located in the Seongsu area of Seoul, applying Michel Foucault’s theory of heterotopia. Contemporary flagship stores have evolved into experiential spaces that embody brand worldviews, and their operation of a distinct brand order within everyday commercial streets corresponds structurally to the concept of heterotopia. Through theoretical examination of Foucault’s six principles of heterotopia and prior research on flagship store spatial characteristics, three spatial constituent elements were derived: formal signifiers, synesthetic experience, and interfacial function. These elements were applied as an analytical framework ? with sub-components of facade, finishing materials, and objects; materiality and sequence; transition, overlap, and connection ? to five fashion brand flagship stores in the Seongsu area: Kith Seoul, Low Classic Seongsu, Musinsa Empty Seongsu, Human Made Seongsu, and Blue Elephant Space Seongsu. Each case was analyzed based on primary sources including official brand materials, media coverage, and on-site photographs. First, formal signifiers construct a non-everyday spatial order that visually distinguishes flagship stores from surrounding commercial streets through brand-specific materials and forms. Second, synesthetic experience supports sensory engagement through space, with intentional circulation devices such as transitional spaces and spiral staircases confirmed as key factors determining the quality of sequential experience regardless of spatial scale. Third, interfacial function facilitates emotional bonds between brands and users through the juxtaposition of heterogeneous functions ? the most universal heterotopic attribute of contemporary flagship stores ? whereby spatial context shaped by content promotes affective engagement. This study contributes to the expansion of theoretical discourse in commercial space research by presenting a novel framework for deriving brand experience elements from a heterotopic perspective. It is further hoped that this research will serve as a practical reference for creating experiential spaces that enhance brand value and foster meaningful communication with users.

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