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Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering

Journal of
the Architectural Institute of Korea

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  • ISSN : 2733-6239(Print)
  • ISSN : 2733-6247(Online)
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Current Issue : Vol.41 No.11, 2025-11

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Designing Cooperative Learning Spaces through Sensory Experience

조인영(Cho, In-Young) ; 조택연(Cho, Taig-Youn)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.11.3

This study analyzes how cooperative learning spaces influence children’s collaborative behavior and neurological development while proposing effective design principles. By comparing two key cooperative learning environments, Forest Kindergarten and the Reggio Emilia Approach, the relationship between sensory experiences and cooperation is explored. Findings suggest that effective cooperative learning spaces should encourage cooperation through sensory engagement, enhance social rewards with spatial arrangements, promote exploration and collaboration through flexible layouts, and incorporate natural elements to support sensory-based interactions. Forest Kindergarten naturally fosters cooperation through sensory exploration and physical activity, whereas the Reggio Emilia Approach focuses on visual documentation and project-based collaboration. Drawing on neuroscience insights, this research offers a framework for designing cooperative learning spaces and emphasizes the need for further empirical studies to support these conclusions.

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Comparing Urban Mixed-Use Development in Korea and Japan for Sustainable Residential Growth

백혜선(Paik, Hae Sun) ; 이영환(Lee, Young Hwan)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.11.15

This study examines sustainable approaches to urban mixed-use residential development in response to evolving social needs, drawing on a review of domestic regulations and a comparative analysis of 11 Korean and 7 Japanese development projects. Three key findings stand out. First, Korean developments tend to prioritize profitability by emphasizing a high proportion of residential units, while Japanese projects encourage urban diversity through the integration of office spaces, lodging, and strategically placed public institutions such as international schools and hospitals. Second, strong public-sector leadership in Korea plays a crucial role in proactively identifying and implementing inclusive public functions and facilities that address upcoming social challenges. Third, Japanese projects invest significant time in stakeholder consultations, which supports the preservation of local culture and enhances community value. Finally, a defining characteristic of Japanese developments is their focus on long-term sustainability, with comprehensive planning that spans from initial design through post-completion maintenance, ensuring the enduring value of urban spaces.

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Theoretical Analysis of Elderly Welfare Policy Expansion Based on the AIP (Aging in Place) Concept

김명식(Kim, Myungshig)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.11.27

This study proposes policy improvements for Aging in Place (AIP)-based community care in response to Korea’s rapidly changing environment. The methodology includes a literature review of prior studies on AIP, legal and policy analysis, and examination of major elderly welfare plans and key drivers influencing community care. Findings reveal changes, limitations, and strategies for strengthening AIP-based elderly welfare policies. Since the enactment of the Long-Term Care Insurance Act in 2007 and its implementation in 2008, Korea’s AIP-based elderly welfare system has offered daily life services such as elder care, leisure programs, and transportation discounts, along with economic support through long-term care benefits. Depending on relocation or facility use, medical and housing welfare may also be included. To advance community care, the study highlights the following needs: (1) expanding home-based and integrated medical/dental services, home-visit nursing, telemedicine, family caregiver support, and AI-assisted health management; (2) addressing the aging baby boomer population’s relocation demands by adopting the Aging in Community (AIC) model, supporting migration to depopulated areas, and enhancing housing welfare for the middle class; (3) improving residential environments with barrier-free designs, safety features, and cognitive health design; and (4) utilizing AI for care services, chronic disease management, mental health support, emergency systems, and preventing social isolation.

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A Preliminary Study for Developing Korean Active Design Guidelines to Promote Physical Activity in Architectural Design

이준석(Lee, Jun-Suk)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.11.37

Amid escalating inactivity, this study examines how the built environment can catalyze physical activity by repositioning stairs from hidden fire escapes to primary routes. As a step toward Korean Guidelines for Active Design, it synthesizes evidence on the health benefits of stair use, identifies behavioral design determinants, and organizes them into a framework for architecture. Methods combine a literature review with domestic/international case analyses (e.g., “health stairs” and open, daylit workplace staircases). The review confirms that stair use is an equipment-free activity linked to cardiometabolic gains and lower all-cause mortality; architecture can unlock these benefits by shaping choice environments. Findings converge on five attributes: (1) placement and visibility (central stairs; skip-stop); (2) environmental quality (lighting, daylight); (3) motivational communication (wayfinding and messages); (4) gamification and rewards (music, interactive displays, social feedback); and (5) safety and comfort (proportions, handrails, non-slip, thermal/air quality). The study proposes guidelines across three domains?spatial layout, environmental design, and operations/programming?evidence-linked yet adaptable. It positions stair use as a scalable public-health intervention and offers implementable strategies respectful of culture and regulation. Future work will field-test the guidelines and refine metrics, costs, and accessibility for inclusive adoption.

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An Analytical Study of Housing Type Supply Ratio Changes in Seoul With Policy Implications

정지원(Jeong, Ji-Won) ; 유해연(Yoo, Hae-Yean)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.11.47

This study empirically analyzes the transition in Seoul’s housing supply ratio by type from 2015 to 2024, focusing on housing policy and system changes, demographic shifts, and evolving demand. The research process included a review of major policy and system changes, analysis of demographic trends and housing supply statistics, time-series analysis of their effects on supply ratios, and formulation of future policy directions. Results show that, despite a 6.9 percent decrease in population, the number of households increased by 7.0 percent, reflecting a structural shift toward smaller households. During this period, the supply of non-apartment housing declined sharply, while apartments became dominant after 2018 due to redevelopment policy changes and market conditions. The overall decline in housing supply was largely attributed to the reduction in non-apartment housing, whereas apartment supply remained stable through ongoing redevelopment projects. Based on these findings, three main policy directions are suggested for Seoul: systematic expansion of small and diverse housing types to meet demand, prioritization of universal design and community-based housing to support an aging population, and preservation of medium- and large-sized units for families. In addition, the study emphasizes the importance of pipeline-based monitoring and flexible policy feedback at each stage of the housing supply processs, including approval, construction start, and completion, to enhance policy effectiveness and sustainability.

