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Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers

ISO Journal TitleJ Korean Inst. IIIum. Electr. Install. Eng.

  1. (Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Korea)



Battery energy storage system, Data-driven modeling, Digital twin, Electric vehicle charging facility, Electrolyzer, Hydrogen fueling facility, Physics-based modeling

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ ์žฅ์น˜, ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๋“ฑ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ž์›์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ด, ์ตœ์ ํ™”, ์šด์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ํ˜„์‹ค์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋น„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ๋งํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‹ค[1]. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋‘์‚ฐ์—๋„ˆ๋นŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒ ํ’๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ์— ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋ ฅ, ์„ค๋น„ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ค€๋น„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด์ƒ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์‹ ์†ํžˆ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค[2].

๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์‹(๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ , ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์ˆ˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ด๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ํ•™์Šต ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค[2].

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์„ค๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ ์žฅ์น˜(BESS, Battery Energy Storage System)๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ์ „์••์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ์„ค๋น„๋Š” ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ถ„ํ•ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ ์—ด์—ญํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†Œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ์—”ํƒˆํ”ผ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์†Œํƒฑํฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์••๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ์ถฉ์ „ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰, ์ถฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ, ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

2.1 ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ ์žฅ์น˜

BESS๋Š” ์…€์˜ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , Fig. 1์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 1. Equivalent-circuit model for BESS

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.452/fig1.png

Fig. 1์—์„œ $V_{th}$๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€์˜ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ์ „์••(V), OCV๋Š” Open circuit voltage(V)๋กœ ์…€์˜ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ(SOC, State of Charge)์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„, ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ €ํ•ญ $R_{0}$(ฮฉ)๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘(์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๋ถ„๊ทนํ˜„์ƒ)์„ ํ‘œํ˜„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  $R_{i}$ ๋ฐ $C_{i}$(RC-pairs)๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์••์˜ ๊ณผ๋„ ์‘๋‹ต์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งค์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์‹(1)๊ณผ ์‹(2)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค[3].

(1)
$\dfrac{di_{R_{i}}(t)}{dt}= -\dfrac{1}{R_{i}C_{i}}i_{R_{i}}(t)+\dfrac{1}{R_{i}C_{i}}i(t)$
(2)
$V_{th}(t)= OCV-R_{0}i(t)-\sum_{i=1}^{n}R_{i}i_{R_{i}}(t)$

2.2 ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ์„ค๋น„

์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ์„ค๋น„๋Š” ๋ฌผ์„ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ, ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•Œ์นผ๋ผ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด, ์–‘์ด์˜จ๊ตํ™˜๋ง‰ ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด, ๊ณ ์ฒด์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค[4]. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•Œ์นผ๋ผ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ๋งค์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜์—ฌ Fig. 2์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค[5].

Fig. 2. Equivalent-circuit model for electrolyzer

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.452/fig2.png

Fig. 2์—์„œ $V_{rev}$๋Š” ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ „์••(V), $V_{cell}$๋Š” ์…€์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••(V)์ด๋‹ค. $R_{a}$ ๋ฐ $R_{c}$๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ „๊ทน(anode and cathode)์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์ €ํ•ญ(ฮฉ)์„ ํ‘œํ˜„, $R_{e}$ ๋ฐ $R_{m}$์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ง‰์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์ €ํ•ญ(ฮฉ)์„ ํ‘œํ˜„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  $V_{a}^{act}$ ๋ฐ $V_{c}^{act}$๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ „์••(V)์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์…€ ์ „์••์€ ์‹(3)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(3)
$V_{cell}=\left(R_{m}+R_{e}+R_{a}+R_{c}\right)I+V_{rev}+V_{a}^{act}+V_{c}^{act}$

๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, $V_{rev}$๋Š” ์šด์ „ ์••๋ ฅ, ์šด์ „ ์˜จ๋„, ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์••๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ, $R_{a}$ ๋ฐ $R_{c}$๋Š” ์ด‰๋งค์˜ ๋„์ „์œจ, ์ „๊ทน ๋‘๊ป˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ $R_{e}$๋Š” ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์˜ ๋„์ „์œจ, ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ง‰ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , $R_{m}$์€ ์˜จ๋„์™€ ์ „๊ทน ๋„“์ด ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. $V_{a}^{act}$ ๋ฐ $V_{c}^{act}$๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„, ์ „๊ทน ๋„“์ด, ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค[5, 6].

2.3 ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„

Fig. 3์€ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 3. Components of hydrogen fueling facilities and the hydrogen flow diagram

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.452/fig3.png

์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ €์žฅํƒฑํฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์••๋ ฅ์€ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ์—”ํƒˆํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‹(4)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค[7].

