Mobile QR Code QR CODE : The Transactions P of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers

  1. (Smart Power Distribution lab. of KEPRI, Korea.)
  2. (Dept. of Electrical Engineering at Chungnam National University.)



Hybrid UPS, SOC estimation error, ESS operational planning

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฆฌํŠฌ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜(์ดํ•˜ ESS, Energy Storage System)๋Š” ์†ก๋ณ€์ „๊ธ‰ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณด์กฐ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ฌด์ •์ „ ์ „์›๊ณต๊ธ‰์žฅ์น˜(UPS, Uninterruptible Power Supply)๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(1)-(3). ๋˜ํ•œ ESS๋Š” ๋‹จ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚ด์— ์ถฉ์ „๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์šด์˜๊ณผ ์žฅ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์ €์ถœ๋ ฅ ์šด์˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์šด์ „ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์ „์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(4). ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์œตํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋”์šฑ๋” ๋†’์€ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

์ตœ๊ทผ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์›์ „์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆœํ™˜์ •์ „ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ UPS์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ UPS๋Š” 220V~380V ์ „์••์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์ˆ˜์‹ญ~์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ kWh์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ „๋ ฅ์ „์ž ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ 6.6kV๊ธ‰์— ์ˆ˜์‹ญMWh ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ UPS๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์ œํ’ˆํ™” ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ UPS๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์„ค๋น„์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฌด์ •์ „์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์„ค๋น„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ค๋น„๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ UPS ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ค‘์— ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์–ด๋„ UPS ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ESS์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ UPS์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค(5).

์„ ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ UPS๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ line-interactive UPS์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(5)-(7). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ œ์–ด ๋กœ์ง์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ชจ์˜์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ™•์ธ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ฃผ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์šด์˜ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” UPS ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ESS์˜ ์šด์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์šด์˜์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋‹จ์ผ ์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ UPS๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์ •๊ฒฉ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ฌ์œ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ UPS์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ ์ ˆ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์—ฌ์œ  ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ •์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ UPS๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 1์ผ์ „ UPS๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋งˆ์ง„์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๋„๋ก ์šด์˜๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ ์ ˆ๊ฐ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ์ ˆ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ณ„ ์š”๊ธˆ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ESS์˜ ์šด์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์บ ํผ์Šค ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด UPS ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. UPS๊ฒธ์šฉ ESS

2.1 Line-interactive UPS ๊ตฌ์กฐ

์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ UPS๋Š” ์ด์ค‘๋ณ€ํ™˜(double conversion) ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์€ ์ด์ค‘๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ UPS๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(8).

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 1. ์ด์ค‘๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ UPS

Fig. 1. Double conversion UPS

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2020.69.2.76/fig1.png

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ESS์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ „์••์€ 1,500V ์ดํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํŠฌ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–‘๊ทน์žฌ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•˜์œ„๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ์ „์••์€ 2.2~3.7V ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 3์›๊ณ„ NCM๊ณ„์—ด์€ 3.7V์˜ ๊ณต์นญ์ „์••์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ 256๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ฉด 947V๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 1,000V๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค(9). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋ฉฐ 1,500V๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์„ค๋น„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ƒ ๊ณ ์••์„ค๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด 1,500V ์ดˆ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ œํ’ˆํ™”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 380V ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์ „์••์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์„ ๋กœ์—๋Š” ์ด์ค‘๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ UPS๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋น„ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ธก์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์„คํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์†์‹ค์ด ํฐ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ UPS๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ line-interactive ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ ๋กœ๋Š” 6.6kV๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ ์—๋งŒ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์„คํ•˜๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ด ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์†์‹ค์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๋„ ๋†’๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋™์ž‘ ์‹œ ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ESS์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„์ƒ์‹œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ถ€(Power Interface)๋ฅผ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์†Œ์ž๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „๋ ฅ์šฉ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์ž‘์‚ฌ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด ๊ทธ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.

