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Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers

ISO Journal TitleJ Korean Inst. IIIum. Electr. Install. Eng.

  1. (Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Korea)



Charging infrastructure, Electric vehicle, Transportation electrification, Utilization classification, Utilization evaluation

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ˜‘์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ๋“ค์€ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ„์†Œ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ „๊ธฐ์ž๋™์ฐจ(Electric Vehicle, EV)๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2023๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€, ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ EV ํŒ๋งค๋Ÿ‰์€ ์•ฝ 1,400๋งŒ ๋Œ€์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ํŒ๋งค๋Ÿ‰์˜ 18%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „๋…„๋„ ๋Œ€๋น„ 14% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ด๋‹ค[1].

EV ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์€ ์„ ์ง„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ EV ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€์› ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” EV ๊ตฌ๋งค ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ํ˜œํƒ, ์„ธ๊ธˆ ๋ฉด์ œ, ๋Œ€์ถœํ•œ๋„ ์กฐ์ •, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ง€์› ๋“ฑ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€ ์ฃผ๋„ ํ•˜์— EV ๊ตฌ๋งค ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ง€์› ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ EV ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค[2]. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ฃผ(State) ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ ์„ธ์ œํ˜œํƒ ์ •์ฑ…์ด EV ์‹œ์žฅ ์ ์œ ์œจ์„ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ…Œ์Šฌ๋ผ, ํ˜„๋Œ€, ํฌ๋“œ, ๋นˆํŒจ์ŠคํŠธ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด EV ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค[3]. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” EV ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋‚˜ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์žฅ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํ…€์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์˜€๋‹ค. 2021๋…„์— ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ โ€˜2030 ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ฐ์ถ•๋ชฉํ‘œ(NDC)โ€™ ์ƒํ–ฅ์•ˆ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, 2030๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 4.5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋Œ€์˜ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ 2,970๋งŒ ํ†ค์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์„ ๊ฐ์ถ•ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค[4].

EV ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ EV ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋™์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, EV ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€์› ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„, ๊ฐ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ณ„ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‘์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์‹œ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„

2.1 ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š”

Fig. 1์—๋Š” EV ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค[5]. ์ข์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋Œ€์ˆ˜(์ถฉ์ „์†Œ์˜ ์ˆ˜ ํ˜น์€ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜)๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„“์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ์„ค๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์‹œ์„ค(์ธ์ž…์„ , ๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰์žฅ์น˜ ๋“ฑ), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ์„œ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” KEPCO PLUG์—์„œ๋Š” GIS ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ์ƒํƒœ ์ •๋ณด ์ œ๊ณต, ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ ๊ธธ์ฐพ๊ธฐ, ์ถฉ์ „๋‚ด์—ญ ํ†ต๊ณ„, ๊ฐ„ํŽธ๊ฒฐ์ œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋กœ๋ฐํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ–ฅํ›„, EV๊ฐ€ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ž์› ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ƒ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด V2G ๋ฐ V2H ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ž์›์„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 1. Scope of the EV charging infrastructure market[5]

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.438/fig1.png

(์œ„์˜ Fig. 1์—์„œ, V2H(Vehicle-to-home)๋Š” EV ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์ €์žฅ๋œ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ •์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์˜๋ฏธ, V2G(Vehicle-to-grid)๋Š” EV ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์ €์žฅ๋œ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์˜๋ฏธ, AC์ถฉ์ „์€ ์˜จ๋ณด๋“œ์ฐจ์ €(On-board Charger)๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „์„ ์˜๋ฏธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  DC์ถฉ์ „์€ ์˜คํ”„๋ณด๋“œ์ฐจ์ €(Off-board Charger)๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค)

2.2 ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‹œ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„

๊ตญ๋‚ด EV ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ๋Š” 2023๋…„์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„์  28.8๋งŒ๊ธฐ(์™„์† ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ 25.4๋งŒ๊ธฐ, ๊ธ‰์† ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ 3.4๋งŒ๊ธฐ)๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, Fig. 2๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ˆ„์ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ „๋…„๋Œ€๋น„(2022๋…„, 19.3๋งŒ๊ธฐ) ์•ฝ 49%๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋กœ 2017๋…„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ดํ›„ ๋งค๋…„ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ํ–‰์ •๊ตฌ์—ญ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„์™€ ์„œ์šธ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 77,364๋Œ€์™€ 48,559๋Œ€์˜ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ์•ฝ 26.85%์™€ 16.85%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ‰๊ท  ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์ด ๋” ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 2. The number of installed charging points by region in South Korea in 2023

