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  1. (Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Gachon University, Korea.)
  2. (Korea Railroad Research Institute, Korea.)



3-level ANPC Inverter, AC coupling-based ESR measurement, ESR(Equivalent Series Resistance), RMS-based ESR measurement.

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์ตœ๊ทผ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋™ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†ก๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[1,2]. ํŠนํžˆ, 2์ฐจ์ „์ง€(Li-ion Battery), ์•กํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ(Liquid-hydrogen)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ €์žฅ์šฉ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†ก๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[1,2].

์ „๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ์ €์žฅ์šฉ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์†ก๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฒ ๋„์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ˆ˜์†ก๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒ ๋„์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณ ์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ ˆ์ผ ์œ„ ์ •์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๊ฐ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด ์ ์šฉ๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์†ก๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์†๋„ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ(Inverter)๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” DC ์ „๋ ฅ์„ AC ์ „๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜๋กœ์จ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” AC ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ํ† ํฌ์™€ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ์ œ์–ด์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค[3].

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” AC ์ „์••์„ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ „์•• ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์š”์†Œ์ด๋‹ค[4,5]. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋†’์€ ์ „์••์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ ๋„์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์••๋„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ์„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค[6,7].

DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ง„๋‹จ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€์ง๋ ฌ์ €ํ•ญ(ESR : Equivalent Series Resistance)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ESR์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋“ค์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํŠนํžˆ, ์ฒ ๋„์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์šฉ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 3-level ANPC(Active Neutral-Point-Clamped)์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ESR์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์ค‘ RMS(Root Mean Square) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ[8]๊ณผ AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ[9]์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ ์ ์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋ชจ๋‘ 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ESR์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ•„ํ„ฐ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ESR์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋”์šฑ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

2. ์ฒ ๋„์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์šฉ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋“ค์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„

์ฒ ๋„์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์šฉ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—๋„ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ „์••์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1. ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๋„

Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of 3-level ANPC inverter applied to motor

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2023.72.3.172/fig1.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์€ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉ๋œ 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ 2๊ฐœ์˜ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ ์ด DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋•Œ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ์–‘๋‹จ์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ „์••์€ $V_{dc}/2$[V]์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ 2-level ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค 2๋ฐฐ ๋งŽ์€ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ESR ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2.1 ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ

์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์€ ๋Œ€์—ญํ†ต๊ณผํ•„ํ„ฐ(BPF : Band Pass Filter)์™€ FFT(Fast Fourier Transform)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ESR์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋Š” ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋ธ”๋ก ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2. ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋ธ”๋ก ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ

Fig. 2. Block diagram of ESR measurement method based on frequency analysis

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2023.72.3.172/fig2.png

๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ DC-link์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ „์••๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ DC-link์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ „์••๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ ์ค‘ ESR์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์œ ํšจํ•œ ๋Œ€์—ญ๋งŒ์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด BPF๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์— ์ถ”์ถœ๋œ ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ’๊ณผ FFT๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ณ„ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ESR์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ BPF๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํŠน์ •์˜ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์•Œ์•„์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ณ ์ฐจ์˜ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๋ฐ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๋”ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2.2 RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ

RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์€ ์ „์••/์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ BPF์— ํ†ต๊ณผ ํ›„ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ RMS ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ESR์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3. RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋ธ”๋ก ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ

Fig. 3. Block diagram of RMS-based ESR measurement method

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2023.72.3.172/fig3.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์€ RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ๋ธ”๋ก ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ „์••๊ณผ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธก์ •๋œ ์ „์••๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” BPF๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์˜ ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์˜ ์ „์••๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ RMS๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์–‘์ˆ˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ •๋ฅ˜ํ•œ ๋’ค ์ €์—ญํ†ต๊ณผํ•„ํ„ฐ(LPF : Low Pass Filter)๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๊ทธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ท ํ™” ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ท ํ™”๋œ ์ „์••, ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ESR์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์†๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ BPF๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๋ฐ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๋”ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2.3 AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ

AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์€ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์ „์••๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ AC ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ESR์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4. AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋ธ”๋ก ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ

Fig. 4. Block diagram of ESR measurement method based on AC coupling

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2023.72.3.172/fig4.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4๋Š” AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋ธ”๋ก ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธก์ •๋œ ๊ฐ’๋“ค์€ AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง๋˜์–ด AC ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋งŒ์ด ์ถ”์ถœ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์— ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋ฉด DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ESR์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์€ BPF๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜์—์„œ๋„ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „์ •๋ณด ์—†์ด๋„ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง์˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํƒ€ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ESR์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง๋œ ๋งฅ๋™ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ESR์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2.4 ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ์ ์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„

3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋“ค์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ํšŒ๋กœ๋„์™€ 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5์™€ ํ‘œ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5. ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ํšŒ๋กœ๋„

Fig. 5. Circuit diagram of 3-level ANPC inverter and ESR measurement method for simulation