2.2 UPS ๊ฒธ์šฉ ESS ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์„ค๊ณ„

UPS๊ฒธ์šฉ ESS์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์— ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์ •์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ด๋ฉฐ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„ ์— ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ UPS ๊ฒธ์šฉ ESS(line-interactive UPS)๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 2. Line-interactive ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ UPS

Fig. 2. Line-interactive UPS

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2020.69.2.76/fig2.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์€ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€์†๊ณก์„ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 910kW์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์งง์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐํ‰๊ท  ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์€ 240kW ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋‹ค. PCS์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 1.25MVA๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 1MW๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  0.8์˜ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 1C ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ 1MWh๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€์†๊ณก์„ ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด 8760์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 400kW์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 800์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 10%๋„ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์ด ESS๋ฅผ UPS ์ „์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 3. ์„ค๊ณ„๋Œ€์ƒ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€์†๊ณก์„ 

Fig. 3. Load duration curve of design target

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2.3 UPS ๊ฒธ์šฉ ESS ์šด์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜

UPS ๊ฒธ์šฉ ESS์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์šด์˜์ „๋žต์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ 1์ผ ์šด์ „๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 1์ผ์ „ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณ„ UPS ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ถฉ์ „์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™•์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ณ„ ESS ๋™์ž‘ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ESS ์šด์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋„์ด๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ESS์˜ ์šด์˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ณ„ ์š”๊ธˆ์ œ์™€ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ธˆ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค์ „ 9์‹œ ์ด์ „์— ์ถฉ์ „๋™์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ค์ „ 9์‹œ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 23์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ณ„ ์š”๊ธˆ(Time Of Use, TOU) ๋ฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  23์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 00์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์šด์ „ ์ด๋ ฅ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚ ์˜ ์šด์˜๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“œ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 4. UPS ๊ฒธ์šฉ ESS ์šด์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋„

Fig. 4. Hybrid ESS operation flowchart

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2.3.1 ์ถฉ์ „ ์ œ์–ด ๋ชจ๋“œ

ESS๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ์—ด์ด ์ ์–ด์„œ ํšจ์œจ๋„ ์ข‹๊ณ  ์—ดํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 8์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „๋™์ž‘์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „ ์ œ์–ด ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 5. ์ถฉ์ „์ œ์–ด๋ชจ๋“œ ์ˆœ์„œ๋„

Fig. 5. Charge control mode flowchart

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2020.69.2.76/fig5.png

์—ฐ์‚ฐ ๋™์ž‘์€ 1๋ถ„ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘๋˜๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ์ „์ œ์–ด ๋ชจ๋“œ์ธ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ถฉ์ „์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ BMS(Battery Management System)์—์„œ ์ฝ์–ด์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์ „ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Ÿ‰์„ kWh๋กœ ํ™˜์‚ฐํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ 8์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ž”์—ฌ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ถ„๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์‹(1)์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ PCS์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.

(1)
$P_{PCS}^{i}=60(100-S^{i})R_{E}/(100T_{m}^{i}\eta_{c})$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $P_{PCS}^{i}$๋Š” PCS์˜ i์‹œ์ ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ(kW), $S^{i}$๋Š” I์‹œ์ ์˜ SOC(%), $R_{E}$๋Š” ESS์˜ ์ •๊ฒฉ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰(kWh), $T_{m}^{i}$๋Š” 8์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ถฉ์ „๋ชจ๋“œ ์ž”์—ฌ์‹œ๊ฐ„(๋ถ„), $\eta_{c}$๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „ ํšจ์œจ์ด๋‹ค.

2.3.2 ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ œ์–ด ๋ชจ๋“œ

ESS๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ ๊ณ„์ ˆ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ 9์‹œ ์ด์ „์— ์ถฉ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  UPS ๋™์ž‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘๊ณ  ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ๋ฐฉ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ „๋™์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ œ์–ด๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ผ์— ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋ฐฉ์ „๊ณ„ํš์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์›”๊ฐ„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๋งŒํผ ๋ฐฉ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์น˜ ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์€ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ œ์–ด ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์˜ ์ œ์–ด๋Š” PMS(Power Management System)์—์„œ 1๋ถ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์›”๊ฐ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์‹(2)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ $P_{peak}$๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.

