Mobile QR Code QR CODE : Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers

Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers

ISO Journal TitleJ Korean Inst. IIIum. Electr. Install. Eng.

  1. (M.S. and Ph.D. course, Department of Electrical Engineering, Mokpo National University, Korea)
  2. (Professor, Department of Electrical and Control Engineering, Mokpo National University, Korea)



DC power system, Dual active bridge(DAB), Mesh type, Power flow

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ฆ๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ 3020 ์ดํ–‰๊ณ„ํš์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ MVDC ๋ฐ HVDC ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค[1]. ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค[2].

๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ๋กœ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์†์‹ค์ด ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค[3,4]. ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ Voltage Source Converter (VSC) ๋ณ€์••๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํฐ ์ „๋ ฅ์†์‹ค์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค[5,6]. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์„ค๋น„, ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ ์žฅ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค[7]. ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ค๋น„ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋†’์€ ๊ณ ์žฅ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์‹œ์— ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์ ‘์  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์•„ํฌ ์ „์••์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šน์‹œ์ผœ ๊ณ ์žฅ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์˜์ ์—์„œ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง๋ฅ˜ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํšŒ๋กœ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์˜์ ์„ ๊ต์ฐจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ฐจ๋‹จ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค[8]. ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์— ์–‘๋‹จ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„ํฌ์ „์••์ด ์ง๋ฅ˜ํšŒ๋กœ ์ „์› ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•„์•ผ ๊ณ ์žฅ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ์ฐจ๋‹จ์‹œ ๋†’์€ ์•„ํฌ์ „์••์„ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šน ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค[9].

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” PFCC๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ๋กœ์˜ ์ „์••์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์‹œ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฝ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. PFCC๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์—†์ด ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ DAB ๋ฐ Full Bridge ํ† ํด๋กœ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Fig. 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ Meshed DC ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์˜ ์•„ํฌ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Cassie ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ Matlab/Simscape๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ 2์žฅ์€ PFCC์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  PFCC๋ฅผ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌํ˜• ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋ฐ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์•„ํฌ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์‹์„ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” PFCC๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌํ˜• ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ชจ์˜์‹œํ—˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ์˜์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 1. Mesh type DC power system Schematic diagram

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/fig1.png

2. ๋ณธ ๋ก 

PFCC์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” Fig. 2์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ž‘๋™๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” DAB Converter๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋กœ์— ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” 4 ์‚ฌ๋ถ„๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ Full Bridge Converter๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์„ ๋กœ์— ์ง๋ ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 2. PFCC composition and conceptual diagram

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/fig2.png

2.1 PFCC๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌํ˜• ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด

Fig. 1์€ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌํ˜• ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต์‹์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(1)
$I_{1}=\dfrac{V_{1}-V_{2}\pm V_{out}}{R}$
(2)
$I_{2}=\dfrac{V_{1}-V_{4}}{R}$
(3)
$I_{3}=\dfrac{V_{1}-V_{3}}{R}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $V_{1}$์€ $N_{1}$์˜ ์ „์••, $R$์€ ์„ ๋กœ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด๋ฉฐ, PFCC์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ ๋กœ์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด Fig. 1์—์„œ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต \#2๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต \#1๊ณผ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต \#2 ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์‹ (4)๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(4)
$I_{1}=\dfrac{V_{1}-V_{4}}{2R}$

์‹ (4)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ ๋กœ 1์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰๋„ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜๋งŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค.

์ด๋•Œ, ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ œ์–ด ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ (5)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(5)
$I_{1}=\dfrac{V_{1}-V_{4}\pm V_{out}}{2R}$

2.2 PFCC๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์•„ํฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

์ฐจ๋‹จ์‹œ ์ง๋ฅ˜ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์‹์€ Fig. 3์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(6)
$E=Ri+L\dfrac{di}{dt}+V_{arc}$

์‹ (6)์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(7)
$L\dfrac{di}{dt}=E-Ri-V_{arc}$

์‹ (7)์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์˜ ์•„ํฌ ์ „์•• $V_{arc}$๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฅ˜ํšŒ๋กœ ์ „์›$E$ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์•„ํฌ ์ „์••์ด ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฐจ๋‹จ์€ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 4๋Š” ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ฐจ๋‹จ์‹œํ—˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํŒŒํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์•„ํฌ์ „์•• ์ƒ์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค[8].

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $I_{p}$๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ƒ ๋‹จ๋ฝ ์ „๋ฅ˜, $I_{m}$๋Š” ์ •๊ฒฉ ๋‹จ๋ฝ ํˆฌ์ž… ์ „๋ฅ˜, ฯ„๋Š” ์‹œ์ •์ˆ˜, $t_{0}$๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฝ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, $t_{s}$๋Š” ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, $t_{e}$๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค.

PFCC๋ฅผ Fig. 5๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง๋ฅ˜ํšŒ๋กœ์— ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ์ง๋ ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€๊ณ„์‹์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, ์‹ (8)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(8)
$L\dfrac{di}{dt}=E-V_{out}-Ri-V_{arc}$

์ฐจ๋‹จ์‹œ PFCC์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์„ ์ง๋ฅ˜ํšŒ๋กœ ์ „์›๊ณผ ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๋กœ์— ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹(8)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณ ์žฅ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ Caisse ์•„ํฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋™์  ์•„ํฌ ์ „๋„๋„ โ€˜gโ€™๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์ธ ์‹ (9)๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค[10].

(9)
$\dfrac{1}{g}\dfrac{dg}{dt}=\dfrac{1}{\tau}\left(\dfrac{u^{2}}{u_{o}^{2}}-1\right)$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, g๋Š” ์•„ํฌ ์ „๋„๋„, $\tau$๋Š” ์•„ํฌ ์‹œ์ •์ˆ˜, u๋Š” Cassie ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์•„ํฌ ์ „์••์ด๋‹ค.

Fig. 3. DC Circuit Breaking Equivalent Circuit

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/fig3.png

Fig. 4. DC circuit short circuit fault breaking test waveform

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/fig4.png

Fig. 5. DC circuit with PFCC applied

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/fig5.png

3. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜

์ด ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” Matlab/Simscape๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ์˜์‹œํ—˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, PFCC์˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋Š” Table 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Table 1. Simulation parameter of PFCC

Parameter

Simbol

Value

Input Voltage

$V_{i n}$

3000 [$V$]

DC Link Voltage

$V_{DC}$

300 [$V$]

Transformer Ratio

$N$

10

Output Voltage

$V_{out}$

250,-150,-50 [$V$]

DAB Impedance

$L_{DAB}$

1 [$m H$]

Output Impedance

$L_{out}$

0.2 [$m H$]

DC Link Capacitors

$C_{DC}$

1000 [$\mu F$]

Output Capacitors

$C_{out}$

500 [$\mu F$]

Switching Frequency

$f_{sw}$

5000 [$Hz$]

3.1 PFCC๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌํ˜• ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„

๋ฉ”์‰ฌํ˜• ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— PFCC๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์˜์‹œํ—˜์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋ฐ ์ด์ƒ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ \#2 ๋ฐœ์ „์›์ด ํƒˆ๋ฝํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์‰ฌํ˜• ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋Š” Table 2์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Table 2. Mesh type DC power system parameter

Parameter

Simbol

Value

Line Resistance 1,2,3,4,5

$R_{L i n e}$

0.2 [$\Omega$]

Line Resistance 1,2,3,4,5

$L_{L i n e}$

0.35 [$m H$]

Line Impedance 1,2,3,4,5

$V$

3000 [$V$]

Node 1,2,3,4, Voltage

$l$

10 [$km$]

Line length

Load 1

80 [$W$]

Load 1

Load 2,3

75 [$W$]

Load 2,3

Load 4

85 [$W$]

์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์€ Fig. 6๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋…ธ๋“œ, 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ ๋กœ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. $V_{out}$์€ PFCC์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••, $V_{L i n e}$์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์Šน ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ์ „์••์ด๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋“œ 1์€ PFCC์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „์•• $V_{i n}$์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ „์••์„ 3000V๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋…ธ๋“œ 1, ๋…ธ๋“œ 2,3 ๋ฐ ๋…ธ๋“œ 4๋Š” 85kW, 80kW ๋ฐ 75kW ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฐœ์ „์›์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ๋…ธ๋“œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „์••์€ 3000V์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— 80kW, 75kW, 85kW์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋…ธ๋“œ 4์ธก์—๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „์› ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋…ธ๋“œ 4์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” Fig. 7๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด PFCC์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์„ 1์ดˆ์—์„œ 2์ดˆ๊นŒ์ง€ 250V๋ฅผ ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๋กœ์— ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  3์ดˆ์— 150V๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  4์ดˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 8์€ ๋ชจ์˜์‹œํ—˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŒŒํ˜•์œผ๋กœ 1์ดˆ์— PFCC ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์•• 250V๊ฐ€ ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๋กœ์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, (a)์—์„œ $V_{1}$ ๋ฐ $V_{i n}$์€ 3000V์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ $DC_{L i n e}$ ๋ฐ $V_{2}$์€ PFCC์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (b)๋Š” $V_{3}$ ๋ฐ $V_{4}$์˜ ์ „์••์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. (c)์—์„œ $I_{1}$์€ $V_{2}$ ๋ฐ $DC_{L i n e}$์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ธ $V_{2}$์—์„œ $V_{1}$์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋•Œ์˜ $I_{2}$ ๋ฐ $I_{3}$์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3์ดˆ์— $V_{out}$์ด 150V ์ •๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๋กœ์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, (a)์—์„œ $DC_{L i n e}$ ๋ฐ $V_{2}$๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, (c)์—์„œ $I_{1}$์€ ๋˜ํ•œ $V_{1}$์—์„œ $V_{2}$๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” Fig. 6์—์„œ \#2์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ด ํƒˆ๋ฝ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์˜์‹œํ—˜ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ 1์ดˆ์— PFCC์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์•• 50V๋ฅผ ์„ ๋กœ์— ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 9๋Š” \#2 ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ด ํƒˆ๋ฝ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์˜์‹œํ—˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŒŒํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. (a)๋Š” ๊ฐ ์„ ๋กœ์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŒŒํ˜•์œผ๋กœ $I_{1}$์˜ ์ดˆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ’์€ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ์„ ๋กœ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด $I_{2}$ ๋ฐ $I_{3}$ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1์ดˆ์— PFCC์˜ ์ „์••์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๋™๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (b)๋Š” ์ „์†ก๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํŒŒํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 6. Mesh type DC power system simulation