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2023.72.3.172/fig5.png

ํ‘œ 1 ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ํ‘œ

Table 1 Table of various parameters used in the simulation

Parameter

Units

Value

DC-link Voltage

[$V$]

300

Switching Frequency

[$k Hz$]

20

Output Frequency

[$Hz$]

60

Inductance (L)

[$m H$]

28.14

Resistance (R)

[$\omega$]

30

DC-link Capacitance

[$u F$]

4,700

DC-link ESR

[$\omega$]

Variable

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5๋Š” ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ LR ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „์••์€ 300[V]๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Š” 20[$k Hz$]๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. LR ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Š” 60[$Hz$]๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋•Œ L์€ 28.14[$m H$], R์€ 30[$\omega$]์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 4,700[$u F$]๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ESR์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€๋˜๋„๋ก ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ESR์ด ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.4.1 ESR ๊ณ ์ •์‹œ์˜ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์€ ESR์ด 1[$\omega$]์ผ ๋•Œ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6(a)๋Š” 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” 3์ƒ ์ „๋ฅ˜ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 3์ƒ์˜ ํŒŒํ˜•์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ a,b,c์ƒ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ESR์„ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ High-side์˜ ESR๊ณผ Low-side์˜ ESR์„ 1[$\omega$]์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6(b)์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6(c)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6(b)์˜ ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰, ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰, ์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰์˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ESR, RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ ESR ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ ESR ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋ชจ๋‘ 1[$\omega$]์˜ High-side์˜ ESR์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ESR์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6. ESR์ด 1[$\omega$]์ผ ๋•Œ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŒŒํ˜•

Fig. 6. Simulation result waveform according to ESR measurement method when ESR is 1[$\omega$]

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2023.72.3.172/fig6.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6(b)์—์„œ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋„๋‹ฌ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์•ฝ 0.325[s]์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์•ฝ 0.35[s]์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6(c)์˜ ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰, ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰, ์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰์˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ESR, RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ ESR ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ ESR ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋ชจ๋‘ 1[$\omega$]์˜ Low-side ESR์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” High-side์ธก์˜ ESR์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ESR์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6(c)์—์„œ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋„๋‹ฌ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5(b)์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์•ฝ 0.325[s]์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์•ฝ 0.35[s]์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 1[us]๋กœ์จ 1[MHz]์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ MCU(Micro Controller Units)๋กœ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ถ€์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ž„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ MCU์— ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑดํ•˜์—์„œ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋“ค์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ 20[kHz] ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7. ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 20[kHz]์ด๊ณ  ESR์ด 1[$\omega$]์ผ ๋•Œ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŒŒํ˜•

Fig. 7. When the calculation period is 20 [kHz] and the ESR is 1[$\omega$], the simulation result waveform according to the ESR measurement method

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2023.72.3.172/fig7.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 20[kHz]์ด๊ณ  ESR์ด 1[$\omega$]์ผ ๋•Œ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(a)๋Š” 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” 3์ƒ ์ „๋ฅ˜ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ESR์„ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 20[kHz]๋กœ ์ œํ•œํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ High-side์˜ ESR๊ณผ Low-side์˜ ESR์„ 1[$\omega$]์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(b)๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์•ฝ 1.033[$\omega$]์˜ ESR์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 0.997[$\omega$]์˜ ESR์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(b)์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7(c)๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 1.033[$\omega$]์˜ ESR์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 0.997[$\omega$]์˜ ESR์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” High-side์ธก์˜ ESR์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

2.4.2 ESR์„ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„

๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ESR์ด ๊ฐ€๋ณ€๋  ๋•Œ์˜ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์€ ESR์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ High-side์˜ ESR์€ 0.25[s]๋งˆ๋‹ค 0.5[$\omega$], 2[$\omega$], 1[$\omega$], 0.2[$\omega$]์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. Low-side์˜ ESR์€ 0.25[s]๋งˆ๋‹ค 1[$\omega$], 0.7[$\omega$], 1[$\omega$], 0.1[$\omega$]์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8(a)๋Š” 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” 3์ƒ ์ „๋ฅ˜ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ESR์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ๋„ 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8. ESR์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŒŒํ˜•

Fig. 8. Simulation result waveform according to ESR measurement method when ESR is changed

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2023.72.3.172/fig8.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8(b)๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ESR์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.5[$\omega$], 2[$\omega$], 1[$\omega$], 0.2[$\omega$]์˜ ESR์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” High-side์˜ ESR์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8(c)๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ESR์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1[$\omega$], 0.7[$\omega$], 1[$\omega$], 0.1[$\omega$]์˜ ESR์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” Low-side์˜ ESR์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ High-side์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋ชจ๋‘ 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ESR์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋„๋‹ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9. ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 20[kHz]์ด๊ณ  ESR์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŒŒํ˜•

Fig. 9. Simulation result waveform according to the ESR measurement method when the calculation period is 20 [kHz] and the ESR is changed