(2)
$P_{peak}=\max(0,\: P_{d}^{i}-P_{sp})$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $P_{d}^{i}$๋Š” i์‹œ์ ์˜ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰(kW)์ด๊ณ  $P_{sp}$๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ์›”๊ฐ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰(kW)์ด๋‹ค. $P_{peak}$๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ 0์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ–์œผ๋ฉฐ ์–‘์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ „, ์Œ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹(3)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ SOC์™€ ๊ณ„ํš๋œ SOC๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ($P_{sl}$)์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 6. ๋ฐฉ์ „์ œ์–ด๋ชจ๋“œ ์ˆœ์„œ๋„

Fig. 6. Discharge control mode flowchart

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2020.69.2.76/fig6.png

์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐฉ์ „์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ UPS ๋™์ž‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ SOC๊ฐ’ ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ฉฐ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ SOC($S^{i}$)๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” SOC($S_{STOU}^{i}$)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์•„๋„ ์ถฉ์ „๋™์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

(3)
$P_{sl}=\max(0,\: 60(S^{i}-S^{i_{STOU}})R_{E}\eta_{d}/100)$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $S^{i}$๋Š” i์‹œ์ ์˜ SOC(%), $S^{i}_{STOU}$๋Š” i์‹œ์ ์— ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” SOC(%), $R_{E}$๋Š” ESS์˜ ์ •๊ฒฉ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰(kWh), $\eta_{d}$๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ ํšจ์œจ์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” PCS๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ข… ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ์‹(4)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•ž์„œ ์‹(2)์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ณ„ ์š”๊ธˆ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ($P_{TU}^{i}$)์„ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด SOC์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹(3)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋„์ถœ๋œ ์ œํ•œ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด PCS๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ($P_{TU}^{i}$)์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์ ˆ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค.

(4)
$P_{PCS}^{i}=\min(P_{sl},\:\alpha P_{TU}^{i}+P_{peak})$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $\alpha$๋Š” SOC๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋น„๋ก€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ’์ด 1์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ„ํš๋œ SOC๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค์ œ ์ธก์ •๋œ SOC ๊ฐ’์ด ํฌ๋ฉด. ์ฆ‰ ๊ณ„ํš๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐฉ์ „์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•„ SOC์˜ ๊ณ„ํš๋Œ€๋น„ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 5%์ด์ƒ์ด๋ฉด 0.01์”ฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  5%์ดํ•˜์ด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ 1๋กœ ๋˜์–ด SOC๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ ๋กœ์ง์ด๋‹ค.

2.3.3 ์šด์˜ ๊ณ„ํš ๋ชจ๋“œ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์€ UPS ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒธํ•œ ESS์˜ ์šด์˜๊ณ„ํš ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์šด์˜๊ณ„ํš ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ 1์ผ์ „ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ UPS ๊ฒธ์šฉ ESS์˜ ์šด์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ฌํ”Œํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐํšŒ๊ท€(Auto-regression) ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์ผ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์™€ 6์ผ์ „์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํ‰๊ท ์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉด ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 15๋ถ„๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ 5๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์€ ๊ทธ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ถˆํŠน์ • ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์ ์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ถฉ์ „์ƒํƒœ(SOC, State Of Charge)๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ธก์ •์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ถ”์ •๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ผ์ • ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์–ด๋Š ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” BMS (Battery Management System)์—์„œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ SOC๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ SOC๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ณ€๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šด์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์—ดํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ค„์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธก์ • ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก ํ›„ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 7. ์šด์˜๊ณ„ํš ๋ชจ๋“œ ์ˆœ์„œ๋„

Fig. 7. Operation planning mode flowchart

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2020.69.2.76/fig7.png

UPS ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰($E_{UPS}$)์€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์‹œ๊ฐ„($T_{UPS}$)์„ 10๋ถ„ ~ 60๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณ€๋™ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€์†๊ณก์„ ์—์„œ ํ‰๊ท ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” 240kW ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๋ฅผ 10๋ถ„๋งŒ UPS๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 240kWร—10/60h = 40kWh์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 940kWh๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. SOC ์ธก์ •์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰($E_{SOC}$)์€ ์ •๊ฒฉ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 6%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰($E_{LDFC}$)์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ’์— 10%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. SOH ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰($E_{SOH}$)์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ •๊ฒฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 1%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€($E_{DC}$)๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ •๊ฒฉ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ ์•ž์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ 4๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

(5)
$E_{DC}=R_{E}-E_{UPS}-E_{SOC}-E_{SOH}-E_{LDFC}$

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์€ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ถ„์„์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์ค‘ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ณ„ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ• ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 8. ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์‹œ

Fig. 8. Load forecasting example

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2020.69.2.76/fig8.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ž์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ์„ค์ •๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€ ๋ณ„๋กœ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ณ„ํš์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์ค‘ ํ”ผํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ESS๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด UPS๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘์–ด๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 9. ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ณ„ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ• ๋‹น ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 9. Hourly energy assignment of battery

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2020.69.2.76/fig9.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋„์—์„œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€ ๋ณ„ ESS์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ 15๋ถ„ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ณ„๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์–‘์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์–ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€ ๋ณ„ SOC์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

PCS์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์šฉ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ „๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์ถฉ์ „๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ณ„ ์š”๊ธˆ์ œ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋†’์€ ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ท ๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฉ์ „๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค.