(4)
$ P_{ta nk}=\dfrac{n^{2}RT}{L^{2}}\left(1-\dfrac{cn}{LT^{3}}\right)\\ \times\left(\dfrac{L}{n}+B\left(1-\dfrac{bn}{L}\right)\right)- A\left(1-\dfrac{an}{L}\right)\dfrac{n^{2}}{L^{2}} $

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, $L$์€ ์ˆ˜์†Œํƒฑํฌ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ(liter), $n$์€ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ํƒฑํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋Ÿ‰(mol), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  $T$๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ์˜จ๋„(K)๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. $A$, $B$, $a$, $b$, $c$๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ Beattie-Bridgeman ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ์ƒ์ˆ˜์ด๊ณ  $R$์€ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. Table 1์— ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Table 1. Constants of hydrogen storage tank

Constant

Value(units)

$A$

0.1975(atmใƒปliter2/mol2)

$B$

0.02096(liter/mol)

$a$

-0.00506(liter/mol)

$b$

-0.04359(liter/mol)

$c$

0.0504ร—104(literใƒปK3/mol)

$R$

0.08206(atmใƒปliter/(molใƒปK))

2.4 ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„

์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ์ถฉ์ „ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์ธ CC-CV ๋งค์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜(Constant-current and Constant- voltage)๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. Fig. 4์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, CC-CV ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ(๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด์˜จ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ)์— ์ถฉ์ „ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ „์••์ด ๊ธฐ์ค€์น˜์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๊ธฐ์ค€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์œผ๋ฉด ์ „์•• ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค[8].

Fig. 4. CC-CV charging method

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.452/fig4.png

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” CC-CV ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถฉ์ „ ์‹œ ์ „์••์€ ์‹(5)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค[9].

(5)
$ V_{bat}= V_{0}-R_{s}i-K\dfrac{Q}{i t-0.1Q}i*-\\ K\dfrac{Q}{Q-i t}i t+S_{1}\exp(-S_{2}\times i t) $

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $V_{0}$, $K$, $Q$, $R_{s}$, $i$๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ •์ „์••(V), ๋ถ„๊ทน ์ €ํ•ญ(ฮฉ), ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰(Ah), ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ €ํ•ญ(ฮฉ), ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „๋ฅ˜(A)์ด๋‹ค. $i t$๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰(Ah)์œผ๋กœ SOC ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, $S_{1}$(V)๊ณผ $S_{2}$(Ah-1)๋Š” ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด์˜จ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , $i *$๋Š” $i$๋กœ ๊ทผ์‚ฌํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.

3. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ฆ

3.1 ํ‰๊ฐ€์ง€ํ‘œ

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ค๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ NMAE(Normalized Mean Absolute Error) ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. NMAE ๊ฐ’์ด ์ž‘์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

(6)
$NMAE =\dfrac{1}{N}\sum_{t=1}^{N}\dfrac{\left | y_{t}-\hat{y_{t}}\right |}{y_{\max}-y_{\min}}\times 100$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $N$์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜, $y_{t}$ ๋ฐ $\hat{y_{t}}$์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ฐ’(์ •๋‹ต๊ฐ’)๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ฐ’, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  $y_{\max}$ ๋ฐ $y_{\min}$์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ฐ’์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์†Œ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

3.2 ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ ์žฅ์น˜

BESS์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์ •ํ™•๋„ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” FUDS(Federal Urban Driving Schedule) ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹[10]์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ์ „์•• ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ์…€ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์€ ์ง๋ ฌ ํ˜น์€ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์…€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ $n$๊ณผ $m$์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒฉ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹(7)๊ณผ ์‹(8)์€ ํŒฉ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ BESS ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ์ „์••์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

(7)
$I_{BESS}=m\times I_{cell}$
(8)
$V_{th,\: BESS}= n\times V_{th,\: cell}$

Fig. 1์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ RC-pairs ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ 1์—์„œ 20๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ NMAE ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 5์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, RC-pairs ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 3์ผ ๋•Œ NMAE ๊ฐ’์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ๋„ NMAE ๊ฐ’์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 3์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 5. NMAE values based on the number of RC pairs

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.452/fig5.png

Table 2๋Š” RC-pairs ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์ผ ๋•Œ, Fig. 1์— ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ BESS์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

Table 2. Optimal parameters for a BESS model

Parameter

Value

$R_{0}$

0.1940

$R_{1}C_{1}$

0.8316

$R_{2}C_{2}$

584.3606

$R_{3}C_{3}$

671.1812

Fig. 6์€ BESS์˜ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ์ „์••์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ฐ’์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋ฉฐ, NMAE ๊ฐ’์€ 1.26%๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 6. Modeling results of BESS terminal voltage

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.452/fig6.png

3.3 ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ์„ค๋น„

Fig. 7์€ ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์šด์ „ ์˜จ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๋ฅ˜-์ „์••์˜ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.

