KJACR - Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering

1

Presidential Commission on Carbon Neutrality, 2021, 2050 Carbon Neutrality Scenarios, Presidential Commission on Carbon Neutrality Secretariat, Seoul, Korea.

2

Dumont, O., Frate, G. F., Pillai, A., Lecompte, S., De Paepe, M., Lemort, V., 2020, Carnot Battery Technology: A State-of-the-Art Review, Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 32, pp. 101756.

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Novotny, V., Basta, V., Smola, P., Spale, J., 2022, Review of Carnot Battery Technology Commercial Development, Energies, Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 2093.

4

Laterre, A., Dumont, O., Lemort, V., Contino, F., 2024, Extended Mapping and Systematic Optimisation of the Carnot Battery Trilemma for Sub-critical Cycles with Thermal Integration, Energy, Vol. 304, pp. 132006.

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Vecchi, A., Knobloch, K., Liang, T., Kildahl, H., Sciacovelli, A., Engelbrecht, K., Li, Y., Ding, Y., 2021, Carnot Battery Development: A Review on System Performance, Applications and Commercial State-of-the-art, Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 39, pp. 102646.

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Lee, H. K., Yu, J. J., 2023, A Study on Latent Heat Energy Storage Technology for Reduction of Fossil Fuel Consumption in Combustion Systems: Part I Market Size of Thermal Storage, Development Level, and Evaluation of Phase Change Materials, Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 28-43.

7

Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP), 2025, 5th Energy Technology Development Plan: Technology Roadmap 2024-2033 (Energy Storage), Seoul, Korea.

8

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), 2021, Long Duration Storage Shot, Washington, D.C., USA.

9

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), 2018, Electric Storage Participation in Markets Operated by Regional Transmission Organizations and Independent System Operators, Order No. 841, Washington, D.C., USA.

10

Hume, S., 2021, Concrete Thermal Energy Storage Enabling Flexible Operation without Coal Plant Cycling: 10 MWh-e Pilot Plant at Plant Gaston, Crosscutting Research and Advanced Energy Systems Project Review Meeting, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), USA.

11

European Commission, 2023, Commission Recommendation on Energy Storage – Underpinning a Decarbonised and Secure EU Energy System (2023/C 103/01), Official Journal of the European Union, Brussels, Belgium.

12

Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE), 2023, The 10th Basic Plan for Long-term Electricity Supply and Demand (2022–2036), Sejong, Korea.

13

Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE), 2025, Key Details of the 11th Basic Plan for Long-term Electricity Supply and Demand, Sejong, Korea.

14

Kou, H., 2023, 2H 2023 Energy Storage Market Outlook, BloombergNEF, USA.

15

MarketsandMarkets, 2021, Global Energy Storage Systems (ESS) Market Report, USA.

16

LDES Council, 2021, Net-zero Power: Long Duration Energy Storage for a Renewable Grid, Brussels, Belgium.

17

Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 2023, Concrete Thermal Energy Storage (CTES) Project, International Workshop on Energy Storage Technologies.

18

Warren, C., 2024, Lessons from a Concrete Thermal Energy Storage (CTES) Demonstration Project, EPRI Journal.

19

Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, 2017, Electric Thermal Energy Storage (ETES): Technical Presentation.

20

Cameron-Jones, M., 2021, ETES—Electric Thermal Energy Storage—Technology: Technical Webinar Presentation, Webinar on IEA Annex 36, Carnot Batteries.

21

Schumm, M., 2023, Decarbonize Industrial Heat and Reduce Gas Dependency with Thermal Storage: Technical Presentation, EnergyNest.

22

Hoivik, N., Greiner, C., Barragan, J., Iniesta, A. C., Skeie, G., Bergan, P., Blanco-Rodriguez, P., Calvet, N., 2019, Long-term performance results of concrete-based modular thermal energy storage system, Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 24, pp. 100735.

23

Rondo Energy Inc., , Rondo Heat Battery Datasheet.

24

Kyoto Group, , Heatcube: Low-cost Industrial Heat Datasheet.

25

Hume, S., 2023, Sand Thermal Energy Storage (SandTES) Pilot Design - DE-FE0032024, FECM/NETL Spring R&D Project Review Meeting, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), USA.

26

Maxson, A., 2024, Sand Thermal Energy Storage Pilot Design: Final Report (DE-FE0032024), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, CA, USA.

27

Hack, H., 2021, Development of a Modular, Crushed-Rock Thermal Energy Storage Pilot Design, NY-BEST Annual Fall Energy Storage Technology & Innovation Conference, Binghamton, NY, USA.

28

Hack, H., 2022, Crushed-Rock Thermal Energy Storage Pilot Design: Final Report (DE-FE0032017), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, CA, USA.

29

Arnold, W., Giuliano, S., Koll, G., Herrmann, U., Borchert, J., 2022, StoreToPower Phase I: Electricity Storage in High-temperature Thermal Storage Power Plants—Final Public Report, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Köln, Germany.

30

SolarPACES, 2021, The Cerro Dominador CSP Project Has Synchronized to the Grid in Chile.

31

Geyer, M., Trieb, F., Giuliano, S., 2020, Repurposing of Existing Coal-Fired Power Plants into Thermal Storage Plants for Renewable Power in Chile (Executive Summary), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.

32

Malta Inc., 2024, Transforming the Future of Energy Storage: Product Datasheet.

33

DLR, 2025, IEA Energy Storage Task 44 Carnot Battery Meeting, Copenhagen, Denmark.

34

Kraemer, S., 2022, NREL Results Support Cheap Long Duration Energy Storage in Hot Sand, SolarPACES.

35

Ma, Z., Hofer, D., Tallman, J., Zhang, R., Morris, A., Lambert, M., 2023, Economic Long-Duration Electricity Storage Using Low-Cost Thermal Energy Storage and a High-Efficiency Power Cycle (ENDURING), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO, USA.

36

Lee, Y. B., Choi, B. S., Oh, B. S., Ra, H. S., Na, S. I., Che, S. H., Shin, H. K., Kang, E. C., Lee, B. J., Cho, J. J., Wang, E. S., Lee, G. B., Cho, J. H., 2025, Development of Core Heat Storage Technologies for Retrofitting Coal-Fired Power Plant into Carnot Battery, Proceedings of the SAREK 2025 Summer Conference, pp. 259-261, Paper No. 25-S-068.

37

Edaily, 2025, BHI Begins Development of ESS ‘Carnot Battery’ Selected as Lead Organization for National R&D Project.

KJACRKorean Journal of
Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering

Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering

ISO Journal TitleKorean J. Air-Cond. Refrig. Eng.

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KJACRKorean Journal ofAir-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering