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  1. (Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Daejin University, Korea.)



GaN HEMT, GaN FET, LDC, Low voltage dc-dc converter, Phase shedding, high efficiency, Phase-shift Full-bridge converter, PSFB converter

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์ตœ๊ทผ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ณ ์ „์•• ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ €์ „์•• ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” LDC(Low voltage dc-dc converter)์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ํƒ‘์žฌ๋˜๋Š” LDC์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ €์ „์•• ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์Šˆ์ด๋‹ค. LDC์˜ ๊ณ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์†Œ์ž๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค.

ํ˜„์žฌ LDC์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” Si์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” MOSFET์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ Si์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐญ ๋ฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ „์ž์ด๋™๋„๋“ฑ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ๋ถ€๋”ช์ณค๋‹ค(1-3). ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ WBG(Wide Band Gap)ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” GaN(Gallium Nitride)๊ณผ SiC(Silicon Carbide)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. WBG ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค ์ค‘ GaN HEMT(High Electron Mobility Transistor)๋Š” ๋„“์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐญ, ๋†’์€ ํ•ญ๋ณต์ „์•• ๋ฐ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ „์ž์ด๋™๋„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ Si-MOSFET์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์€ RDS(ON)๊ณผ ์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ ์€ ์†์‹ค, ๊ณ ์† ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋™์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐ€๋„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค(4-5).

LDC์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 1kW๊ธ‰๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝํ™”๋ฌผ์ฐจ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ 7kW๊ธ‰๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์Šน์šฉ์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2kW๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ LDC๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค(6). ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ LDC๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 1์ฐจ์ธก์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ Si๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ MOSFET์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ’€๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ๋ฐ ํ•˜ํ”„๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2์ฐจ์ธก์€ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2kW๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋˜๋ฉฐ ํšจ์œจ์€ 88%~94%๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค(7-10).

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1. ๊ธฐ์กด LDC ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋„

Fig. 1. Conventional LDC block diagram

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.2.276/fig1.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2. ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” LDC ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋„

Fig. 2. Proposed LDC block diagrams

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.2.276/fig2.png

๊ณ ํšจ์œจ LDC ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ธฐ์กด 1์ฐจ์ธก Si๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ MOSFET ๋Œ€์‹  GaN HEMT์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2์ฐจ์ธก ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์‹  GaN HEMT๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ์ •๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„ํ†ต ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ Phase shedding์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ, ์ค‘๋ถ€ํ•˜ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์šฉ LDC์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€ ๋ฐ GaN HEMT์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์†Œ์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ LDC์˜ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด Phase shedding ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ,์ค‘๋ถ€ํ•˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ „๋ถ€ํ•˜ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ์ •๋ฅ˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 3๋ชจ๋“ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ 1.5kW ์œ„์ƒ์ฒœ์ด dc-dc์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ์€ 96.2%๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 10%~100%๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ 95%์ด์ƒ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1. LDC ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€ ๋น„๊ต

Table 1. Comparison of LDC candidate topologies

SRC

LLC

Phase-shift

Full-bridge converter

Schematics

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.2.276/table1_1.png

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.2.276/table1_2.png

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.2.276/table1_3.png

Output control

Frequency control

Frequency control

Phase-shift control

Characteristics

Low voltage gain

Light load control difficulty

2 Resonant frequency

No additional resonant element

System suitability

Not suitable for high input / output systems

Suitable for systems with high input / output ratio

Suitable for systems with high input / output ratio

2. GaN HEMT ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ์„ค๊ณ„

2.1 GaN HEMT ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„

๊ณ ํšจ์œจ LDC์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด Si-MOSFET์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์†์‹ค์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ GaN HEMT์†Œ์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. D-mode GaN HEMT๋Š” Normally-on ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Turn-on์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์†Œ์ž์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์— ์Œ์ „์••์„ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ Turn-off๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ Normally-off ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” GaN HEMT์†Œ์ž์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ‘œ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ 2๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค.

