| Title |
Analysis of Temporal Power Balance and Load Matching Characteristics Based on Zero Energy Building Definitions Using Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Systems |
| Authors |
Seo-Hoon Kim ; Jong-Bin Park |
| DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5207/JIEIE.2026.40.3.228 |
| Keywords |
Energy simulation; Energy storage system (ESS); Power balance; Load matching; Potovoltaic (PV); Retail building; Zero energy building (ZEB) |
| Abstract |
This study analyzes the temporal power balance and load matching characteristics of a small retail commercial building under different Zero Energy Building (ZEB) definitions. An EnergyPlus-based simulation model is developed for a 24-hour convenience store-type building using Seoul EPW weather data. The model includes refrigeration equipment, lighting, plug loads, and heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. Photovoltaic (PV) and Energy Storage System (ESS) configurations are applied to evaluate energy self-sufficiency, PV self-consumption, grid dependency, and Load Match Index (LMI). The results show that continuous refrigeration loads cause persistent nighttime grid dependency. Although PV improves annual energy self-sufficiency to 0.584, a significant temporal mismatch between generation and demand remains. The application of ESS increases PV self-consumption from 0.824 to 0.952 and improves LMI from 0.281 to 0.382. In the expanded PV?ESS scenario, energy self-sufficiency reaches 1.012 and LMI increases to 0.812. However, achieving a high level of Load Match ZEB requires substantially larger PV and ESS capacities than those needed for Source ZEB. These results indicate that annual energy balance alone is insufficient to evaluate actual operational power self-sufficiency and highlight the practical limitations of on-site renewable energy deployment in small commercial buildings. |