../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2023.72.3.172/fig9.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 20[kHz]์ด๊ณ  ESR์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ High-side์˜ ESR์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8(b)์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ 0.25[s]๋งˆ๋‹ค 0.5[$\omega$], 2[$\omega$], 1[$\omega$], 0.2[$\omega$]์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. Low-side์˜ ESR ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8(c)์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ 0.25[s]๋งˆ๋‹ค 1[$\omega$], 0.7[$\omega$], 1[$\omega$], 0.1[$\omega$]์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9(a)๋Š” 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” 3์ƒ ์ „๋ฅ˜ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ESR์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 20[kHz]๋กœ ์ œํ•œํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9(b)๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ESR์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.543[$\omega$], 2.07[$\omega$], 1.035[$\omega$], 0.513[$\omega$]์˜ ESR์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ESR์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.499[$\omega$], 1.99[$\omega$], 0.997[$\omega$], 0.2[$\omega$]์˜ ESR์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” High-side์˜ ESR์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ œํ•œ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค„์–ด๋“  ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9(c)๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ESR์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1.07[$\omega$], 0.738[$\omega$], 1.035[$\omega$], 0.291[$\omega$]์˜ ESR์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ESR์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.998[$\omega$], 0.699[$\omega$], 0.997[$\omega$], 0.097[$\omega$]์˜ ESR์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” Low-side์—์„œ๋„ RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค„์–ด๋“  ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ฃŒ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ํ‘œ 2์™€ ํ‘œ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

ํ‘œ 2 DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ high-side ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝํ‘œ

Table 2 Summary table of high-side ESR measurement simulation results

Method

Units

0.5[$\omega$]

2[$\omega$]

1[$\omega$]

0.2[$\omega$]

RMS Method

[$\omega$]

0.543

2.07

1.035

0.513

AC Coupling Method

[$\omega$]

0.499

1.99

0.997

0.2

ํ‘œ 3 DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ low-side ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝํ‘œ

Table 3 Summary table of low-side ESR measurement simulation results

Method

Units

1[$\omega$]

0.7[$\omega$]

1[$\omega$]

0.1[$\omega$]

RMS Method

[$\omega$]

1.07

0.738

1.035

0.291

AC Coupling Method

[$\omega$]

0.998

0.699

0.997

0.097

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋™์ผํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€์—ญํ†ต๊ณผํ•„ํ„ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™•๋ณด๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, Op-Amp๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ESR์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ MCU๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ESR์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋”์šฑ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

3. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ฒ ๋„์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์šฉ 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์†ก๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ „์••์„ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์š”์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ์„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ESR์„ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋ชจ๋‘ 3-level ANPC ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ DC-link ์ปคํŒจ์‹œํ„ฐ ESR์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ Op-Amp๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ESR์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ RMS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ MCU๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ESR์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ AC ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ESR ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋”์šฑ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by a grant from R&D program (PK2303F1) of the Korea Railroad Research Institute and also supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy(MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No. 20214000000060).

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์ €์ž์†Œ๊ฐœ

์ดํ˜„์žฌ (Hyun-Jae Lee)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2023.72.3.172/au1.png

received his M.S. degree in Gachon University, Gyeonggi- Do, Korea in 2020. currently he is pursuing his Ph. D. degree in Gachon University, Gyeonggi- Do, Korea. His research interests are Power conversion and Power control.

๊น€๊ธธ๋™ (Gil-Dong Kim)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2023.72.3.172/au2.png

He received his B.S., M.S. and Ph. D, degrees in the Department of Electrical Engineering from Myongji University in 1986, 1991 and 2003. He is currently a Head Director at the Korea Railroad Research Institute(KRRI), Korea. E-mail : gdkim@krri.re.kr

์ด๊ฑด๋ณต (Gun-Bok Lee)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2023.72.3.172/au3.png

He received the B.S. degree in electrical and information communications engineering from Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea, in 2010, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at the Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea, in 2016. He was a Visiting Student with the Sensor Systems Laboratory, University of Washington in 2012. He is currently a senior researcher at the Smart Electrical & Signaling Division at the Korea Railroad Research Institute in Uiwang, Korea. His research interests are hydrogen powered locomotives, wireless power transfer, electromagnetic energy harvesting. E-mail : gunbok@krri.re.kr

์†์ง„๊ทผ (Jin-Geun Shon)
../../Resources/kiee/KIEEP.2023.72.3.172/au4.png

He received his B.S., M.S. and Ph. D, degrees in the Department of Electrical Engineering from Soongsil University in 1990, 1992 and 1997. He was Chief Researcher in Electro- Mechanical Research Institute, Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-do, Korea, during 1992-1995. He was a Postdoctoral Researcher in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kagoshima University, from 2002 to 2003. He was also a Visiting Scholar in the Power Electronics Laboratory, Michigan State University, from 2009 to 2010. He is currently a Professor at the school of Electrical Engineering, Gachon University, Korea. His research interests are the power conversion, control and diagnosis of power utility. E-mail : shon@gachon.ac.kr