The Journal of
the Korean Institute of Interior Design

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  • ISSN : 1229-7992(Print)
  • ISSN : 2733-6832(Online)
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Current Issue : Vol.34 No.2(통권 169호), 2025-04

All Issues

A Comparative Study of Users’ Eye-Tracking Characteristics in Virtual Reality and Real-World Environments During Wayfinding

민자경(Min, Jakyoung) ; 김주연(Kim, Ju Yeon)

http://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2025.34.2.001

This study examined users’ visual perception characteristics during the wayfinding process in underground complex spaces. The primary objective was to compare and analyze these characteristics based on users’ wayfinding abilities in both virtual reality (VR) and real-world environments, with the aim of identifying design strategies for effective wayfinding in underground spaces. The study was conducted at Jamsil Station’s undergrounㅔ가d complex in Seoul, involving 22 participants (average age = 26.5 years) who were classified by wayfinding ability following a preliminary survey (N = 30). Participants completed eye-tracking experiments in both VR and real-world settings. In the VR environment, participants wore headsets and navigated a designated route, which they later explored in the real space. The collected gaze data, including sequence, fixation time, and duration, were statistically analyzed using gaze data analysis and t-tests to examine differences based on wayfinding abilities. The findings revealed that participants with prior VR wayfinding experience processed visual information more efficiently in real spaces. In the VR environment, participants concentrated more on upper signboards and walls, focusing on specific visual cues, while in real spaces, their gaze was more dispersed as they utilized a broader range of visual information. The study concluded that prior learning in a virtual setting enhanced wayfinding performance in real environments. Additionally, the analysis of gaze patterns highlighted that visual information usage varied at complex nodal points based on wayfinding abilities, emphasizing the importance of user-centered information design in spatial planning.

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Basic Research on Regional Characteristics of Residential Environments for the Elderly and Ways to Improve them

송안연(Song, An-ran) ; 김태일(Kim, Tae-il)

http://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2025.34.2.014

As Korea transitions into a super-aged society, it is essential to support and maintain residential environments that accommodate the physical and psychological needs of the elderly. This study analyzes regional differences and individual characteristics in elderly residential needs and suggests improvement directions accordingly. This study was conducted in two stages: deriving evaluation items through literature analysis and conducting a survey to analyze regional differences between Seoul and Jeju. In the first stage, The study identified four major categories, 11 intermediate categories, and 41 detailed items, then developed a questionnaire and surveyed 45 elderly individuals in both cities. The data were analyzed using SPSS, revealing statistically significant regional differences in residential environment evaluation, perceived importance, and satisfaction. The study confirmed the high reliability of the assessment items and identified three elderly groups through cluster analysis, revealing distinct differences in residential environment evaluation. Additionally, regional differences in perceived importance and satisfaction were identified, leading to improvement recommendations.

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Healing Environment Design Elements for Outsider Art Creation Spaces

정개가(Zheng, Kai-Ge) ; 나일민(Nah, Ilmin)

http://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2025.34.2.027

(Background and Purpose) Mental health issues are increasingly prevalent in China, affecting around 130 million adults, yet 91% of them do not receive professional treatment. This gap in care is largely due to societal stigmas, cultural norms, and concerns about personal reputation and social harmony. The purpose of this study is to explore key elements in designing healing environments for “outsider art” spaces, providing theoretical insights for their planning and design. (Method) The study begins with a literature review on “outsider art” and “healing environments.” Based on this, the design elements of outsider art spaces were categorized into 10 attributes and 30 specific environmental components. A survey, using a five-point Likert scale and the AHP, was conducted with local experts in China to assess the relevance and importance of these elements. This process helped identify and prioritize key plannng elements. Results) The study identified 18 key spatial elements, which were categorized as follows: (1) Physical Environment: Safety (safe environment, safety facilities), Accessibility (barrier-free facilities), Comfort (nature, environmental adjustment), and Convenience. (2) Psychological Environment: Flexibility (self-directed engagement, autonomy in choice, freedom of expression), Privacy (audiovisual isolation), and Sense of Intimacy (deinstitutionalized atmosphere, familiar environment, professional art team). (3) Social Environment: Interaction (spatial openness, diversity, clear spatial division), Participation (free artistic creation, activity experience), and Sustainability (creative goods). In addition, the AHP analysis revealed that Chinese experts place the highest priority on healing design that support artistic creation and socialization, especially for vulnerable groups, with an emphasis on communication, interaction, and empathy. Conclusions) Future designs for outsider art spaces in China thus should focus on more enhancing programs on social programs and environments, which are crucial in addressing the socioeconomic challenges faced by individuals with mental disorders. We hope that this research contributes to the development of the design discourses and practices on cultural spaces that prioritize humanistic care and support the social integration of individuals with disabilities.

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Biophilic Building Envelopes in Urban Infrastructure: Visual Attention and Subjective Evaluation of Facade Design of Power and Energy Facilities

운결(Yun, Jie) ; 김나연(Kim, Nayeon)

http://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2025.34.2.040

As urbanization progresses, power and energy facilities play a crucial role in urban infrastructure, yet their visual impact is often underestimated. This study investigates the influence of biophilic design on public visual attention and subjective evaluation of facade designs for power and energy facilities. The research objectives are: (1) to examine how biophilic design enhances visual attractiveness and subjective evaluation of power and energy facility facades; (2) to compare the effectiveness of direct and indirect biophilic designs in capturing visual attention and improving subjective evaluation; and (3) to explore the relationship between key visual attention metrics, particularly fixation duration and fixation count, and the subjective evaluation of facade design. Combining eye-tracking technology with the Semantic Differential (SD) evaluation method, a quantitative analysis was conducted under three facade design conditions: traditional design, indirect biophilic design, and direct biophilic design. The results indicate that biophilic designs significantly enhance both visual attention and subjective ratings, with direct biophilic design being the most effective. Additionally, key eye-tracking metrics show a significant positive correlation with subjective evaluation of facade design. These findings provide valuable insights for integrating natural elements into the architectural design of urban infrastructure-particularly power and energy facilities-to enhance public visual experience and perception, contributing to improved urban spatial design.

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A Nature-Friendly Community Environment To Implement A Carbon-Neutral City

김영주(Kim, Young Ju) ; 김미정(Kim, Mi Jeong)

http://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2025.34.2.055

As global warming has become more serious, causing a carbon emission problem, a carbon neutral city project is being promoted as a solution. The purpose of the study was to explore ways for people and nature to coexist in a carbon-neutral city and community environment improve the quality of life of people moving in and out of the city. To this end, we analyzed the UN Studio cases, focusing on zero-energy building design plans, ways to create a walking-oriented smart transportation environment, and ways to build a nature-friendly community environment. We conducted a theoretical review of ways to build a carbon-neutral, nature-friendly community environment, and developed an analysis framework based on factors derived from the review to analyze the UN Studio cases. As a result, consideration was given to allowing a variety of people to gather in terms of human interaction, and the use of artificial lighting was minimized by introducing natural light through the installation of smart technology, windows, and louvers in the building to reduce carbon emissions. In addition, in terms of transportation, shared means were introduced to create walking-oriented streets. In terms of nature-friendly community space, outdoor green space and the public space on the first floor of the building were utilized to provide a community space so that people and nature could coexist. Therefore, to build a carbon-neutral city and community environment, it is necessary to establish a system in which the public can secure unused space in the village and support carbon reduction technology, and the private sector can continuously manage the space and supported technology provided.

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The Importance and Satisfaction of Design Characteristics in relation to the Spatial Functions of 50+ Centers

조보경(Jo, Bo-Gyeong) ; 오지영(Oh, Jiyoung)

http://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2025.34.2.066

The purpose of this study is to investigate the importance and satisfaction levels of spatial design characteristics across different functional areas in 50+ centers and to derive recommendations for spatial improvements. To achieve this, a face-to-face survey was conducted with 143 middle-aged users (aged 40?64) from eight 50+ centers in Seoul (Gangseo, Yangcheon, Dongjak, Yeongdeungpo, Seocho, Geumcheon, Seodaemun, and Seongbuk). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software through frequency analysis, reliability analysis, and t-tests, while user perceptions of each spatial design element were visualized employing the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) technique. The findings indicate that: first, waiting areas should prioritize physical comfort and the facilitation of social interactions; second, educational spaces need to maximize space utilization efficiency while addressing the physical requirements of older adults; third, community spaces ought to enhance interpersonal interactions and integrate natural elements such as landscaping and plants to create a pleasant environment; and fourth, lounge areas must offer an environment conducive to both comfortable relaxation and effective social exchange.

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Eco-Friendly Planning Elements of External Spaces of Elementary Schools According to Changes in the Future Educational Environment

김자경(Kim, Ja-Kyung)

http://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2025.34.2.075

Most of the recent school changes are focused on improving the interior spaces of schools and building smart classrooms, with little change in the exterior spaces. Rather, in recent elementary school space innovation projects, the proportion of exterior spaces is decreasing, and more and more schools are losing their playgrounds. Accordingly, this study examines the elements of change in the exterior space according to changes in the future educational environment, focusing on elementary schools where exterior activities are important, and derives key planning elements for creating eco-friendly exterior spaces necessary to become sustainable future green schools. As a first step, we examined the composition, characteristics, and key planning elements of the exterior space of elementary schools, and derived key eco-friendly planning elements along with the overall components of the exterior space through on-site investigations centered on nine elementary schools among the green smart future schools that were completed or are scheduled to be completed by December 2024 as part of the school education environment improvement project since July 2020. The results of the survey showed that the most planning elements were applied to the resting and playing spaces in terms of spatial composition. In terms of the application rate for each item, the boundary space showed the highest at 86.7%, followed by management space at 80%, movement space at 77.7%, resting space at 67.7%, and green space at 57.8%. On the other hand, in terms of eco-friendly planning elements, it was found that eco-friendly planning elements were reflected more in the resting and playing spaces than in other items. In addition, when checking the application rate of eco-friendly planning elements by space, it was found that exercise space was highly applied at 100%, and layout items were highly applied at 97.2%, followed by movement space at 79.6%, resting space at 79%, green space at 73%, service space and energy and resource conservation at 69.4%, and play space at 66.7%, which were relatively high. Water Space and other spaces showed 33.3%, learning spaces at 43.1%, and building surroundings at 44.4%, which were low application rates. Accordingly, we investigated the planning elements and eco-friendly planning elements that are the focus of planning the external space of domestic green smart elementary schools, and how these planning elements are actually composed. It is expected that this study can be used as basic data for future eco-friendly plans for elementary schools in Korea and guidelines for improving external spaces.