(6)
$E_{peak}=\sum_{i=37}^{92}\left(P_{fc}^{i}-P_{sp}\right)/4$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $P_{fc}^{i}$๋Š” 15๋ถ„ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜(kW)์ด๊ณ  $P_{sp}$๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ์›”๊ฐ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋Ÿ‰(kW)์ด๊ณ  $E_{peak}$๋Š” ์›”๊ฐ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Ÿ‰(kWh)์ด๋‹ค.

์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋ฉด ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ณ„ ์š”๊ธˆ์ œ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์š”๊ธˆ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ์ ˆ๊ฐ์šฉ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰($E_{DC}$)์—์„œ $E_{peak}$๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด ์ตœ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์š”๊ธˆ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์˜ ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ท ๋“ฑํžˆ ๋ฐฉ์ „๋˜๋„๋ก ์˜ˆ์ƒ์ถœ๋ ฅ($P_{T OU}$)์„ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์šด์˜๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ SOC ์šด์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค. SOC์šด์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ESS์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์ถœ๋ ฅ($P_{T OU}$)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋  SOC๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šด์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œ ESS์˜ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ณผ SOC์˜ ์šด์˜๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 10. ESS ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ SOC ์šด์˜ ๊ณ„ํš

Fig. 10. Power output of ESS and SOC operation plan

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2020.69.2.76/fig10.png

4. Case study

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” UPS๋ฅผ ๊ฒธ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ESS์˜ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์šด์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ UPS์šฉ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜ค์ฐจ ์š”์†Œ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘์–ด ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํฌ์ €๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „๊ณ„ํš์„ 1์ผ ์ „์— ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์ „๊ณ„ํš์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์™€ UPS์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์ง€์ผœ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์‹ค์ฆ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ณ„ํš์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 1. ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„

Table 1. Case study classification

Cases

Whether the target maximum power demand is exceeded

Load forecast result

1

exceeded

forecasted load > actual load

2

forecasted load < actual load

3

forecasted load โ‰ช actual load

4.1 Case 1-์˜ˆ์ธก ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ ์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฐœ์ƒ

Case 1์€ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์™€ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11์—๋Š” ์›”๊ฐ„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 11. Case 1์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ธก์ • ๋ถ€ํ•˜

Fig. 11. Forecasted and measured load in case1

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2020.69.2.76/fig11.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณ„ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šด์˜๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, SOC์˜ ์šด์˜๊ณ„ํš์„ kWh ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 9์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถฉ์ „์œผ๋กœ 1,000kWh๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ถฉ์ „๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฐฉ์ „๊ณ„ํš์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ 23์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Ÿ‰($E_{DC}$)์ด๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ง„์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ UPS์šฉ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ณ„ ์š”๊ธˆ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์šด์˜๊ณ„ํš์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 9์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ฝ 14์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ณ„ ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋™์ž‘์ด ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ œ์–ด ๋™์ž‘์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์šด์ „ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค์ œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์–ด์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ณ„ํš๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ SOC๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํš๋Œ€๋น„ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹(4)์˜ $\alpha$๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ SOC๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์›”๊ฐ„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋™์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‡„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ณ„ ์š”๊ธˆ์ œ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ์šด์ „์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜๋Š” 23์‹œ ์‹œ์ ์—๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš๋œ SOC์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋™์ž‘์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 12. Case 1 ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณ„ํš

Fig. 12. Case 1 load forecast based battery usage plan

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2020.69.2.76/fig12.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 13. Case 1 ESS ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋ฐ SOC ๊ณ„ํš

Fig. 13. Case 1 ESS charge/discharge and ๋ฐ SOC plan

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2020.69.2.76/fig13.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 14. Case 1 ESS ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋ฐ SOC ๊ณ„ํš/์ด๋ ฅ

