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  1. (School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Univerity, Seoul, Korea.)



PI film, Laser Induced Graphene, Sodium, Potassium, ion-selective electrode, PEDOT: PSS

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ(Na, K)์€ ์ฒด๋‚ด ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ ์œ ์ง€์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์˜ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์ •์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ค€์น˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 136 ~ 145mmol/L, 3.8 ~ 5.4mmol/L์ด๋ฉฐ(1), ์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••, ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ „, ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์‹ ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(2,3). ๋•€ ์†์—๋„ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•์€ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜ ์ฆ์ƒ, ์ € ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ํ˜ˆ์ฆ, ์ €์นผ๋ฅจ ํ˜ˆ์ฆ, ๊ทผ์œก ๊ฒฝ๋ จ, ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ์ฆ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค(4,5). ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ฒด๋‚ด ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฐ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(6), ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค.

๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๊ฝƒ ๊ด‘๋„์ธก์ •๋ฒ•(flame photometry), ์›์žํก์ˆ˜๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ฒ•(atomic absorption spectroscopy), ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ™” ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•(neutron activation analysis) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์™ธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน(ion- selective electrode, ISE)์€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์†Œํ˜• ์ œ์ž‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋„, ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‘๋‹ต์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค(7).

์ด์˜จํˆฌ๊ณผ๋‹ด์ฒด(ionophore)๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์˜จ์„ ํˆฌ๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์˜จ์˜ ํˆฌ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋‹จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ, ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์˜จํˆฌ๊ณผ๋‹ด์ฒด๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ณต๋™์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ง๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ด์˜จ์€ ์ด์˜จ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด์™€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ด์˜จ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ด์˜จ๋“ค์€ ์ด์˜จํˆฌ๊ณผ๋‹ด์ฒด์™€ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค(8).

์ด์˜จํˆฌ๊ณผ๋‹ด์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ๋ง‰(ion-selective membrane, ISM)์„ ์ „๊ทน ์œ„์— ์ง์ ‘ ์ฝ”ํŒ…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „๊ทน๊ณผ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ๋ง‰ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์ฐจ๋‹จ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „์œ„ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค(9). ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์˜จ-์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ(ion-to-electron transducer)์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž PEDOT: PSS๋ฅผ ์ „๊ทน ์œ„์— ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์ฐจ๋‹จ์„ ํ•ด์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์œ„ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(10,11).

์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹ ์ฒด์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์›จ์–ด๋Ÿฌ๋ธ” ์†Œ์ž(wearable device)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ธ‰์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‘์šฉ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ „๊ทน ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ๋Š”, ํƒ„์†Œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ํŠœ๋ธŒ(12), ๊ธˆ์† ๋‚˜๋…ธ์„ (13), ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€(14) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ์ „๊ทน์€ ๋†’์€ ์ „๋„๋„, ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ(15) ๋ฐ ์ƒ์ฒด ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ(16) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ์—ฐ ์„ผ์„œ์— ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ๊ณ ์˜จ ๊ณต์ •(17), ๋‹ค๋‹จ๊ณ„ ํ™”ํ•™ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ(18) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ณต์ • ์กฐ๊ฑด, ๋น„์‹ผ ๊ณต์ •๋น„์šฉ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค.

์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ Rice ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ James M. Tour ๊ต์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์ ์™ธ์„  CO ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆฌ์ด๋ฏธ๋“œ(polyimide, PI) ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ PI ํ•„๋ฆ„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์œ ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€(laser-induced graphene, LIG) ์ „๊ทน์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. PI ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋œ CO ๋ ˆ์ด์ €์˜ ์žฅํŒŒ์žฅ(~ 10.6ฮผm), ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธด ํŽ„์Šค(~ 14ฮผs)๊ฐ€ ๊ด‘์—ด ํšจ๊ณผ(photothermal effect)๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ์˜จ๋„(> 2500ยฐC)๋กœ PI ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์—ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณ ์˜จ์€ PI ํ•„๋ฆ„์˜ C-O, C=O, N-C ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋Š๊ณ  C-C ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ sp ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ sp ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์‹œ์ผœ 3์ฐจ์› ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ 3์ฐจ์› ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ LIG๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(19).

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‘๊ป˜ 125ฮผm PI ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ์ ์™ธ์„  CO ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ LIG ํ˜•์„ฑ ํ›„ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ๊ณผ ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์  ์ธก์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์ œ์ž‘๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. LIG์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ FE-SEM๊ณผ Raman ์ธก์ •์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„, ๊ฒ€์ถœ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ํšŒ๋กœ ์ „์œ„(open-circuit potential, OCP)๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์„ผ์„œ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ๋ณธ ๋ก 

2.1 LIG ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน ์ œ์ž‘

2.1.1 LIG ์ œ์ž‘

์ž‘์—… ์ „๊ทน(working electrode, W. E.)๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „๊ทน(reference electrode, R. E.)์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ 2์ „๊ทน ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด AutoCAD ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์ง€๋ฆ„์ด 3 mm๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1(a)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „๊ทน ๋””์ž์ธ ํ›„, 125 um ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ PI ํ•„๋ฆ„์— CO ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์žฅ๋น„(UNIVERSAL็คพ, VLS 2.30)๋กœ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ LIG ์ „๊ทน์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์žฅ๋น„์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ํ‘œ 1์— ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1. LIG ์ œ์ž‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ CO2 ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์žฅ๋น„์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด

Table 1. CO2 laser parameters for making LIG

Mode

PPI*

Laser power

Speed

Raster

1,000

4.2 W

88.9 mm/s

(PPI*: pulses per inch)

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1. LIG ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน ์ œ์ž‘๊ณต์ • ๊ณผ์ • ๋ชจ์‹๋„; (a) PI ํ•„๋ฆ„์— CO laser ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ LIG ์ œ์ž‘, (b) LIG ๋ฐฐ์„  ์œ„์— PI ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ง ํ…Œ์ดํ”„ ๋ถ€ํƒ (c) LIG ํŒจ๋“œ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ํ…Œ์ดํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ธ ํ›„ ์‹ค๋ฒ„ ํŽ˜์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ, (d) ์ž‘์—… ์ „๊ทน์— PEDOT:PSS ์ „๊ธฐ์ค‘ํ•ฉ ํ›„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „๊ทน์— Ag/AgCl ink ๋„ํฌ, (e) PEDOT:PSS ์ธต ์œ„์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ๋ง‰ ์นตํ…Œ์ผ ๋“œ๋กญ ์บ์ŠคํŒ…

Fig. 1. LIG-based sodium and potassium ISEs fabrication process flow; (a) Fabrication of LIG on PI film by CO laser induction, (b) Attaching protective PI tape on the LIG electric lines, (c) Attaching copper tape on LIG pads and applying silver paste to connect copper tape and LIG pads, (d) PEDOT:PSS electrical polymerization on working electrode and Ag/AgCl ink pasting on reference electrode (e) Drop casting ionโ€“selective membrane (ISM) cocktail on the PEDOT:PSS layer.

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2.1.2 PEDOT: PSS ์ „๊ธฐ์ค‘ํ•ฉ

์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์ „์œ„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์˜จ-์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ์ธ PEDOT: PSS ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ „์œ„์ฐจ๋ฒ•(potentio- metry)์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์—… ์ „๊ทน ์œ„์— ์ „๊ธฐ์ค‘ํ•ฉ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(10). ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1(d)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋จผ์ € Ag/AgCl ink๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „๊ทน ์œ„์— ๋„ํฌํ•˜์—ฌ dry oven์—์„œ 80ยฐC 20๋ถ„ ๊ฒฝํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์„œ 0.01M EDOT, 0.1M NaPSS๋ฅผ D.I.Water์— ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ์šฉ์•ก์— ์ž‘์—… ์ „๊ทน์„ ๋‹ด๊ตฐ ํ›„ 14ฮผA(2mA cm)๋ฅผ 715์ดˆ๊ฐ„ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ PEDOT:PSS 10mC์„ ๊ฐ ์ž‘์—… ์ „๊ทน ์œ„์— ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.1.3 ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ๋ง‰ ์ฆ์ฐฉ