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/fig6.png

Fig. 7. PFCC output voltage in the first condition

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/fig7.png

Fig. 8. Simulation waveform in the first condition

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/fig8.png

Fig. 9. Simulation waveform in the second condition

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/fig9.png

3.2 ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์•„ํฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„

์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ์˜์‹œํ—˜ ํšŒ๋กœ์— PFCC๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๋Š” Cassie ์•„ํฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋Š” Table 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Table 3. Cassie arc modeling parameter

Parameter

Simbol

Value

Time Constant

$\tau$

120 [$\mu s$]

Arc Voltage

$u_{c}$

3.5 [$k V$]

Fig. 10์€ ์ง๋ฅ˜ํšŒ๋กœ์— PFCC๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์•„ํฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด๋‹ค. Fig. 11์€ ์ง๋ฅ˜ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„ํฌ ์ „์•• ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ํŒŒํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” 0.02์ดˆ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  0.023์ดˆ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. (a)๋Š” ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์ œ์–ด ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํŒŒํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณ ์žฅ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ 6000A ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„ํฌ์ „์••์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. (b)๋Š” PFCC๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์‹œ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํŒŒํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฝ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ 5000A๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„ํฌ ์ „์••์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, PFCC๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 10. DC circuit breaker arc modeling simulation

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/fig10.png

Fig. 11. DC circuit breaker simulation waveform

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/fig11.png

4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌํ˜• ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— PFCC๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, MATLAB/Simscape๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PFCC์— ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ์ „์••์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง๋ฅ˜ํšŒ๋กœ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Acknowledgement

๋ณธ ๊ณผ์ œ(๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ)๋Š” 2021๋…„๋„ ๊ต์œก๋ถ€์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์ง€์ž์ฒด-๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ง€์—ญํ˜์‹  ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž„. (2021RIS-002) ์ด ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€(๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๋ถ€)์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„.(No.NRF-2022R1A2C1013445)

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Biography

Jae-Deok Park
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/au1.png

He received his BSEE in 2019 and MSEE in 2021 at Mokpo National University. He is currently a Ph.D. course in Electrical Engineering from the Mokpo National University of Korea. His primary work is in the areas of Power grid connection and Power Conversion device design.

Seung-Yun Lee
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/au2.png

He received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the Mokpo National University of Korea, in 2020. He is currently a master's course in Electrical Engineering from the Mokpo National University of Korea.

Jun-Soo Che
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/au3.png

He received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the Mokpo National University of Korea, in 2019. He Has M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Mokpo National University of Korea, in 2021. He is currently a Ph.D. course in Electrical Engineering from the Mokpo National University of Korea.

Tae-Hun Kim
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/au4.png

He received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the Mokpo National University of Korea, in 2017. He Has M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Mokpo National University of Korea, in 2020. He is currently a Ph.D. course in Electrical Engineering from the Mokpo National University of Korea.

Su-Han Pyo
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/au5.png

He received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the Mokpo National University of Korea, in 2018. He Has M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Mokpo National University of Korea, in 2020. He is currently a Ph.D. course in Electrical Engineering from the Mokpo National University of Korea.

Byeong-Hyeon An
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/au6.png

He received a BSEE and MSEE from Mokpo National University of Korea and he is currently Ph.D. course in Electrical Engineering from the Mokpo National University of Korea since 2021. His primary work is in the areas of Power grid connection and Power Conversion device design.

Seong-Hwan Kim
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/au7.png

He received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering at Korea University in 1991, MS in Electrical Engineering at Korea University in 1994, and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering at Korea University in 1998. He joined the Department of Electrical and Control Engineering, Mokpo National University, Chonnam, Korea, where he is currently Professor since 1999.

Tae-Sik Park
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2022.36.4.044/au8.png

He received the Ph.D. degree from Korea University, in 2000, in electrical engineering. He was with Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology as a Senior Research Engineer in 2000. From 2005 to 2013, he was an Administrative Official at Korea Intellec-tual Property Office, Daejeon, Korea. In 2011, he was a Research Fellow at the University of Michigan-Dearborn. In 2013, He joined the Department of Electrical and Control Engineering, Mokpo National University, Chonnam, Korea, where he is currently Professor. His research interests include power electronics, Power Systems, and Power Equipments.