| Title |
From Mao Zedong Square to Arch of Triumph Square: Shifting North Korea-China Relations and the Spatial Reorganization of Pyongyang |
| DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.8.289 |
| Keywords |
China; Mao Zedong; Arch of Triumph; Square; West Pyongyang |
| Abstract |
This paper examines changes in the name and urban structure of the area near Arch of Triumph Square in Pyongyang. Once a space
symbolizing close ties between North Korea and China, the square has been reshaped to emphasize North Korea’s sovereign identity. Yet,
remnants of its earlier symbolism remain, revealing multiple layers of historical memory. Historically, this area served as a key route to
China and embodied deep-rooted ties with China grounded in Confucian tradition, as symbolized by the nearby tomb of Kija. After the
Korean War, a large square was constructed on this site and named Mao Zedong Square, honoring the Chinese leader’s wartime support.
Along its northern axis, aligned with the historical Uiju Road, stood the Friendship Tower and, further beyond, the Chinese Embassy. This
route was known as Mao Zedong Street. As Kim Il-sung consolidated his monolithic leadership, references to foreign figures were gradually
removed from this area. In 1982, the Arch of Triumph was constructed to commemorate Kim Il-sung's return to Pyongyang in 1945, and the
area was renamed Arch of Triumph Square. Nearby landmarks also adopted new names, such as Arch of Triumph Street, Kaeson Street, and
Kim Il-sung Stadium. Today, the square’s spatial identity reflects a complex historical narrative: traces of North Korea-China relations, signs
of postwar reconstruction, and, above all, efforts to reinforce Kim Il-sung’s leadership and legacy. |