The Journal of
the Korean Institute of Interior Design

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  • ISSN : 1229-7992(Print)
  • ISSN : 2733-6832(Online)
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Current Issue : Vol.35 No.1(통권 174호), 2026-02

All Issues

Analysis of Differences in Awareness and Implementation of Home Modifications Among Older Adults by

리우창인(Chang-Yin Liu); 오지영(Oh, Jiyoung); 권현주(Kwon, Hyun Joo)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.1.001

This study aimed to analyze the changes in physical characteristics and housing environments of older adults before and after experiencing falls, and to compare the perceptions of fall-preventive housing between older adults with and without fall experience. Surveys and in-depth interviews were conducted with 60 older adults aged 60 or older (30 with fall experience, 30 without) residing in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. The results indicated that experiencing a fall significantly worsened the general health status and frailty of older adults, yet their housing environments often remained largely unchanged post-fall. Older adults with fall experience exhibited significantly higher fear of falling and felt more burdened about going outdoors compared to those without fall experience. Both groups recognized the high importance and necessity of fall-preventive home modifications. Specifically, those with fall experience perceived a greater need for modifications such as removing high thresholds, addressing uneven floor surfaces, and replacing unsuitable furniture. However, in-depth interviews revealed that economic burdens, difficulty in finding professional modification services, and concerns about daily life disruptions during construction were the main barriers preventing actual implementation. Consequently, home modifications were often performed by non-professionals, such as family members, rather than experts. These findings suggest that to promote fall-preventive housing, it is essential to introduce “visiting safety diagnostic services,” expand financial subsidies, and establish a professional support system tailored to the specific housing characteristics of China.

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A Comparative Analysis of Residential Satisfaction based on the Implementation of Green Remodeling in Old Public Rental Housing

권현주(Kwon, Hyun Joo); 최예인(Choi, yein); 오지영(Oh, Jiyoung)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.1.011

As public rental housing in South Korea continues to age, concerns over deteriorating indoor environments and their impact on the health and quality of life of elderly residents have grown. In response, the government has implemented Green Remodeling Projects to improve energy performance and indoor living conditions in these housing units. This study investigates the impact of Green Remodeling Project implementation on residential satisfaction among senior residents living in aging public rental housing. Focusing on six interior spaces(mater bedroom, second bedroom, kitchen, bathroom, entrance, and balcony) the study examines satisfaction across six environmental quality factors: temperature, humidity, noise insulation, lighting, mold and odor/stale air. A face-to-face survey was conducted with residents aged 65 and older, comparing households in units with(n=91) and without(n=124) Green Remodeling. The results indicate that Green Remodeling significantly enhanced satisfaction regarding mold and air quality, likely due to improvements such as insulation, ventilation, and sanitary finishing. However, satisfaction with temperature and sound insulation remained relatively low, suggesting that current remodeling measures may not fully address structural limitations or residents’ expectations. These findings highlight the need for user-centered remodeling strategies, including pre-design needs assessments and post-occupancy evaluations. Policy support for tailored remodeling based on elderly residents’ daily needs is essential to improve their quality of life and housing sustainability.

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Improving Spatial Guidelines for Daycare Centers Considering Infant Safety and Operational Convenience

이진원(Lee, Jin-Won); 권혜진(Kwon, Hye-Jin)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.1.021

The 2019 amendment to the Infant Care Act mandated the installation of public daycare centers in apartment complexes with 500 or more households. While Newlywed Hope Towns introduced a comprehensive childcare center model, standardized designs and the post-completion operator selection structure have prevented field requirements from being reflected, resulting in repeated remodeling requests after occupancy. This study aims to analyze the operational conditions of public daycare centers in Newlywed Hope Towns and derive improvement measures considering infant safety and operator convenience. The research targets three public daycare centers located in apartment complexes with 500, 750, and 1,000 households respectively in the Seoul metropolitan area. Field surveys and in-depth interviews with operators were conducted from May 7 to June 30, 2025. The spatial analysis was categorized into entrance systems, childcare spaces, and hygiene facilities. Interview contents covered spatial problems, voluntary modifications, circulation issues, and improvement requirements. Results revealed significant discrepancies between spatial design and actual operational needs. Major problems include inadequate classroom size, structural limitations of toilet facilities, and inefficient circulation safety issues. Common defects found across all institutions include poor ventilation, blind spots, and difficulties in teacher observation. Operators attempted voluntary improvements through converting toilet structures, professionalizing cooking facilities, and reorganizing spatial functions. However, fundamental limitations persist due to structural constraints. All operators emphasized that “specialized spaces like daycare centers should be designed by professionals who understand the field.” The study proposes three key improvement directions: establishing safety-centered design principles, implementing efficient space planning, and strengthening design expertise. Safety-centered design should include adjusting window heights to minimum 1,200mm, corner rounding, and creating observable structures. This research provides practical evidence for future daycare center improvements by analyzing spaces from actual user perspectives.

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AI Agent-Based Design Approach Reflecting Expert Knowledge in Design Guidelines

김하윤(Kim, Hayoon); 이진국(Lee, Jin-Kook)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.1.035

The field of spatial design is expanding toward inclusive design that accommodates users’ physical and cognitive characteristics, with spaces for Mild Cognitive Impairment(MCI) users requiring evidence-based approaches grounded in scientific research. However, traditional Evidence-Based Design(EBD) processes rely on designers’ qualitative expertise and fragmented knowledge scattered across literature and guidelines, requiring significant time and effort. This study proposes an AI agent-based system that automates the visual application of design guidelines reflecting expert knowledge for MCI users’ bathroom spaces. Unlike conventional single AI systems, the proposed system employs a multi-agent collaborative structure where specialized agents autonomously perform space analysis, evidence retrieval, design visualization, and justification provision through a four-stage workflow. The system generates comprehensive EBD reports that integrate spatial analysis results, evidence-based design recommendations, visualized improvement images, and explainable justifications with traceable sources. Validation results showed 79% semantic consistency with guidelines and 80% visual implementation of safety elements, demonstrating the system’s capacity to reflect detailed safety guidelines often missed by general generative models. This study demonstrates how AI agents can automate the translation of scientific guidelines into visual spatial representations while maintaining verifiable connections to original evidence. While currently focused on MCI users and bathroom spaces, the proposed framework presents potential for expansion to diverse user groups and spatial typologies in automating evidence-based design visualization.

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Evaluation and Improvement Strategies for Korean Highway Service Areas Based on Restorative Environment Theories (ART and SRT)

왕빈(WANG, BIN); 이소영(Lee, So Young)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.1.044

Highway rest areas are essential restorative spaces that support drivers’ recovery from psychological and cognitive fatigue due to long-distance driving. This study aims to investigate how restorative environmental characteristics of highway service areas influence users' environmental satisfaction, fatigue recovery (healing effect), and re-visit intention. Field observation and a questionnaire survey were conducted, and questionnaire items were developed based on conceptual definitions derived from Attention Restoration Theory (ART) and Stress Reduction Theory (SRT). A total of 181 questionnaires were collected and analyzed using SPSS 28. The results indicate that environmental satisfaction is most strongly predicted by artificial noise exposure (negative effect), facility layout suitability, and wayfinding clarity, whereas fatigue recovery is primarily influenced by artificial noise exposure (negative effect) and sensory restorative cues, such as the perception of natural sounds. Fatigue recovery emerges as the strongest predictor of revisit intention, supporting a shift from service-oriented improvements toward restoration-centered planning in highway rest areas.

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A Quantitative Study on the Adoption Behavior of AI-Based Care Applications in Elderly Care Spaces

푸티엔(Fu, Tian); 공운(Kong, Yun); 정미렴(Chung, Miryum)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.1.052

As China enters a stage of deep population aging, the tension between workforce shortages in long-term care and the need to safeguard older adults’ quality of life has become increasingly pronounced. As an emerging technological pathway, AI-Based Care systems have gradually been introduced into Elderly Care Spaces. These systems offer advantages in continuity and customizability and can, to some extent, alleviate labor cost pressures. However, in practice, the diffusion of AI-Based Care still faces challenges such as insufficient acceptance among older adults and a lack of Trust in the technology. To address these issues, this study builds on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and develops a structural equation model to systematically examine the relationships between performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions and older adults’ Use Intention and Actual Use Behavior regarding AI-Based Care. In addition, Trust is introduced as a key mediating variable to investigate its structural pathways within the interplay of psychological, social, and technological factors. The results indicate that, within the UTAUT framework, Trust plays a significant mediating role in older adults’ adoption of AI-Based Care, strengthening the link between perceived factors and Use Intention, while also exhibiting a significant moderating effect between the social environment and technological attributes. This study extends the applicability of technology adoption theory in eldercare contexts and provides empirical evidence and practical implications for the intelligent transformation of Elderly Care Spaces.

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The Perceptions of AI Care and Biophilic Environments Among Chinese Seniors Aged 60 and Above

공운(Kong, Yun); 푸티엔(Fu, Tian); 정미렴(Chung, Miryum)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.1.068

By the end of 2024, the population aged 60 years and older in China reached 310.31 million, accounting for 22.0% of the total population. In this context, the design of smart elderly care spaces requires a balance between technological efficacy and humanistic care. This study aims to elucidate how the perceptions of older adults regarding AI-assisted caregiving and biophilic environments differ across urban contexts, and to derive spatial design implications. This study employed a questionnaire survey, with the questionnaire structured around Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and data were collected from 296 older adults aged 60?80 years in Tangshan and Jiujiang. The data were analyzed in SPSS, including descriptive statistics, scale validation, and between-city comparisons. Overall, AI-assisted caregiving systems are more effective in satisfying fundamental needs, such as health monitoring and risk early warning; biophilic environments enhance psychological experiences, including emotional relaxation and social engagement. Older adults in the two cities report similar perceptions regarding physiological and safety needs; however, pronounced between-city differences emerge for higher-level needs, including esteem and self-actualization. Based on these findings, the paper suggests prioritizing health and safety as fundamental guarantees through AI care systems, followed by urban-specific optimizations: in industrial cities, key intelligent functions should be concentrated in critical areas, with flexible integration of natural elements; in ecological cities, natural spaces should be enriched, with intelligent functions embedded in a low-interference manner to meet the diverse needs of the elderly.

Abstract Full Text PDF

Emotional Mediation between Music, Space, and Light: A Cross?Modal Correspondences Educational Framework for Lighting Design Studio

이호성(Lee, Ho Sung)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.1.082

This study investigates the pedagogical application of cross-modal correspondences between music, color, light, and space, focusing on emotional mediation within lighting design education. An emotion- and synesthesia-based instructional model was developed and implemented in a studio class using five theme songs through a sequence of emotional recognition, narrative building, visual imagery analysis, and lighting plan sketch development. The findings reveal that students effectively translated emotions evoked by music into spatial imagery and structured lighting concepts, organizing parameters such as color temperature, illuminance, and contrast to express coherent emotional atmospheres. Lighting was redefined as an emotional language of space, linking auditory and visual experience. Reflection and peer evaluation enhanced empathic interpretation, metacognitive awareness, and persuasive design reasoning. This approach facilitated a holistic understanding of the relationships among emotion, space, and light, suggesting a viable model for integrating emotion-based and experiential learning in architectural and interior lighting design curricula. Despite its scope being limited to one course and selected music themes, the study highlights the potential of music-mediated cross-modal pedagogy to enhance students’ emotional imagination and integrative design competency.

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Research on the Characteristics of Transparency in Junya Ishigami’s Architectural Spaces

제림(Qi Lin); 윤성호(Yoon, Sung-ho)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.1.094

As one of the representative emerging architects in Japan, Junya Ishigami has further advanced the redefinition of the relationship between architecture and nature within the lineage of Japanese modern architecture characterized by “lightness, delicacy, and closeness to nature,” presenting a spatial characteristic that can be summarized as “transparency.”So-called “transparency” refers to the morphological diversity, formal innovativeness, and layered superimposition of architectural space; through the dissolution of boundaries, the adjustment of scale, the use of light-transmitting materials, and the incorporation of the natural environment, architecture is able to clearly manifest characteristics of spatial openness, formal multiplicity, and rich stratification. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of transparency that appear in Junya Ishigami’s architectural spaces, to elucidate the essence of his transparency, and thereby to explore the expression and application of transparency theory in contemporary architectural design. This study applies the theory of transparency in architecture to examine Junya Ishigami’s architectural cases, and summarizes the manifestations of this characteristic as: the collectivity of internal and external spatial assemblages, the freedom of structural organization, and the superimposition of perception and form. It identifies the possibilities of transparency theory within modern architectural space and demonstrates the characteristics of transparency embodied in Junya Ishigami’s architectural spaces. These findings indicate that transparency theory has the potential for broader application in future architectural design.

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Architectural Interpretation and Methods for the Spatial Expression of the Concept of ‘Emptiness’

안중광(An, Jung-Gwang); 박찬일(Park, Chan-II)

https://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2026.35.1.104

Unlike the expression of a single dominant style during the modernist era, today’s trend emphasizes exploring and articulating the unique identities of each cultural sphere. In architecture and spatial design, postmodernism has fostered regionalism and critical regionalism, reflecting efforts to acknowledge and develop the originality and diversity of different regions and cultures. Within this context, this study focuses on the concept of ‘emptiness’ as a distinctive spatial expression in Korean architecture. The subjects of analysis range from first-generation architect Kim Swoo Geun, to the 4.3 Group who pursued Korean identity in architecture between 1990 and 1994, to architect Cho Byoung Soo, who has recently emphasized ‘Korean-ness’ in his works and writings. Through their discourses and architectural practices, the study examines how the concept of ‘emptiness’ has been expressed and applied. The specific analytical approach of this study examined the Korean spatial concept of emptiness through three primary categories: time, space, and human. These were further subdivided into layered time (L.T) and momentary time (M.T), functional space (F.S) and experiential space (E.S), and contemplative human (C.H) and relational human (R.H). Through this method and process, the spatial expression of emptiness in Korean architecture was identified as manifesting across six elements: spatial program, spatial experience, circulation planning, user behavior, relationship with the site, and materiality. The findings can be summarized as follows. (1) spatial program, which reveals the latent value of space (2) spatial experience, which expands the user’s perception and senses (3) circulation planning induces visual and psychological transitions. (4) user behavior, which extends the possibilities of participation (5) relationship with the site, which highlights multi-layered connections with the external environment and (6) use of materials, which embodies the integration of temporal qualities.

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