Fig. 14. Case 1 ESS realtime charge/discharge and SOC plan/log

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2020.69.2.76/fig14.png

4.2 Case 2-์˜ˆ์ธก ๋Œ€๋น„ ํฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฐœ์ƒ

Case 2๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค์ œ ํฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋Ÿ‰ ์ดํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16์˜ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ณ„ํš์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „๊ณ„ํš์€ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ณ„ ์š”๊ธˆ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹ค์ œ ESS๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 17์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋™์ž‘์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  SOC๋Š” 15์‹œ์— 72%๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 40% ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ณ„ ์š”๊ธˆ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋™์ž‘์€ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  23์‹œ์—๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš๋œ SOC ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์ „์„ ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” UPS ๊ฒธ์šฉ ESS ์šด์˜์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์˜๋„์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋™์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 15. Case 2์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ฐ ์‹ค ์ธก์ • ๋ถ€ํ•˜

Fig. 15. Forecasted and measured load in case 2

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2020.69.2.76/fig15.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 16. Case 2 ESS ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋ฐ SOC ๊ณ„ํš

Fig. 16. Case 2 ESS charge/discharge and ๋ฐ SOC plan

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 17. Case 2 ESS ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋ฐ SOC ๊ณ„ํš/์ด๋ ฅ

Fig. 17. Case 2 ESS realtime charge/discharge and SOC plan/log

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2020.69.2.76/fig17.png

4.3 Case 3-์˜ˆ์ธก ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฐœ์ƒ

Case 3์€ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งค์šฐ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 18์€ Case 3์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์™€ ์‹ค์ œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Ÿ‰์ธ 650kW์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ 800kW๊นŒ์ง€ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 6์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ 900kWh์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ UPS์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” 1MWh ESS์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ์˜ ESS ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 19๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ณ„ ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ด๋ ฅ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 20์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด 12์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ SOC๊ฐ€ UPS์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œ๊ฐ’์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ UPS ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ’์ด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋Œ€๋น„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ’์„ ์ž˜๋ชป ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 18. Case 3์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ฐ ์‹ค ์ธก์ • ๋ถ€ํ•˜

Fig. 18. Forecasted and measured load in case 3

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 19. Case 3 ESS ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋ฐ SOC ๊ณ„ํš

Fig. 19. Case 3 ESS charge/discharge and SOC plan

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๊ทธ๋ฆผ. 20. Case 3 ESS ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋ฐ SOC ๊ณ„ํš/์ด๋ ฅ

Fig. 20. Case 3 ESS realtime charge/discharge and SOC plan/log

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4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” UPS ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒธ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ESS์˜ ์šด์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ESS๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— UPS ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ UPS ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ UPS์šฉ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋‚จ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์š”๊ธˆ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋”๋ผ๋„ ์˜ค์ฐจ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚จ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ณ„ ์š”๊ธˆ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ˆ์ธก ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—๋„ UPS๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ESS ์šด์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ UPS์˜ ๋ฏธํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ESS์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œตํ•ฉ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Korea Electric Power Corpor- ation grant(No. R19DA05) and the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea. (No.20151210200080)

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

Chang-Hoon Shin
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He received his B.S and M.S degrees from Kyung- pook National University, Korea.

he is currently pursuing the Ph. D. degree in electrical engineering at Chungnam National University, Korea.

He is presently a Chief Researcher at Korea Electric Power Research Institute, Korea.

Won-Wook Jung
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He received his B.S from Chungnam National University and M.S degrees from Seoul National University, Korea.

He is presently a Principal Researcher at Korea Electric Power Research Institute, Korea.

Sung-Min Cho
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He received his B.S, M.S and Ph.D degrees from Soongsil University, Korea.

He is presently a Senior Researcher at Korea Electric Power Research Institute, Korea.

Han-Ju Cha
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He received his B.S. degree in Electrical Engine- ering from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1988; his M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Pohang Institute of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea, in 1990; and his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Texas A&M Univer- sity, College Station, TX, USA, in 2004.

From 1990 to 2001, he was with LG Industrial Systems, Anyang, Korea, where he was engaged in the development of power electronics and adjustable speed drives.

Since 2005, he has been with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.

He was a Visiting Professor in the United Technology Re- search Center, Hartford, CT, USA, in 2009.

His current research interests include high-power converter, ac/dc, dc/ac, and ac/ac converter topologies, power quality, and utility interface issues for distributed energy systems and microgrids.