김현지
(Hyun-Ji Kim)
1
유성식
(Seong-Sik Yoo)
2
김훈
(Hoon Kim)
3†
-
(Research Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kangwon
National University)
-
(Kangwon National University, BIT Medical Convergence Graduate Program, Ph.D course)
-
(Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kangwon National
University)
Copyright © The Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Engineers(KIIEE)
Key words
Light Pollution Prevention Act, Lighting Zones, Artificial Lighting
1. Purpose
In Korea, the “Act on Prevention of Light Pollution Due to Artificial Lighting”[1] (Light Pollution Prevention Act) was enacted on February 1, 2012 and has been enforced
since March, 2013, in its efforts to reduce unnecessary light from outdoor lightings
and to restrict excessive use of lightings in general. In addition to enforcing the
Act, local government administrations are required to organize light pollution prevention
committees and regularly perform environmental impact assessment on light pollution.
Based on these assessments, lighting environmental management zones are designated,
and in these zones, light emission standards must be complied with.
Enacting light pollution prevention laws on national level is globally very rare.
As for Korea, not enough preliminary surveys nor measurements to fully grasp the situation
were conducted prior to establishing the Act. Such inadequate groundwork has led to
institutional, administrative, and technical problems to surface during the years
following the enactment of the law. In this study, we focus on institutional and administrative
problems, and their solutions. The technical aspect shall be dealt with in other studies.
In order to identify the problems, civil complaints and press releases were examined
in depth, while expert opinions were analyzed through forums held with those involved
in the field of light pollution. Through intense analysis of the expert opinions,
international standards, and other countries’ light pollution standards and their
management systems, we intend to propose practical institutional and administrative
solutions to problems in Korea.
2. Civil Complaints, Press Releases, and Meeting Sessions with Experts to Identify
Problems with Light Pollution Prevention Act
2.1 Civil Complaints
According to Ministry of Environment, the number of civil complaints filed at cities
and provinces across the country had continued to increase over the years (Figure. 1). Especially in 2016, the number increased 2.5 fold from the previous year. By region,
Seoul had the most complaints, followed by Gyeongi, Gyeongnam, Gangwon, and Gwangju.
As for the type of damage incurred, “interfering with sleep” was most complained about
at 48.3%, while “impairing agricultural and fishery activities” was second at 40.5%,
followed by “discomfort to residential life” at 8.6%. A closer look into complaint
types by region revealed that, in large metropolitan areas such as Seoul, Busan, and
Daejeon, “interfering with sleep” was most common, while in other regions such as
Gyeongi, Gyeongnam, and Sejong, it was “impairing agricultural and fishery activities”.[3]
Fig. 1. Status of Civil Complaints on Light Pollution in Korea and Seoul
2.1.1 Analysis of Civil Complaints in Seoul[2]
Of all light pollution related civil complaints filed in Korea, on average, 32% were
filed in Seoul (Figure. 1). In Korea, Seoul is most densely populated and has the highest economic power. And
since its light pollution problem is most serious, our analysis was focused on Seoul.
The number of civil complaints on light pollution in Seoul has been steadily rising
since its lighting environment management zones were designated on August 10, 2015.
Especially in 2016, that number increased 68% from 1,216 in 2015 to 2,043 in 2016,
and further increasing to 2,413 in 2017. Even though light pollution prevention laws
are being enforced, because civil complaints in Seoul continues to increase, it is
necessary to reassess current institutional problems with the law.
In Seoul, 6,779 cases had been filed for interfering with sleep, which represents
84.5% of all light pollution-related complaints. Such high rate is conceivable considering
that Seoul mostly consists residential or commercial areas; the percentage of farms
or green tracts is very low.
Table 1. Analysis of Light Pollution Civil Complaint Types by Year (Seoul)
|
Year
|
Sub Total
|
Sleep Interference
|
Discomfort in Residential Life
|
Glare
|
Other
|
|
Total
|
8.016
|
6,779 (84.5%)
|
777
|
387
|
73
|
|
2017
|
2,413
|
2,014 (83.5%)
|
217
|
177
|
5
|
|
2016
|
2,043
|
1,720 (84.2%)
|
163
|
111
|
49
|
|
2015
|
1,216
|
1,074 (88.3%)
|
75
|
62
|
5
|
|
2014
|
1,571
|
1,424 (90.7%)
|
136
|
4
|
7
|
|
2013
|
773
|
547 (70.8%)
|
186
|
33
|
7
|
Table 2 represents statistical analysis of lightings that were sources of civil complaints,
by type and by year. Prior to light pollution prevention laws being implemented, the
majority of complaints (78.7%) had been on public area lightings such as street and
security lightings - of these, most were on security lightings. Before 2012, there
had been no complaints on advertisement and decorative lightings except for 18 cases
that were filed in 2012. However, it has been increasing significantly since 2013.
Table 2. Change in Light Pollution Complaint- Causing Lighting Fixtures by Year (Seoul)
|
Year
|
Sub Total
|
Public Area Lighting
|
Advertisement Lighting
|
Sign Boards
|
Decorative Lightings
|
Other
|
|
Total
|
8,016
|
6,309
(78.7%)
|
1,033
(12.8%)
|
154
(1.9%)
|
217
(2.7%)
|
303
(3.8%)
|
|
2017
|
2,413
|
1,792
(74.2%)
|
353
(14.6%)
|
53
|
75
|
140
|
|
2016
|
2,043
|
1,572
(77.0%)
|
260
(12.7%)
|
58
|
50
|
103
|
|
2015
|
1,216
|
928
(76.3%)
|
173
(14.2%)
|
33
|
39
|
43
|
|
2014
|
1,571
|
1,392
(88.6%)
|
123
(7.8%)
|
5
|
39
|
12
|
|
2013
|
773
|
625
(80.9%)
|
124
(16.0%)
|
5
|
14
|
5
|
Note: In the years 2009, 2011, and 2012, 100% of complaints were on public area lightings.
In 2010, 98% were on public area lightings and 2 % on advertisement lightings.
Our investigation into how civil complaints in 2014 and 2015 were handled (Figure 2) has shown that installation of light shields was ordered the most, followed by replacement
of globes or luminaires. Clearly, in resolving civil complaints and disputes, it resulted
in additional costs of either installing light shields or replacing lighting fixtures.
If such problems can be foreseen through preliminary review process prior to actual
installation, waste of energy and administrative costs can be substantially reduced.
Fig. 2. Status of How Civil Complaints Were Handled (Seoul)
2.1.2 Other Regions
Figure 3 below represents different types of civil complaints received at Gyonggi, Busan,
Ulsan, Daejeon, Gyeongnam, and Sejong. The majority of Gyeonggi province territory
consists farming areas (34.7%) and green tracts of land (25.2%). The percentage of
residential, commercial, or industrial areas in Gyeonggi is lower than other urban
areas. The number of light pollution-related civil complaints in the province was
593 in 2013 and 301 in 2014, but drastically increased to 852 in 2015. The main complaint
was impeding crop growth due to road/street lightings (impairing agricultural and
fishery activities). As for their corrective measures, installation of light shields
was ordered the most at 81%.
Fig. 3. Breakdown of Types of Light Pollution Complaints(Cumulated Numbers) Filed
at Gyeongi, Busan, Ulsan, Daejeon, Gyeongnam, and Sejong
As a result of analyzing details of the complaints in Busan and Ulsan[5,6], it was found that most were direct damages incurred by the residents such as interference
with sleep, discomfort, and glare. Such tendency is similar to Seoul in that complaints
on damages to flora and fauna was minimal. Damages to crops was mostly complained
about at Daejeon, Gyeongnam, and Sejong City[7,8], exhibiting characteristics of urban-rural integrated type cities.
Furthermore, the civil complaints on lightings not subject to light pollution prevention
laws such as those at gas stations, religious facilities, and outdoor sport facilities,
etc. steadily increased from 0 cases prior to the enactment of the Act to 46 cases
in 2013 to 89 cases in 2014. It has become necessary to set standards and legal measures
in place, in order to control light pollution created from those currently not subject
to the law. One exemplary case in point is an ongoing legal dispute between Gwangju’s
KIA baseball team and its neighboring apartment residents regarding possible light
pollution caused by the lightings at KIA Champions Field Stadium[9]. Other cases involve Suwon residents filing a civil complaint on light from a church
cross[10] and Incheon residents complaining about light from neon signs in Gum am-dong, Seo-gu[11]. In 2015, a bean and perilla seed farmer in Gyeonggi province filed an indemnification
lawsuit, claiming that his crop production had reduced due to nighttime lightings
at the neighboring railroad station. It was the first case in which indemnification
for damages was granted by the Office of National Environmental Conflict Resolution
Commission[12].
2.2 Light Pollution Experts’ Forum
Forums for the advancement of light pollution policies were held (July 2015 ~ October
2015) with various experts in the field. Problems with Light Pollution Prevention
Act and improvement measures were discussed.
In all, 4 forums were held. Participants included 3~4 representatives from Ministry
of Environment, 5~6 expert members of light pollution committee (professors and experts
who took part in the enactment of the Act), and 3 members of our research team. Details
of forums’ main issues are outlined in Table 3.
Table 3. Details of Major Issues Dealt with at Forums[13,14]
|
Forum
|
Issue
|
Main Contents of Discussion
|
|
1st
(Jul. 15, 2015)
|
Problems associated with Light Pollution Prevention Act and tasks for improvement
|
Post-management of lightings based on Light Emission Standards after the installation
is very unreasonable.
Language of the Law; subjects of law application; designation of zones; duties of
central and local governments; rationality of environmental impact assessment
|
|
2nd
(Aug. 11, 2015)
|
Consideration of administrative obligations of Ministry of Environment and local governments
|
Separation of duties between central and local administrations; imposing fines; budget
support; establishment of official measuring institutions and system supplement; alternative
measures to improve complexity of local governments' duties; review system; subjects
applicable to law;
|
|
3rd
(Sep. 4, 2015)
|
Pre-management plan for light pollution-causing lighting fixtures
Review process and operation status of Seoul's Good Light Committee
|
Problems relating to law, system, and management of public area lightings; plans for
preliminary reviewing system; ideas for amendment of the law;
Reviewing procedures and operation status of Good Light Committee; contents and preparation
tips for review report; minutes from the meetings between the heads of 25 Gu's in
Seoul;
|
|
4th
(Oct. 29, 2015)
|
Measures to improve technical aspects of Light Pollution Prevention Act
|
Technical aspects of the law; foreseeable problems in implementing the law (applicable
subjects, crops, sky glow, measurement methods, flicker, light source color, etc.);
technical improvements;
|
Problems were identified from the forums in following areas: ex-post operation of
the law, addition and expansion of the subjects applicable to the law, designation
of lighting environment management zones, environmental impact assessment, light pollution
measurement standards, obligations and procedures of central and local governments,
and technical problems with the law.
2.3 Problems Identified
1) Ex-post type of the law:
The current Light Pollution Prevention Act comprises of ex-post regulations. In other
words, it is a type of law that either requires corrections to be made or imposes
fines for the violations, after they had been discovered. In order to rectify such
violations, additional costs would arise. Correction orders or imposing fines are
administrative wastes. Such problem can be substantiated by our analysis of civil
complaints and how they were handled; the number of civil complaints continued to
rise even after the enactment of the Act, and post-management of lighting fixtures
- such as obligation to install light shields or replace globes - still remains.
2) Problems in lighting environment management zones designation:
Law is enforceable only if lighting environment management zones are designated. Yet,
only 3 of 17 regional administrations have made such designations.
Even if the zones had been designated by the city or the province, any light pollution
occurring in the areas not designated as management zones, cannot be regulated legally.
3) Scope of the Law:
There was no civil complaints filed on lightings not subject to the law (gas station,
sport facility, religious facility, light spilling from lightings inside the building,
etc.) prior to the enactment of Light Pollution Prevention Act. However, the number
of such cases appears to increase beginning in 2013. Moreover, 12.8% of all light
pollution-related complaints received in Seoul involved advertisement lightings, yet,
90% of all advertisement lightings are report-only type and therefore are not subject
to the regulations - only the remaining 10% that require permits are enforceable by
law[15].
Based on present acceptable light emission standards, regulating light trespass is
limited to public area lightings such as street lightings, security lightings, or
park lightings, and is solely dependent on the measurements of vertical illuminance
at residential windows. Therefore, at present, any glare or sky glow of public area
lightings cannot be regulated, not to mention light trespass from advertisement lightings.
4) Other Problems:
In urban areas, interfering with sleep was most complained about. Conversely, in other
areas with higher rate of farms and green tracts of land, majority of light pollution-related
civil complaints were on damages to crops. Nevertheless, the law only regards damages
incurred by the residents and does not yet provide any guidelines in consideration
of possible damages inflicting on crops or livestock.
When civil complaint on light pollution is received, measurements and their analysis
have to be carried out according to the official measuring standards. But although
measurement methods for each lighting types are provided by the standard, it is practically
impossible for regular government employees - without any expertise in lighting -
to properly perform such tasks[13]. As for luminance measurement, not only is the task difficult, but also requires
expensive equipment. For these reasons, many local governments are commissioning outside
institutions for such measurements. However, different institutions have come up with
different measurement results and therefore, the reliability of their measurements
have become questionable.
3. Solutions to Administrative and Institutional Problems of Light Pollution Prevention
Act
We propose the following as solutions to administrative and institutional problems
of Light Pollution Prevention Act mentioned in section 3-4 above.
3.1 Solutions to Problems Associated with Ex-post Type Regulations
3.1.1 Legal Reflection:
We have examined and analyzed various methods, from Kanazawa’s ordinance to MLO’s
BUG rating system as well as review process of Seoul’s Good Light Committee. Regulations
presently being implemented on lighting installation are ex-post regulations, and
therefore, in order to improve current system, we propose the following.
Preliminary review procedures, in part, can be additionally implemented, while maintaining
existing system of ex-post regulations. The procedures and corrective measures involved
in this proposed method - presented separately in design, installation, and post-installation
stages - is schematically shown in Figure 4 below. Any person or persons wanting to install lightings in lighting environment
management zones are permitted to request preliminary consultation with the heads
of local administrations during the designing stage. Through review sessions by the
local committee and based on design and calculation drawings, the head administrator
examines whether the proposed lighting satisfies light emission standards, then notifies
its decision to the applicant. The necessary procedural and methodical details involved
in applying for preliminary consultation can be set through the decree proclaimed
by the Ministry of Environment, while the legal grounds for preliminary review process
must be established at the time the Act is amended.
Fig. 4. Procedures and Correct Measures of Preliminary review Method
If such partial preliminary review system is adopted, there will have to be designers,
and will eventually result in advancement of designing and construction, especially
for high-level public area and decorative lighting products. In addition, even though
preliminary reviewing process of advertisement lightings could be enforced with advertisement-related
laws, due to difficulties in making technical decisions, more convenient assessment
standards are necessary. For those lighting fixtures that become subject to preliminary
reviews, not only would the light pollution be prevented even before they are installed,
but it would also result in other positive qualitative effects since other aspects
- such as presentation, aesthetics, energy waste, and costs of installation and maintenance
- would be inclusively regulated[17].
3.1.2 Supplement Lighting Design Standards:
In pre-regulating lighting luminaires, it is necessary to have clear lighting design
standards that can reflect existing pre-regulation systems, such as those complied
with at manufacturing stages and the KS rating system.
Since most public area lighting installations are generally carried out in a similar
manner, it would be best to implement pre-certification and pre-assignment of ratings
on luminaires themselves. As for advertisement and decorative lightings, problems
still may arise even if the installation processes had been pre-approved, and therefore,
post-installation checking procedures are also necessary.
Supplement Operation Institutionally:
It is necessary to consider ways to institutionally provide legal grounds for the
operation of local review committees. Seoul’s Good Light Committee is a good case
in point[14]. Seoul, in order to pre-regulate light prevention, legislated an ordinance[18] on July 15, 2010, prior to the enactment of Light Pollution Prevention Act, and has
been operating its review committee ever since. As of December, 2017, a total of 238
sessions were held by the committee and 1,663 cases of lighting installation projects
had been reviewed[3]. Preliminary review should include satisfaction of lighting standards as well as
possible presence of light pollution, and should be carried out before lighting projects’
final working drawings are completed.
3.2 Solutions to Problems Associated with Designation of Lighting Environment Management
Zones
The current law requires designation of areas, affected or concerned to be affected
by light pollution, as lighting environment management zones before they can be regulated.
This step is very important. Regulations on lighting environment management zones
of CIE, MLO, Korea, and Germany are summarized in Table 4. As for the United States, each State enforces its own light pollution prevention
laws[19], as long as it does not conflict with the provisions of the US federal law. Meanwhile,
in Kanazawa, Japan, its regions are managed in line with the image and environmental
conditions the City desires to achieve [20].
Table 4. Comparison of Various Lighting Zone Regulations
|
Standards
|
Problems and Alternative Measures
|
|
CIE 150[21,22]
|
No guidelines available for overlaying areas near zone boundaries.
The revised CIE 150, amended in 2017, further separates E1 into E0 and E1, making
what was initially 4zones(E1~E4) into 5zones(E0~E4).
|
|
MLO[23]
|
Separated into 5 zones (LZ0~LZ4)
If an area is affected by the light from a neighboring zone, the authority can order
conditions required at lower lighting zone to be satisfied.(e.g. if a commercial area
borders a residential area, hospital, or a public square, the authority may designate
the area as either lighting zone 1 or lighting zone 2)
|
|
Korea[13]
|
Lighting environment management zones designated into 4 zones, based on "zoning" in
land use.
Further division of the lighting environment management zones, with considerations
given to current land use status of the region, is necessary; additional provisions
to Light Pollution Prevention Act are also necessary.
|
|
Ger-many[24]
|
In case zone designation is indeterminate due to close proximity between pollution-causing
lighting fixtures and residential areas, the average illuminance standards for the
zone 1 level below the zone where the light pollution source is located, is applied.
|
Solutions for problems associated with lighting environment management zones are as
follows.
(1) Light pollution can occur even in areas not designated as one of lighting environment
management zones. However, such damages are not bound to legal obligations. Any amount
of light that exceeds the acceptable light emission standards - even in non-designated
zones - causes damages to the public all the same. Regardless of lighting zone designation
status, light emission standards throughout the entire country has to be overseen
and managed, while plans to designate and manage areas that sustained serious damages
as special lighting environment management zones, have to be devised.
(2) At present, there are no guidelines on designation and operation of lighting environment
management zones. Moreover, the standards with respect to the zone designation are
not specific enough. There is a great concern that such ambiguous guidelines would
lead to inconsistent and improper zone designations for different regions[13]. Therefore, it is necessary to make the standards more clear-cut by specifying the
particulars such as procedures for carrying out environmental impact assessments and
designating lighting environment management zones, criteria, and evaluation categories,
etc.
3.3 Solutions to Problems with Subjects of Law
As it can be seen from Table 5 below, the standards used by both CIE and Germany to restrict light trespass are
similar to the standards used in Korea in that they all rely on maximum value of vertical
illumination on residential windows. However, they are in fact different from Korea’s
Light Pollution Prevention Act in that, unlike Korea, they can restrict light trespass
from ALL types of outdoor lightings.
Table 5. Comparison of Light Trespass Restriction Standards of CIE, Germany, and Korea
|
Standards
|
Subjects of Application
|
Regulation Criteria
|
Note
|
|
CIE[22]
|
All outdoor lightings
|
Maximum vertical illuminance in residential areas
|
Curfew specified
|
|
Pollution Prevention Commission of Germany[24]
|
All artificial lightings other than public lightings
|
Average luminance at residential windows restricted
|
Aggregate of colored lighting and flicker
|
|
Light Pollution Prevention Act of Korea[1]
|
Public area lightings (street, security, and park lightings)
|
Maximum vertical illuminance in residential areas
|
Curfew specified
|
Solutions to problems with subjects of law are as follows.
(1) Since civil complaints on lightings not subject to Light Pollution Prevention
Act are on a rise, lightings from gas stations, sport facilities, and religious facilities
should be included as those also subject to the law. In addition, lights-out period
as well as flickering and color of light should be regulated[25].
(2) Currently, advertisement lightings subject to the law is limited to only those
that require authorized permit. The scope of law application should be extended to
also include report-only advertisement lightings. As for decorative lightings, only
the fixtures at building structures over 2,000m2 in area or over 5 stories are currently subject to regulations. It is necessary to
gradually expand the scope of subject so flaw, instages, to eventually include all
building structures[26].
(3) As it can be seen from Figure 5, different types of luminaires regulated by light emission standards do not have
1:1 correlation with various types of light pollution. Presently, light trespass is
applicable only to public area lightings, while there is no mode to restrict it for
decorative and advertisement lightings. With respect to sky glow, no such regulatory
standards even exists for any lighting types. The existing light emission standards
need to be supplemented by appending regulation standards for sky glow, regulations
on light trespass from decorative and advertisement lightings, and regulations on
glare from public area lightings. Even though Ministry of Environment currently provides
recommended standards on installation and management of outdoor lightings[27-30], such suggestions should be required to be complied with by law, rather than as mere
standards.
Fig. 5. Availability of standards on various light pollutions for different types
of lightings
3.4 Solutions to Other Problems
There has been increase in civil complaints and disputes relating to damages to crops.
Most had claimed that harvesting of their crops had been delayed due to spilled light
from the lightings installed along nearby roads, or that their crop production had
reduced. It was found that most civil complaints filed in regions other than large
metropolises involved damages to crops. Since Ministry of Environment needs to ensure
welfare for humans as well as other life forms, regulation standards for crops and
livestock should be included in the acceptable light emission standards. Under the
current law, any damages inflicted on eco-system cannot be deemed as violation of
law, if there is no residential space. Such limit in legal principle is making it
difficult to deal with complaints on crops, and therefore, the law needs to be supplemented.
In order to check compliance with light emission standards, it is necessary to designate
authorized institutions for light pollution-related measurements. Designation of those
institutions must be made only after first verifying that they are outfitted with
necessary measuring equipment and have human resources with expertise to properly
carry out the tasks.
4. Conclusion
In this study, through intense examination of light pollution-related standards and
management methods of other countries and of Korea, civil complaint and legal dispute
cases, press releases, and meeting sessions with experts, we have identified some
of major problems that have surfaced during the application of current Act on Prevention
of Light Pollution Due to Artificial Lighting. In addition, improvement measures to
resolve those problems at hand were also presented.
Administrative and institutional problems in implementing the Light Pollution Prevention
Act were identified in four major areas. Improvement measures include amending the
current law or revising related regulations, and creating manuals containing specific
guidelines. Details of improvement measures being proposed are given in Table 6 below. Technical problems (allowance standards, etc.) shall be dealt with in other
research reports.
Table 6. Administrative, Institutional Problems of Light Pollution Prevention Act
and Proposed Solutions
|
|
Current Status and Problems
|
Improvement Measures
|
Resulting Effects
|
|
Ex-post Type Regulations
|
․Corrections ordered or fines imposed for violating light emission standards.
․Creates unwarranted cost if correction is ordered after lightings had already been
installed.
|
․Set up and implement preliminary review process to some extent.
․Supplement lighting design standards at manufacturing stage.
․Operate local light pollution review committees.
|
․Through technical evaluation, problems can be detected prior to actual installation
of lightings.
․Would prevent waste of unwarranted administrative and financial costs arising from
corrections or replacements ordered when violations are discovered.
․In addition to preventing light pollution, many aspects including presentation, aesthetics,
energy conservation, installation cost, and maintenance cost can be regulated prior
to installation.
|
|
Lighting Environment Management Zones Designation
|
․No manuals available for lighting environment zones designation; current standards
not specific enough.
․Difficulties in designating boundary areas between adjoining lighting environment
zones.
|
․Create detailed designation standards and manuals for lighting environment zones
designation.
․Expand management of light emission standards to national level and designate areas
with serious damages as special lighting environment management zones.
|
․Designation of lighting environment management zones, having established detailed
standards, would be done in a consistent and proper manner.
․Would serve as the foundation to solve light pollution problem for the entire country
of Korea.
|
|
Scope of Subjects of Law
|
․Increase in civil complaints on lightings not subject to regulations; light pollution
prevention practically ineffective.
․Light trespass restriction in light emission standards applicable only to public
area lightings(by vertical illuminance only).
|
․Increase subjects (gas station, sport facilities, religious structures, etc.) applicable
to the law.
․Advertisement lightings: expand from permit-requiring lightings only to permit and
reportable lightings.
․Decorative lightings: gradually expand in stages from over 2,000m2 in area or 5stories to all buildings.
|
․Would actually decrease light pollution.
․Expansion of subjects of law would resolve many civil complaints or legal disputes.
․Would have energy-saving effect for advertisement and decorative lightings.
|
|
Other
|
․No regulation found in light emission standards dealing with damages to crops.
․Official measuring standards difficult to carry out; various institutions are being
commissioned for measurements.
|
․Establish management standards for crops and livestock.
․Appoint official institutions for measurements.
|
․Would prevent damages to crops due to light pollution.
․Reliability of measurements can be secured.
|
Acknowledgements
This study has been worked with the support of a research grant of Kangwon National
University in 2018.
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Biography
1994. 8 Yeungnam University, Dept. of Interior Environment Design, Master of Engineering.
2000. 6 Yeungnam University, Dept. of Housing study, Doctor of Science.
2004. 3~2009. 2 Visiting Professor, Yeungnam University.
2011. 1~ Research Professor, Kangwon National University.
Research Interests: Interior Lighting, Light pollution prevention methods.
2014. 2 Master of Engineering, Kangwon National University, Dept. of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering.
2014. 3~ Kangwon National University, BIT Medical Convergence Graduate Program, Ph.D
course.
Research Interests: Road and Tunnel Lighting, Light Pollution.
Hoon Kim was born in Deagu, Korea in 1958.
He received M.A. and Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Seoul National University
in 1983 and 1988 respectively.
He joined the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kangwon National
University, Chuncheon, Korea, in 1988, where he is a Professor now.
His current research interests include the optical design of the luminaire reflectors
and lenses, and the setting up of the lighting energy saving policy and light pollution
policies.
He was President of KIIEE through 2016~2017.