Na ionophore X 1wt\%, Na-TFPB 0.55wt\%, PVC 33wt\%, DOS 65.45wt\%๋กœ 100mg์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ ํ›„ tetrahydrofuran 660ฮผL์— ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ๋ง‰ ์นตํ…Œ์ผ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(20). ๋˜ํ•œ valinomycin 2wt\%, NaTPB 0.5wt\%, PVC 32.7wt\%, DOS 64.7wt\%๋กœ 100mg์˜ ์šฉ์•ก์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ ํ›„ cyclohexanone 350ฮผL์— ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ๋ง‰ ์นตํ…Œ์ผ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(21).

์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ๋ง‰์„ ์ž‘์—… ์ „๊ทน ์œ„์— ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1(e)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ ์ž‘์—… ์ „๊ทน ์œ„์— ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ๋ง‰ ์นตํ…Œ์ผ 4ฮผL, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ๋ง‰ ์นตํ…Œ์ผ 4ฮผL๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋กญ ์บ์ŠคํŒ… (drop casting) ํ•œ ํ›„ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑด์กฐ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•œ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์— ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2. PI ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ LIG ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ/์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน ์‚ฌ์ง„

Fig. 2. The fabricated LIG-based sodium/potassium ISEs on PI film

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2.2 LIG ๋ถ„์„

PI ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์œ„์— LIG๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ FE-SEM(FEI็คพ, Quanta 250FEG) ์ดฌ์˜ ๋ฐ Raman(HORIBA็คพ, LabRam ARAMIS IR2) ์‚ฐ๋ž€ ์ธก์ •์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3(a)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ LIG๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ PI ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‹œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ์‹ ์†ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค(22). ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3(b)์˜ ๋ผ๋งŒ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์—์„œ๋Š” 1350cm๋ถ€๊ทผ์˜ D ํ”ผํฌ, 1580cm-1 ๋ถ€๊ทผ์˜ G ํ”ผํฌ์™€ 2700cm-1 ๋ถ€๊ทผ์˜ 2D ํ”ผํฌ์ธ ์ด 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ํ”ผํฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. G ํ”ผํฌ๋Š” ํ‘์—ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ๋ฌผ์งˆ์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ”ผํฌ๋กœ graphite์˜ ์•ž ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ์™€ G๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. D ํ”ผํฌ๋Š” 1350cm ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํฌ๋…ผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„ํƒ„์„ฑ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ”ผํฌ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3. (a) ํ‘œ 1์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๊ณต์ • ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ PI ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ LIG ์ „๊ทน์˜ FE-SEM ์ดฌ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ (b) PI ํ•„๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ LIG์˜ ๋ผ๋งŒ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„

Fig. 3. (a) FE-SEM image of the fabricated LIG electrode on PI film with the laser process parameters described in Table 1, (b) Raman spectrum graphs of the PI film and the LIG

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2D ํ”ผํฌ๋Š” 1350cm ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํฌ๋…ผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„ํƒ„์„ฑ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ์—ฐ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 1350cm์˜ 2๋ฐฐ์ธ 2700cm ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค(23). ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€์˜ ์ธต์ˆ˜ ์‹๋ณ„์€ I/I ๋น„์œจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ธต ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€์—์„œ๋Š” I/I๋น„์œจ์ด 1.8 ์ด์ƒ์ด๋ฉฐ 10์ธต ์ดํ•˜์˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€์€ I/I ๋น„์œจ์ด 0.8 ์ด์ƒ, 1.8 ์ดํ•˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์ธต ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€์€ I/I ๋น„์œจ์ด 0.8 ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค(24). ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ LIG์˜ I/I ๋น„์œจ์€ 0.83์œผ๋กœ FE-SEM ์ดฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ LIG๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์ ์ธต๋œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ์ธต์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.3 PEDOT:PSS EIS ๋ถ„์„

์ผ๋ฐ˜ LIG์™€ LIG์— PEDOT:PSS๋ฅผ ์ „๊ธฐ์ค‘ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด EIS ์ธก์ • ํ›„ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4(a)๋Š” 0.1M KCl ์šฉ์•ก์—์„œ LIG, LIG/PEDOT:PSS์˜ EIS๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ป์€ ๋‚˜์ดํ€ด์ŠคํŠธ ํ”Œ๋กฏ์ด๋ฉฐ, 10mV์˜ AC ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ 250kHz์—์„œ 1Hz ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์šฉ์•ก/์ „๊ทน ๊ณ„๋ฉด์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4(b)์˜ ๋žœ๋“ค์Šค ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ EIS ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ํ”ผํŒ…(fitting) ํ›„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ดํ€ด์ŠคํŠธ ํ”Œ๋กฏ์—์„œ ์ขŒ์ธก์—์„œ ์šฐ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์›์€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ์ „๊ทน ๊ณ„๋ฉด์˜ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ด๋™ ์ €ํ•ญ(R)๊ณผ ์ด์ค‘์ธต ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค(25). ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4(a)์˜ ๋‚˜์ดํ€ด์ŠคํŠธ ํ”Œ๋กฏ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด LIG์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ LIG/PEDOT: PSS๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ˜์›์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜ ์ด๋™ ์ €ํ•ญ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์—์„œ์˜ PEDOT: PSS ์ ์šฉ์€ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4. (a) 0.1 M KCl ์šฉ์•ก์—์„œ PEDOT:PSS ์ „๊ธฐ์ค‘ํ•ฉ ์ „ ํ›„ LIG์˜ EIS ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ, (b) ์ธก์ •๋œ EIS ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋Œˆ

Fig. 4. (a) EIS spectrum of the LIG before/after PEDOT:PSS electropolymerization in 0.1 M KCl solution, (b) Equivalent circuit model for the measured EIS spectrum analysis.

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2.4 ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„

์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ์ด์˜จ์˜ ํ™œ๋™๋„ (๋†๋„)๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ด์˜จ ์ „๊ทน๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „๊ทน์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์šฉ์•ก์— ๋„ฃ์–ด ๋‘ ์ „๊ทน๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์œ„์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(1)
$E=E^{0}+\dfrac{2.3RT}{z_{i}F}\log\left(a_{i}+\sum_{j}K_{i,\:j^{Pot}} a_{j}^{(z_{i}/z_{j})}\right)$

$R$: ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ƒ์ˆ˜, $T$: ์ ˆ๋Œ€์˜จ๋„, $F$: ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋ฐ์ด ์ƒ์ˆ˜

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $E^{0}$์€ ์ƒ์ˆ˜, $i$, $j$๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ชฉ์  ์ด์˜จ๊ณผ ๊ณต์กด ์ด์˜จ, $a_{i}$, $a_{j}$๋Š” $i$, $j$ ์ด์˜จ์˜ ํ™œ๋™๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ $z_{i}$, $z_{j}$๋Š” ์ด์˜จ๊ฐ€, $K_{i,\:j^{Pot}}$๋Š” ์„ ํƒ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์ด์˜จ

ํ‘œ 2. ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ LIG ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน๊ณผ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ํƒ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ตํ‘œ

Table 2. Performance comparison of the fabricated LIG-based Na+, K+ ISEs to that of other published Na+, K+ ISEs

Electrode

Transducer/Ionophore

Sensitivity

(mV/dec)

LOD

(10-n M)

Linear range

(M)

Target

Ref.