Fig. 7. Current-voltage curves for an electrolyzer cell by different temperatures

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.452/fig7.png

์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ทจ๋“์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์ „๋ฅ˜, ์˜จ๋„, ์••๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ์„ค๋น„ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ DNN(Deep Neural Network)์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 60์ผ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ 1๋ถ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ, 60%๋Š” ํ•™์Šต์…‹์œผ๋กœ, 20%๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ฆ์…‹์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 20%๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜์…‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Table 3์€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ DNN ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

Table 3. Optimal parameters for a DNN model

Parameter

Value

Hidden layer

2

Neurons

32-32

Learning rate

0.005

Epochs

100

Batch size

32

Activation function

ReLU

Optimizer

Adam

์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ์„ค๋น„๋„ ์‹(7)๊ณผ ์‹(8)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์…€ ๋‹จ์œ„์—์„œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 8์€ ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „์••์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ DNN ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ฐ’์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋ฉฐ, NMAE ๊ฐ’์€ 2.50%๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 8. Modeling results of electrolyzer voltage

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.452/fig8.png

3.4 ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„

์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„๋„ ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ์„ค๋น„์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํš๋“์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ ๋žœ๋คํฌ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ(RF, Random Forest)๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์˜จ๋„, ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์†Œํƒฑํฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์••๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ RF ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต, ๊ฒ€์ฆ, ์‹œํ—˜์…‹์€ ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ์„ค๋น„์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Table 4๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ RF ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ตœ์  ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

Table 4. Optimal parameters for an RF model

Parameter

Value

Number of trees

20

Depth

5

Fig. 9. Modeling results of hydrogen tank pressure

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.452/fig9.png

Fig. 9๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ €์žฅํƒฑํฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์••๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ RF ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ฐ’์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋ฉฐ, NMAE ๊ฐ’์€ 2.93%๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

3.5 ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„

์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰, ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ SOC ๋ฒ”์œ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 72.6 kWh, 0.2-0.8, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  50 kW๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ CC-CV ๊ณก์„ ์—์„œ ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„๋„ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ทจ๋“์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์„œํฌํŠธ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋จธ์‹ (SVR, Support Vector Machine) ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Table 5๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ SVR ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ตœ์  ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

Table 5. Optimal parameters for a SVR model

Parameter

Value

Kernel

Radial basis

Epsilon

0.1

Regularization

1.0

Fig. 10์€ ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ SVR ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ฐ’์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋ฉฐ, NMAE ๊ฐ’์€ 5.47%๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 10. Modeling results of charging demand

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.452/fig10.png

Table 6์€ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์„ค๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์ธ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์ •ํ™•๋„์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 6. NMAE evaluations for the four types of facilities

Facility

NMAE(%)

BESS

1.26

Electrolyzer

2.50

Hydrogen fueling facility

2.93

Electric vehicle charging facility

5.47

4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” BESS, ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ์„ค๋น„, ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„, ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. BESS๋Š” ์…€์˜ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ์„ค๋น„๋Š” ๋ฌผ์„ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ๋งค์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†Œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ์—”ํƒˆํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ CC-CV ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์„ค๋น„๋“ค์€ NMAE ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŠธ์œˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. BESS์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์ •ํ™•๋„๋Š” ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ์ „์••์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ FUDS ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, NMAE ๊ฐ’์€ 1.26%๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋†’์€ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ์„ค๋น„, ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” DNN ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ „์••์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ NMAE ๊ฐ’์€ 2.50%์ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” RF ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ €์žฅํƒฑํฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์••๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ NMAE ๊ฐ’์€ 2.93%๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์ถฉ์ „์„ค๋น„๋Š” SVR ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถฉ์ „๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , NMAE ๊ฐ’์ด 5.47%๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgement

์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2024๋…„๋„ ์ •๋ถ€(์‚ฐ์—…ํ†ต์ƒ์ž์›๋ถ€)์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€์›์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„(RS-2024- 00422103). ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2022๋…„๋„ ์ •๋ถ€(๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๋ถ€)์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐํšํ‰๊ฐ€์›์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„(RS-2022-II220074).

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Biography

Munseok Chang
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.452/au1.png

He received the B.S. degree from Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea in Energy Engineering, in 2017. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree from Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea in the dept. of electrical engineering. His current research interests include energy management systems, renewable energy, and hydrogen systems in microgrid applications.

Sungyu Hwang
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.452/au2.png

He received his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Sunchon National University in 1994 and his M.S. degree in railway system engineering from Hanyang University in 2017. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D. degree in the dept. of electrical engineering at Hanyang University. His research interests include digital twins, railway systems, and their applications.

Sungwoo Bae
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.452/au3.png

He received his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea, and his M.S.E. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin, USA, in 2006, 2009, and 2011, respectively. From 2012 to 2013, he was a Senior Research Engineer at the Power Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology. Since 2017, he has been a Professor in the dept. of electrical engineering at Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.