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.438/fig2.png

๊ธ‰์† ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต ์‚ฌ์—…์ž 1.2๋งŒ๊ธฐ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž 0.7๋งŒ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ณต ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์˜ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ํฌ๊ณ , ์™„์† ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž 16.7๋งŒ๊ธฐ, ๊ณต๊ณต์‚ฌ์—…์ž 0.6๋งŒ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธ‰์†์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์€ ์™„์†์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํˆฌ์ž๋น„๋กœ ๊ณต๊ณต ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž ์ง„์ถœ์ด ๋น„๊ต์  ์ ์€ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” EV ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๋†’์€ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” EV ๋Œ€์ˆ˜ ๋‹น ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜ ๋‹น EV ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค[1]. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง€ํ‘œ์˜ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์€ 2023๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์•ฝ 2.3๊ณผ 11.0์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ EV ๋Œ€์ˆ˜ ๋‹น ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋น„์œจ์€ ์•ฝ 4.8๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ณ , ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜ ๋‹น EV ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋น„์œจ์€ ์•ฝ 3.0์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ, ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด EV ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์ธ์šฉ ์ถฉ์ „์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์šฉ ์ถฉ์ „์— ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 2021๋…„์— ๋ฐฐํฌํ•œ โ€˜์ œ4์ฐจ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ณ„ํš(2021โ€“2025)โ€™์—์„œ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ถ”์ง„ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[6]. 2025๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜๋ฌด์„ค์น˜๋น„์œจ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒํ™œ๊ฑฐ์  ์ง€์—ญ์—๋Š” 50๋งŒ๊ธฐ ์ด์ƒ์„, ์ด๋™๊ฑฐ์  ์ง€์—ญ์—๋Š” ๊ธ‰์†์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 1.7๋งŒ๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ธฐ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ์ด์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋‹จ์† ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฐจ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.3 ๊ตญ์™ธ ์‹œ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„

์ฃผ์š” ์„ ์ง„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ง์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ํ˜œํƒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ง€์›์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” 2021๋…„ 144์–ต 9,500๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์—์„œ 2030๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐํ‰๊ท  27%์”ฉ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ 1,281์–ต 3,500๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ๋‹ค[5].

Fig. 3์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๊ณต์šฉ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ(2020โ€“2023)๊ณผ ์ „๋ง(2025 ๋ฐ 2030)์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค[1]. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ธ‰์† ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ 85% ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™„์† ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ 60%๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ(๊ตฌ์ถ• ์‹œ ์ง€๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ ์šด์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ง€๊ธ‰)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค[7]. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํฐ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„์— ์ œ์ •๋œ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ธ 50๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ EV ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 75์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์žํ•œ๋‹ค[8]. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ‰์†์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์™„์†์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์›”๋“ฑํžˆ ๋†’๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋‚ด ๋งŽ์€ EV ์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณต์šฉ ์žฅ์†Œ ๋Œ€์‹  ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์šฉ ์ถฉ์ „์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„ ๊ณต์šฉ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ธ‰์† ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถฉ์ „ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 3. Historical(2020โ€“2023) and projected(2025 and 2030) charging points in China, the USA, and Europe

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3. ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋ณ„, ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„, ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„, ์„ค์น˜์žฅ์†Œ๋ณ„, ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์›”ํ‰๊ท  ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[9].

์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ด์ง• ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ ์„ค์น˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ [10], 2018๋…„ ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„ ํ™•๋ณด๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[11].

๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 2019๋…„์—์„œ 2022๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ „์—ญ์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ(์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜, EV ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋Œ€์ˆ˜, ์„ค์น˜์žฅ์†Œ ๋“ฑ)์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[8]. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„(๋‚ฎ์€, ์ค‘๊ฐ„, ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€)๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ•˜, ํŒจํ„ด, ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ [12], ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธ‰์† ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ ์šด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[13].

์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต์ง€์—ญ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ถ”์„ธ์™€ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค[14].

์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…์ผ์˜ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์šด์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์šฉ ํŽธ์ต ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[15, 16]. ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ „์ฒด ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[17]. ์Šค์œ„์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ์ ์œ ์œจ๊ณผ ์ ์œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋ฐ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[18].

4. ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ

์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์€ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž(์ถฉ์ „์‚ฌ์—…์ž, ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜์ž, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ณต ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ์ •์ž)๋“ค์ด ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ถฉ์ „์‚ฌ์—…์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์ต๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ถฉ์ „์‚ฌ์—…์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณ„ ํ˜น์€ ์›”๋ณ„ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํŒŒ์•…, ๋น„์šฉ ํŽธ์ต ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ[7], ์ถฉ์ „ ์š”๊ธˆ์ œ ๋ถ„์„[19], ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ’ˆ์งˆ[20], ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ ์ตœ์ ํ™”[21], ์Šค์ผ€์ฅด๋ง[22], ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ํ–ฅ์ธ์ž ๋„์ถœ[10] ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜์ž๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— EV๊ฐ€ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ, ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์šด์˜๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜์ž ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณ„ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํŒจํ„ด ๋„์ถœ[15], ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ง[12], ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์  ์œ„ํ—˜๋„[17], ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์˜ˆ์ธก[11] ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

์ •๋ถ€, ์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ์ž, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ž์น˜ ๋‹จ์ฒด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต๊ณต ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ์ •์ž์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต ์ž์›์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฃผ๋œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๊ณต๊ณต ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ์ •์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ถ”์„ธ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„[14], ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜ ์„ ์ •์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ƒ์ •[23], ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  EV ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜ ์„ ์ • ์ตœ์ ํ™”[21] ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด, EV ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์€ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์šด์˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ, ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ, ๊ณต๊ณต์ž์›์˜ ํˆฌ์ž ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์ด ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

5. ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

5.1 ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ฒด๊ณ„

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ Fig. 4์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ, ์‘์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 4. Classification system for utilization evaluation

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.438/fig4.png

5.2 ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ด€์ 

EV ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ Table 1์— ์š”์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „ํšŸ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ถฉ์ „ํšŸ์ˆ˜ ํ˜น์€ ์ „์ฒด ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ค‘์ธ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋น„์œจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์ „ํšŸ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ํ˜น์€ ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์šฐ์„  ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” EV ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ€์ง‘๋œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์„ค์น˜, ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ, ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ์ถฉ์ „ ์š”๊ธˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ถฉ์ „ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณด์œ  ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค[24]. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ ์œ„์น˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์ถฉ์ „์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜น์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ถฉ์ „ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค[8].

๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1ํšŒ ์ถฉ์ „ ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰, ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถฉ์ „๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „์‚ฌ์—…์ž์™€ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์š”๊ธˆ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „์‚ฌ์—…์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ๊ฐ€์ค‘๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์ ์œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ ์œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ Table 1์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋žตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์žฅ์ ์€ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ์ ์œ ์œจ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ ์œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ’ˆ์งˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ง€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[13, 18].

Table 1. Uitlization index by charging variables

๋ฒˆํ˜ธ

์ถฉ์ „ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„

์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ง€ํ‘œ

1

์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜

ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ถฉ์ „ํšŸ์ˆ˜

2

์ „์ฒด ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ค‘์ธ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋น„์œจ

3

์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜

1ํšŒ ์ถฉ์ „ ์‹œ ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰

4

ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰

5

์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถฉ์ „๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„์œจ

6

์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜

1ํšŒ ์ถฉ์ „ ์‹œ ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ„

7

1ํšŒ ์ถฉ์ „ ์‹œ ์ ์œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„

8

ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ„

9

ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ ์œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„

10

์ถฉ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถฉ์ „๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„์œจ

11

์ ์œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ ์œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„์œจ

5.3 ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ๊ด€์ 

์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ด€์  ์™ธ์—๋„, EV ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ, ์ค‘๊ธฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํŠน์ง• ์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์€ ๋ถ„ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ํ˜น์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์—ญ๋™์„ฑ์„ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ[24]์—์„œ๋Š” 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „ํšŸ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ 30๋ถ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ๋ถ„์„์€ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์ถฉ์ „์‚ฌ์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ์Šค์ผ€์ค„๋ง ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.

๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ค‘๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์€ ์ผ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ํ˜น์€ ์›” ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์€ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€์—๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ถ”์„ธ์™€ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์ „์‚ฌ์—…์ž๋Š” ์ค‘๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ผ๋ณ„ ํ˜น์€ ์›”๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์ต ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž๋Š” ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ฆ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ์จ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์— ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์€ ์—ฐ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํ™•๋ณด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ํ˜น์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์šฉ ํŽธ์ต ๋ชจ๋ธ[16]์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ฉ๋‹นํ•œ ์ถฉ์ „ ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์‚ฐ์ •[19]ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

5.4 ์‘์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๊ด€์ 

EV ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‘์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํŒจํ„ด ๋ถ„์„์ด๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน(์žฅ์†Œ, ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ ค)์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  EV ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์ถฉ์ „ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค[14, 15, 18, 24]. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ธก๋ฉด์€ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™”[21, 23], ์ถฉ์ „ ์š”๊ธˆ ๋ถ„์„[19], ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น„์šฉ ํŽธ์ต ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ[7, 16]์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์ด๋‹ค[8, 10]. ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์šด์˜์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ [13, 20], ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ [12, 17], ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์˜ˆ์ธก[11]๊ณผ ์Šค์ผ€์ฅด๋ง[22]์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šด์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค.

5.5 ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ

์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ์€ ํŽŒ์›จ์–ด ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์™€ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ํŒŒ์† ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์žฅ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ถฉ์ „ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ํ•˜๋ฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” EV ์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆํŽธ์„ ์ค„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„์—๋„ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํŠนํžˆ, ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ์„ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€๋™๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ณ ์žฅ๋‚œ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” EV ์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ด์šฉ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์—…์ž ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋„ ์ ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์†์‹ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ์˜ ์›์ธ์€ EV ๋Œ€์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋ฏธ์ง„ํ•œ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ํ˜น์€ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•œ ๊ณ ์žฅ๋ฅ ๋กœ ์‹๋ณ„๋œ๋‹ค.

์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ์ถฉ์ „์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ถฉ์ „ ํ˜ผ์žก๊ณผ ํšŒ์ „์œจ ์ €ํ•˜, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋„์‹ฌ์ง€๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ํœด๊ฒŒ์†Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์šฉ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. EV ์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์ด ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์žฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ๋น„์œจ์ด ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ํ•˜๋ฝํ•˜์—ฌ, ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

6. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” EV ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋™์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € EV ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์ „๋ง์„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ง€์› ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

EV ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ๊ทธ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ณ„ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์šด์˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „์‚ฌ์—…์ž๋“ค์€ ๋น„์šฉ ํŽธ์ต ๋ถ„์„, ์ถฉ์ „์š”๊ธˆ์ œ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜์ž๋Š” ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์˜ˆ์ธก, ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ „๋ง์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ณต์  ์ž์›์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์žํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‘์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜, ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜, ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ธฐ, ์ค‘๊ธฐ, ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์‘์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํŒจํ„ด ๋ถ„์„, ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”, ์˜ํ–ฅ์ธ์ž ํƒ์ƒ‰, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ์ธก๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ๋ฅ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  EV ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋Œ€์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

EV ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๋“ค์ด ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ถœํŒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๊นŠ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ํฌ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ถฉ์ „ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„ ๋ฐ ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํŒจํ„ด ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

Acknowledgement

์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2024๋…„๋„ ์ •๋ถ€(์‚ฐ์—…ํ†ต์ƒ์ž์›๋ถ€)์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€์›์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„(RS-2024- 00422103). ๋˜ํ•œ, 2022๋…„๋„ ์ •๋ถ€(๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๋ถ€)์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐํšํ‰๊ฐ€์›์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„(RS- 2022-II220074).

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Biography

Munseok Chang
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He received the B.S. degree from Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea in Energy Engineering, in 2017. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree from Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea in the dept. of electrical engineering. His current research interests include energy management systems, renewable energy, and hydrogen systems in microgrid applications.

Sungyu Hwang
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.438/au2.png

He received his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Sunchon National University in 1994 and his M.S. degree in railway system engineering from Hanyang University in 2017. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D. degree in the dept. of electrical engineering at Hanyang University. His research interests include digital twins, railway systems, and their applications.

Sungwoo Bae
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.438/au3.png

He received his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea, and his M.S.E. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin, USA, in 2006, 2009, and 2011, respectively. From 2012 to 2013, he was a Senior Research Engineer at the Power Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology. Since 2017, he has been a Professor in the dept. of electrical engineering at Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.