Pt

Ppy / calixarene

51

5.7

10-5.2~10-1

potassium

(27)

GC

MoO2 / valinomycin

55

5.5

10-5~10-3

potassium

(28)

GCD

TCNQ / sodium ionophore IV

58.68

6.3

10-6~10-1

sodium

(29)

SPC

N/A / sodium ionophore X

63.75

4

10-4~10-1

sodium

(20)

LIG

PEDOT: PSS / sodium ionophore X

PEDOT: PSS / valinomycin

63.08

63.80

5

10-5~10-1

sodium

potassium

This work

$i$์˜ ์ธก์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์กด์ด์˜จ $j$์˜ ๋ฐฉํ•ด ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์กด์ด์˜จ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” $a_{j}\approx 0$, $K_{i,\:j^{Pot}}\approx 0$์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ $a_{i}$๊ฐ€ 10๋ฐฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ $2.3RT/(z_{i}F)$ V, ์ฆ‰ 25ยฐC์—์„œ 59.16 mV/$z_{i}$์˜ ์ „์œ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค(26).

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5. ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ LIG ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ (a) ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ยฉ ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์˜ 10-1 ~ 10-8M NaCl, KCl ์šฉ์•ก์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์œ„์ฐจ ์ธก์ • ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„, (b) ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, (d) ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์šฉ์•ก ๋†๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฒ€์ • ๊ณก์„  ($N=5$)

Fig. 5. Potential difference measurement of LIG based (a) Na+ and ยฉ K+ ISEs in 10-1 ~ 10-8M NaCl, KCl solutions, and the average calibration curves of (b) Na+ and (d) K+ ISEs ($N=5$) depending on the solution concentration

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.7.860/fig5.png

2.4.1 ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•œ๊ณ„ ์‹คํ—˜

์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ LIG ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์œผ๋กœ 10~ 10M ๋†๋„์˜ NaCl, KCl ์šฉ์•ก์˜ ์ „์œ„์ฐจ ์ธก์ •์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์„ผ์„œ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„์™€ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ์ „์œ„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธก์ • 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „์— 0.1M NaCl๊ณผ 0.1M KCl ์šฉ์•ก์„ ๊ฐ ์ „๊ทน ์œ„์— ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ทน ์ปจ๋””์…”๋‹์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 10 ~ 10M์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋†๋„๋กœ NaCl, KCl ์šฉ์•ก์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ƒ์šฉ ํฌํ…์‹œ์˜ค์Šคํƒฏ(GAMRY็คพ, PCI4/750โ„ข)์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ํšŒ๋กœ ์ „์œ„๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ ๋†๋„์—์„œ 30์ดˆ์”ฉ ์ „์œ„์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน ๋ชจ๋‘ 10 ~ 10M ๋†๋„์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” 10M, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 63.08mV/dec, 63.80mV/dec๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์„œ, ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„์ธ 59.16mV/dec๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.4.2 ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜

์ฒด๋‚ด ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ชฉ์  ์ด์˜จ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์  ์ธก์ •์€ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ•„์š”์š”๊ฑด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒด๋‚ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” Na, K, NH+, Mg, Ca ์ด์˜จ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์ด ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € 10mM NaCl, 5mM KCl ์šฉ์•ก์— ์ฒด๋‚ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์˜จ์˜ ๋†๋„์ธ 5mM NHCl, 0.5mM MgCl, 0.5mM CaCl๋ฅผ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์šฉ์•ก์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํฌํ…์‹œ์˜ค์Šคํƒฏ(GAMRY็คพ, PCI4/750โ„ข)์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ํšŒ๋กœ ์ „์œ„๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์šฉ์•ก์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 15์ดˆ์”ฉ ์ „์œ„์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6(a)์™€ 6(b)์˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด LIG ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ Na, K๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ์šฉ์•ก์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ „์œ„์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ๋ง‰์ด ๊ณต์กด ์ด์˜จ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉ์  ์ด์˜จ์„ ํˆฌ๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ LIG ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์ด์˜จ๋ณ„ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ. (a) ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, (b) ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ

Fig. 6. Selectivity characteristics of the fabricated LIG-based ISEs for (a) Na+, and (b) K+

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2019.68.7.860/fig6.png

2.5 ํƒ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋น„๊ต

์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํƒ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ‘œ 2์— ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ด์ „์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์œ ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ์ „๊ทน ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์€ ๋†’์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„(63.08mV/dec, 63.80mV/dec)์™€ ๋„“์€ ์ธก์ • ๋ฒ”์œ„(10~ 10M), ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•œ๊ณ„ (10M)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘๊ป˜ 125ฮผm ํด๋ฆฌ์ด๋ฏธ๋“œ ํ•„๋ฆ„์— 4.2W, 88.9mm/s๋กœ ์ ์™ธ์„  CO ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์œ ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ (laser- induced graphene, LIG) ํ˜•์„ฑ ํ›„ ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค๋“€์„œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” PEDOT: PSS ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ ์ž‘์—… ์ „๊ทน์— ์ „๊ธฐ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„, ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ๋ง‰ ์นตํ…Œ์ผ์„ PEDOT: PSS์ธต ์œ„์— ๋“œ๋กญ ์บ์ŠคํŒ…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. LIG์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ FE-SEM, Raman ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ LIG๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์ ์ธต๋œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ์ธต์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. LIG์— PEDOT: PSS๋ฅผ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ „๊ทน๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ LIG์™€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด EIS ์ธก์ •์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์ดํ€ด์ŠคํŠธ ํ”Œ๋กฏ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 0.1M KCl ์šฉ์•ก ๋‚ด์—์„œ LIG/PEDOT: PSS๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ LIG๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ด๋™์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„, ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ 10 ~ 10 ๋†๋„์˜ NaCl, KCl ์šฉ์•ก์—์„œ ์ „์œ„์ฐจ ์ธก์ •์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 10-1 ~ 10-5M ๋†๋„ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” 10-5M, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 63.08mV/dec, 63.80mV/dec๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„์ธ 59.16mV/dec๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ด์˜จ์ „๊ทน์ด ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉ์  ์ด์˜จ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฒด๋‚ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์ธ Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+ ์ด์˜จ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ธก์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์กด ์ด์˜จ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉ์  ์ด์˜จ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์œ ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ์ „๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„, ๋†’์€ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ์ „๊ทน์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ถ”ํ›„ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ์„ผ์„œ๋กœ์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์œ ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ์ „๊ทน์ด ์ ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

์ตœ ์žฌ ์„ฑ (Jaesung Choi)
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2016๋…„ ์„ธ์ข…๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ด‘์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—….

2016๋…„~ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ „๊ธฐ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ์„์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ • ์žฌํ•™.

E-mail : comma027@nate.com

ํ•œ ์ง€ ํ›ˆ (Ji-Hoon Han)
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2013๋…„ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ „๊ธฐ์ „์ž์ „ํŒŒ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์„์‚ฌ ์กธ์—….

2013๋…„~ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ „๊ธฐ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ • ์žฌํ•™.

E-mail : dafory@gamil.com

๊น€ ํƒœ ํ—Œ (Taeheon Kim)
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2007๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ†ต์‹ ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—….

2009๋…„~ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ „๊ธฐ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ์„๏ฝฅ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๊ณผ์ • ์žฌํ•™.

E-mail : page21c@korea.ac.kr

๋ฐ• ์ • ํ˜ธ (Jungho Pak)
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1985๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ Purdue ๋Œ€ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—… (ํ•™์‚ฌ)

1988๋…„ ๋™ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—… (์„์‚ฌ)

1992๋…„ ๋™ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—… (๊ณตํ•™๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)

1992๋…„ ~1995๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ Intel์‚ฌ ์ฑ…์ž„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›.

1995๋…„~ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ „๊ธฐ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜.

E-mail: pak@korea.ac.kr