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AI-based Education to Improve Creativity and Design Ability for Interior Design Students

박정은(Park, Jung Eun) ; 송지현(Song, Ji-Hyun)

http://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2025.34.2.087

In recent years, the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) tools has led to the emergence of various AI-driven services capable of automatically generating images, architectural drawings, and 3D renderings. As AI proficiency becomes increasingly essential in the field of design, integrating AI into education is crucial for preparing future designers. This study aims to explore the role of AI in interior design education by analyzing a AI-integrated class case, evaluating improvements in creativity and design ability, and collecting expert opinions. In this study, first-year undergraduate students were experienced to both conventional design methods and AI-assisted image generation techniques. Their work was then evaluated and analyzed for comparison. Additionally, a survey was conducted to assess students’ perceptions regarding AI utilization in design. The findings indicate that projects incorporating AI generally received higher evaluation scores, and students expressed high levels of satisfaction with AI-assisted design processes. Moreover, key factors such as ease of use, creativity, intention to use, and perceived usefulness were ranked in descending order. Expert interviews were also conducted to gain further insights. According to the experts, while AI can enhance creativity, it is essential to provide traditional design education without AI to strengthen fundamental design skills. Furthermore, experts emphasized the need for a systematic approach to AI education to ensure its efficient and effective application in the future. In conclusion, AI education is necessary for interior design; however, students must first develop a deep understanding of design principles, contextual awareness, and critical insight. By mastering these foundational skills, they can leverage AI as a tool for more effective and innovative design solutions in the future.

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Industrial Facility Regeneration Methodology Using DfD (Design for Disassemble)

강은기(Kang, Eunki)

http://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2025.34.2.097

Industrial facilities, once regarded as symbols of urban decline, are now being reinterpreted as significant resources for sustainable urban development. This study explores the principles and applications of Design for Disassembly (DfD) as a methodology for the sustainable regeneration of industrial facilities. By analyzing domestic and international case studies, key strategies such as modular design, non-destructive connections, and the reuse of building materials were identified, demonstrating their potential to optimize dismantling processes, promote resource recycling, and reduce environmental impact. The study highlights the critical role of integrating DfD with Building Information Modeling (BIM) in industrial facility regeneration. BIM enables the optimization of demolition and recycling processes through virtual data modeling, while also facilitating the creation of a database for reusable materials. These approaches enhance resource circulation and sustainability, achieving both cost efficiency and environmental protection. The findings underscore that the successful implementation of DfD depends on a combination of technical solutions and robust policy support, as evidenced by case studies from Europe and North America. This implies the necessity of multidisciplinary approaches and legal and institutional reforms to effectively apply DfD in South Korea’s industrial facility regeneration projects. This research contributes to the development of practical DfD-based design methodologies, offering strategies to maximize environmental, economic, and social value in regeneration projects. By transforming industrial facilities into sustainable urban assets, the study paves the way for promoting resource circulation and enhancing environmental efficiency. Future research should focus on addressing the specific policy and institutional frameworks required for the practical application of DfD in the Korean context.

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Analysis of Museum Exhibition Elements in Seoul-Based National and Public Museums

유정(Liu, Ting) ; 김유진(Kim, Yu-Jin) ; 황연숙(Hwang, Yeon-Sook)

http://doi.org/10.14774/JKIID.2025.34.2.106

Recently, museums have evolved beyond mere exhibition spaces into comprehensive cultural service platforms that integrate education, leisure, and entertainment. As a result, the concept of "visitor-centered" exhibitions has become a crucial goal, with enhancing visitor satisfaction as a top priority. Therefore, this study examines six national and public museums in Seoul, focusing on culture and history, to analyze museum exhibition elements. The results of this study are as follows: First, museum exhibition elements were categorized into three key components: exhibition space, exhibition media, and visitor-related factors. Second, in terms of exhibition space, a structured spatial layout and clear guidance systems were implemented to optimize visitor movement, yet further enhancements such as color-coded signage and digital wayfinding tools were needed. Third, exhibition media in national and public museums primarily focus on displaying actual artifacts, supplemented by digital and interactive technologies such as VR, AR, and holograms. However, issues such as delayed system responses and technical malfunctions highlighted the need for regular maintenance. Fourth, from the visitor perspective, national and public museums serve as inclusive public spaces, making physical considerations crucial. It is necessary to design exhibition layouts that accommodate diverse age groups, implement reservation systems to manage crowd density, and establish regular feedback mechanisms to improve visitor experiences.

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