์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ €์ „์•• MOSFET์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Normally-offํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ Cascode type์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ €์ „์•• MOSFET๊ณผ D-mode GaN HEMT ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ์ง๋ ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ €์ „์•• MOSFET์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ๋‹จ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ Turn-on ๋ฐ Turn-off ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด MOSFET์šฉ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ D-mode GaN HEMT์†Œ์ž์˜ Gate์™€ MOSFET์˜ Source๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด D-mode GaN HEMT์˜ Rising time ๋ฐ Falling time์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ปจํŠธ๋กคํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” AlGaN barrier ์œ„์— p-GaN์„ ๋„ํ•‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ Turn-off์‹œ์ผœ Normally-off ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. p-GaN type์€ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ์ „์••์ด ๊ธฐ์กด Si-MOSFET์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์€ 6V๋‚ด์™ธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ Cascode GaN HEMT์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ €์ „์•• MOSFET์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋‚ฎ์€ RDS(ON) ๋ฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์Šค์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์†์‹ค์ด

ํ‘œ 2. ์œ„์ƒ์ฒœ์ด dc-dc ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์–‘

Table 2. PSFB system Specification

Specification

Value

Specification

Value

1-Module output Power

500 [W]

3-Module output Power

1.5 [kW]

Input Voltage

300 [VDC]

Switching Frequency

100 [kHz]

Output Voltage

14 [VDC]

Transformer

Center tap

Output Current

107 [A]

Control method

Digital Control

๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋†’์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์Šค์œ„์นญ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์†์‹ค์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ p-GaN HEMT๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ LDC์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.2 Topology ๋ถ„์„

LDC๋Š” 200~800V์˜ ๊ณ ์••๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ 10~14V์˜ ์ €์••๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••๋น„๊ฐ€ ํฐ ํŠน์ง•์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ SOC(State of charge)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์ด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์˜ ๋ณ€๋™ ํญ์ด ํฐ ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์˜ ๋ณ€๋™ ํญ์ด ํฌ๊ณ  ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••๋น„๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. LDC์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ์Šค์œ„์นญ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ SRC, LLC ๋ฐ ์œ„์ƒ์ฒœ์ด dc-dc์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ‘œ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ํฐ LDC์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ LLC์™€ ์œ„์ƒ์ฒœ์ด dc-dc์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ๊ณต์ง„์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณต์ง„์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ธ ์œ„์ƒ์ฒœ์ด dc-dc์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘œ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์–‘์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3. GaN HEMT๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ LDC ๊ตฌํ˜„

๋ณธ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ LDC๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. LDC์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์ค‘ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 1์ฐจ์ธก์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ์†์‹ค ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” p-GaN HEMT๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„๋œ ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  Phase shedding์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ,์ค‘๋ถ€ํ•˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 2์ฐจ์ธก์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ์ •๋ฅ˜ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ GaN HEMT๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ์ •๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋ถ€ํ•˜ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3.1 GaN HEMT ์ ์šฉ

2.1์ ˆ์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด p-GaN HEMT์™€ Cascode GaN HEMT๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ LDC์„ค๊ณ„

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3. 1์ฐจ์ธก ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์†์‹ค ๋น„๊ต

Fig. 3. Primary switch loss for each device

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.2.276/fig3.png

์‹œ ๊ฐ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†์‹ค์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค๋Š” ํ‘œ 4์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ Infineon(็คพ)์˜ Cool-MOS ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์ธ IPL60R199CP์™€ RFMD(็คพ)์˜ Cascode GaN HEMT์ธ RFJS1506Q, GaN Systems(็คพ)์˜ p-GaN HEMT์ธ GS66506T๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ GaN HEMT์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋„ํ†ต ์‹œ Si-MOSFET์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†์‹ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 500W๊ธ‰ LDC ๊ตฌํ˜„ ์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด GaN HEMT์˜ ์†์‹ค์ด MOSFET์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ GaN HEMT ์ค‘ p-GaN HEMT ์†Œ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ p-GaN HEMT๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ LDC์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

p-GaN HEMT๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ LDC ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ์œ„์ƒ์ฒœ์ด dc-dc ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ZVS(Zero Voltage Switching) ์ตœ์ ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ์œ„์ƒ์ฒœ์ด dc-dc ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ZVS(Zero Voltage Switching)์˜ ๋™์ž‘์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ณต์ง„์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ €์žฅ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์— ์˜ํ•œ Coss์˜ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ์‹œ์ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณต์ง„์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” 0์ด ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ Turn-on ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ZVS์Šค์œ„์นญ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ GaN HEMT๋Š” ZVS๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ์งง๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ZVS ์‹œ์ž‘ ์‹œ์ ์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค(11).

๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” PCB Track์˜ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”์ด๋‹ค. GaN HEMT์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Si-MOSFET์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ฌธํ„ฑ์ „์••์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ด์Šค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ PCB Track์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค(12).

3.2 Phase shedding ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ ์šฉ

LDC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋‹จ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์กฐ์ „์›์˜ ํšจ์œจ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ 3๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ-์Šฌ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธŒ ์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์•• ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์Šฌ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธŒ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ ์ „๋ฅ˜์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์‚ฌ์–‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ „์••์ง€๋ น์€ 14V๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4. ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์†์‹ค๊ณก์„ 

Fig. 4. Loss curve with theoretical analysis

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.2.276/fig4.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5. Phase shedding ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋„

Fig. 5. Phase shedding control strategy

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.2.276/fig5.png

์˜€๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‘๋‹ตํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋“€์–ผ๋ฃจํ”„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ ์ „์••์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋ฅ˜์ง€๋ น์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ „๋ฅ˜์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด Phase-shift ์ปจํŠธ๋กค๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์–ด ์ตœ์ข… PWM์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์Šฌ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธŒ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ „๋ฅ˜์ง€๋ น์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๊ณผ ์Šฌ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธŒ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ฒฝ,์ค‘๋ถ€ํ•˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ Phase shedding ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ƒ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์ž‘ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ƒ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์†์‹ค์€ ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ, ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์†์‹ค์ด ๊ต์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์ธ 480W, 840W์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œ์–ด์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋“œ 1์€ 0W ~ 480W์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ๋™์ž‘ ์‹œ ์†์‹ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ธ #1 ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 2๊ฐœ ์Šฌ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธŒ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋™์ž‘์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์Šฌ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธŒ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ธ #2๋ฒˆ๊ณผ #3๋ฒˆ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. ๋™๊ธฐ์ •๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์œ„์ƒ์ฒœ์ด dc-dc ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ

Fig. 6. PSFB converter with synchronous rectification

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.2.276/fig6.png

๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ธ #1๋ฒˆ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ด ์ „์ฒด ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋“œ 2๋Š” 480W ~ 840W์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ๋™์ž‘ ์‹œ ์†์‹ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ธ #1 ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๊ณผ ์Šฌ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธŒ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ์ค‘ #2๋ฒˆ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ด ์ „์ฒด ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. #1๋ฒˆ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ ์ „์••์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๋•Œ ์ „์••์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ธ ์ „๋ฅ˜์ง€๋ น์„ #2๋ฒˆ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์— ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฅ˜์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋‚จ์€ ์Šฌ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธŒ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ธ #3๋ฒˆ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋“œ 3์€ 840W ~ 1500W์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ๋™์ž‘ ์‹œ ์†์‹ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ธ #1๋ฒˆ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๊ณผ ์Šฌ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธŒ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ธ #2๋ฒˆ, #3๋ฒˆ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ธ #1๋ฒˆ์€ ์ „์••์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๋•Œ ์ „์••์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ธ ์ „๋ฅ˜์ง€๋ น์„ #2๋ฒˆ๊ณผ #3๋ฒˆ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์— ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฅ˜์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1/3์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ถ„๋‹ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋ ฅ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

3.3 GaN HEMT๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋™๊ธฐ์ •๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ

๋™๊ธฐ์ •๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ 2์ฐจ์ธก์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ฅ˜ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ Turn-on์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋„ํ†ต์†์‹ค์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์ „๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํšจ์œจํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์žฅ์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6๋Š” GaN HEMT๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ ์ •๋ฅ˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์œ„์ƒ์ฒœ์ด dc-dc์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๋„ ๋ฐ ์„ผ์‹ฑ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ๋“€์–ผ๋ฃจํ”„ ์ œ์–ด์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์„ผ์‹ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 2์ฐจ์ธก ๋™๊ธฐ ์ •๋ฅ˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†Œ์Šค ๋‹จ์„ ๊ณตํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ „์› ์—†์ด ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌ๋™์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ธฐ์กด ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๋™๊ธฐ์ •๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์ •๋ฅ˜ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ํšจ์œจ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‡ผํŠธํ‚ค ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์ธ STPS61L60C, Si-MOSFET์ธ BSB028N06NN3 ๋ฐ p-GaN HEMT์ธ EPC2020์˜ ๋„ํ†ต์†์‹ค์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  500W์—์„œ ์•ฝ 9W์˜ ์†์‹ค์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ LDC์˜ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„ํ†ต์†์‹ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ EPC2020์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ 2์ฐจ์ธก ๋™๊ธฐ์ •๋ฅ˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋™๊ธฐ ์ •๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ทธ๋„ ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ ์ฐจํŠธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๊ณ  ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 7. 2์ฐจ์ธก ์ •๋ฅ˜๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค์˜ ๋„ํ†ต์†์‹ค ๋น„๊ต

Fig. 7. Secondary side conduction loss of rectification device

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.2.276/fig7.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 8. ๋™๊ธฐ์ •๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ ์ฐจํŠธ

Fig. 8. Synchronous rectification timing chart

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.2.276/fig8.png

Turn-on์‹œ์ ์€ ํ™˜๋ฅ˜๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ๋„ํ†ต์†์‹ค์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Šค์œ„์น˜์— ์ „์••์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘ Turn-on์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋™๊ธฐ ์ •๋ฅ˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์— ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์˜ PWM_3A ๋ฐ 3B์™€ ๊ฐ™๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” Lagging leg์™€ Leading leg์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์ฐจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค.

์œ„์ƒ ์ฒœ์ด dc-dc์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” 1์ฐจ ์ธก ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹œ์— ๋“€ํ‹ฐ ์†์‹ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 1์ฐจ์ธก ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์•• VPole์ด ๊ณต์ง„ ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด 2์ฐจ์ธก ๊ถŒ์„  ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์œ ํšจ๋“€ํ‹ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ฌดํšจ๋“€ํ‹ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์‹(1)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋„์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค.

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ IS.rms๋Š” 2์ฐจ์ธก ๊ถŒ์„ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹คํšจ๊ฐ’, IS.rms1์€ ์œ ํšจ๋“€ํ‹ฐ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 9. ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋“€ํ‹ฐ์†์‹ค ์‹œ๊ฐ„

Fig. 9. Duty loss time according to output power

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.2.276/fig9.png

๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ 2์ฐจ์ธก ๊ถŒ์„ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹คํšจ๊ฐ’, IS.rms2๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ๋“€ํ‹ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ 2์ฐจ์ธก ๊ถŒ์„ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹คํšจ๊ฐ’, Deff๋Š” ์œ ํšจ๋“€ํ‹ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„, ILO.max๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ฅ˜, ILO.min์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ์ „๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ 1์ฐจ์ธก ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์žํ™”์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์‹(2)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜๋ฉฐ 1์ฐจ์ธก ํด์ „์••์ด ๊ณต์ง„์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹(1)๊ณผ 2๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†์‹ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ์‹(3)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ทผ์‚ฌํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ IM.max๋Š” ์žํ™”์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’, Lm์€ ์žํ™”์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค, LR์€ ๊ณต์ง„์ธ๋•ํ„ด์Šค, Ip.min์€ 1์ฐจ์ธก ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ๊ฐ’, Ip.max2๋Š”๋ฌดํšจ๋“€ํ‹ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ 1์ฐจ์ธก ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ 1์ฐจ์ธก ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์ง„์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌดํšจ๋“€ํ‹ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ธ tloss๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋ณ€๋™ ํญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ์ธก ๋™๊ธฐ์ •๋ฅ˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์ธ EPC2020์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋„ํ†ต ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ๋„ํ†ต ์ „์••๊ฐ•ํ•˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„(VSD)์ด 2V๋‚ด์™ธ๋กœ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ LDC ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋™๊ธฐ์ •๋ฅ˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ๋ฌดํšจ๋“€ํ‹ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํšจ์œจ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ LDC ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌดํšจ๋“€ํ‹ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ธ tloss๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

4. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

๊ณ ํšจ์œจ LDC๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ์ •๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๋ฒ•, Phase shedding ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ฐ GaN HEMT ์ ์šฉ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 1.5kW๊ธ‰ Prototype ์œ„์ƒ์ฒœ์ด dc-dc์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10(a)์™€ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ธํŠธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10(b)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์€ 500W๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 3๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 10. ์‹คํ—˜ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ์…‹์—…

Fig. 10. Experimental measurement environment

../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.2.276/fig10.png

1.5kW๊ธ‰ LDC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ,์ค‘๋ถ€ํ•˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ Phase shedding์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ณ„ ์ฃผ์š” ํŒŒํ˜•์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11(a)๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“œ 1๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ 400W๋ถ€ํ•˜์กฐ๊ฑด์ด๋ฉฐ #1๋ฒˆ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11(b)๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“œ 2๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ 800W ๋ถ€ํ•˜์กฐ๊ฑด์ด๋ฉฐ #1๋ฒˆ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๊ณผ #2๋ฒˆ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 400W๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์€ 14.1V๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” 28.1A, 27.8A๋กœ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๋‚ด๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11(c)๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“œ 3 ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ 1.5kW์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์กฐ๊ฑด์ด๋ฉฐ #1๋ฒˆ, #2๋ฒˆ ๋ฐ #3๋ฒˆ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์€ 14.1V๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” 35.9A, 35.9A ๋ฐ 35.7A๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Yokogawa(็คพ)์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ์ธ WT3000์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ Si-MOSFET๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์™€ GaN HEMT๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ Phase shedding์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋™๊ธฐ์ •๋ฅ˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ณ„ ํšจ์œจ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11(d)์™€ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ GaN HEMT๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ Si-MOSFET๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ตœ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ์ด ์•ฝ 3.3% ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ GaN HEMT๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด๋Š” Phase shedding์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์ ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ 10%~100% ๋ถ€ํ•˜์—์„œ 95% ์ด์ƒ, ์ตœ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ 96.2%๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 11. ์‹คํ—˜ํŒŒํ˜• ๋ฐ ํšจ์œจ ๊ณก์„ 

Fig. 11. Experimental waveform and efficiency curve

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5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์šฉ LDC๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํšจ์œจํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. LDC์— ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์œ„์ƒ์ฒœ์ด dc-dc์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 500W๊ธ‰ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ 3๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 1.5kW๊ธ‰ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก 2์ฐจ์ธก ์ •๋ฅ˜ํšŒ๋กœ์— ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ GaN HEMT๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™๊ธฐ์ •๋ฅ˜์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ Phase shedding์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ,์ค‘๋ถ€ํ•˜์—์„œ๋„ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ๋™์ž‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ์€ 96.2%๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  10%์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์—์„œ 95%์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ Phase shedding์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋™๊ธฐ์ •๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์šฉ LDC๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์šฉ PCS ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์‚ฐ์—…์šฉ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜ ๋“ฑ์— ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2017 R1D1A1B03033140).

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

๊น€ํ˜„๋นˆ (Hyun-Bin Kim)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.2.276/au1.png

He received the B.S. and the M.S. degrees from Daejin University, Pocheon, Korea, in 2015 and 2017, respectively.

Since 2017, he has worked for his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineer- ing at Daejin University.

His research interests include WBG semiconductor devices for dcโ€“dc converters and PCS for renewable energy.

๊น€์ข…์ˆ˜ (Jong-Soo Kim)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEE.2020.69.2.276/au2.png

He received his B.S. degree from Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea, in 2006, and his M.S. and Ph.D. degree from Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea, in 2008 and 2011, respectively, all in Electrical Engineering.

From 2011 to 2012, he was a Full-time lecturer for Electrical Engineering at Seoil university, Seoul, Korea.

From 2012 to 2013, he worked as a Senior Researcher at the Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung, Korea.

In 2013, Prof. Kim joined Daejin University in the Department of Electrical Engineering.

His research interests include wide band gap devices for power electronics, high power dc-dc converters, power conversion for electric vehicles, and wireless power transfer charging system.