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A Study on the Visual Information Delivery Characteristics of Media Facades in Urban Space

김지현(Kim, Ji-Hyun) ; 남성우(Nam, Seong-Woo) ; 김원필(Kim, Won-Pil)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.11.59

In practice, evaluations of media facades often overemphasize display resolution and contextual aesthetics while underemphasizing physical installation conditions?such as facade material, luminance levels, and viewing geometry?from the standpoint of visual information delivery. This study examines how three design variables?installation methods, facade types, and spatial contexts?interact to shape the visual-information delivery of media facades. Within a 3×4×3 typological framework (installation method × facade type × spatial context), nine publicly accessible cases were qualitatively assessed by two trained raters on three indicators?cognizability, legibility, and attentional salience?using a three-point scale; inter-rater reliability was acceptable (Cohen’s κ = 0.78). Results indicate that LED systems on opaque facades tend to yield higher cognizability and legibility, whereas open-plaza contexts tend to dilute focal attention. Cross-case synthesis further groups delivery structures into three types?information-centered, attention-guiding, and aesthetic-expressive?each suggesting distinct planning and design guidelines for urban applications. By presenting an integrative qualitative framework, this study lays groundwork for subsequent research that will incorporate quantitative metrics and user-behavior analyses to validate and extend these findings.

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Linking Self-report and Neurophysiological Data in Studying Human Emotional Responses to Spatial Environments

구나은(Gu, Naeun)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.11.71

This study examines the impact of spatial environments on human emotions by reviewing experimental research that combines neurophysiological and self-report measurement methods. Practical applications, trends, and effectiveness of these multimodal approaches are examined. A total of 37 experimental studies published in the past five years were analyzed. Results indicate that neurophysiological measures primarily capture emotional states related to stress and relaxation, while self-report methods cover a wider range of emotional responses. Heart rate/heart rate variability (HR/HRV) and electroencephalography (EEG) are the most frequently used physiological tools, whereas self-report instruments show greater diversity. Comparative analysis revealed that 16 studies showed strong consistency between physiological and psychological results, 18 demonstrated partial alignment, and 3 displayed low consistency. The discussion highlights current limitations of multimodal approaches including inconsistencies in results due to technical constraints of experimental studies, ambiguity and complexity in interpretation, and absence of standardized measurement protocols and suggests future directions for research in this field.

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Analysis of Fire Vulnerability and Characteristics in Temporary Container Housing Through Cases Studies

이여경(Lee, Yeo-Kyung) ; 김민지(Kim, Min-Ji)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.11.83

This study analyzes fire incidents in temporary container housing to identify fire vulnerabilities and characteristics. A total of 11 cases were examined through quantitative and qualitative methods. Three major vulnerabilities were identified. First, container dormitories composed of multiple buildings are highly susceptible to fire spread, as flames from one unit can easily extend to adjacent structures, amplifying overall damage. Second, the presence of numerous electrical and electronic devices, along with flammable materials, serves as a frequent ignition source and accelerates fire development. Third, legal requirements for alarm systems are absent, resulting in an installation rate of only 9.1 percent. The absence of alarms leads to delayed detection, with casualty rates reaching 100 percent in undetected cases. Findings show that fires commonly occur during afternoon activity periods and sleeping hours. The leading causes are carelessness and electrical or mechanical malfunctions. Temporary container housing is highly vulnerable to complete structural destruction, with fires often spreading to nearby buildings, natural surroundings, or nearby mountainous areas. Casualties occur in approximately 73 percent of incidents, underscoring the critical need for targeted fire safety measures.

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Architectural Characteristics of Bicycle Facilities in International Collective Housing Projects

여서현(Yeo, Seo-Hyeon) ; 백진(Baek, Jin)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.11.95

As automobile-centered transportation systems encounter growing limitations, the use of personal mobility devices such as bicycles and other options is steadily increasing. Yet, current urban planning and residential complex design still provide insufficient support systems that accommodate these last-mile transportation modes. Building on prior research on bicycle-related facilities in domestic collective housing, as well as analysis of the legal framework and the expanded concept of the last mile, this study examined bicycle-related architectural planning and support facilities in overseas collective housing, focusing on continuity, accessibility, convenience, and aesthetics. The review covered last-mile facility types, bicycle parking methods, and supporting infrastructure such as repair stations, rest areas, and other amenities. As a foundation for improving bicycle facilities in domestic collective housing, a comprehensive and forward-looking architectural planning approach is urgently needed, one that consistently priortizes continuity and convenience over merely allocating leftover or residual storage space.

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Development of a Smart Door for Disaster-Response Human Digital Twin

최영준(Choi, Young-Jun)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.11.107

In recent years, human society has faced growing risks from diverse disasters. Some have altered social behavior, while climate change-driven heavy rains and floods, along with large-scale fires caused by natural or human factors, have resulted in severe casualties. Beyond prevention, the need for systematic disaster response methods to minimize damage has become increasingly urgent. This study explores how the architectural and urban sectors can contribute to building effective disaster response systems. A conceptual model of a smart door is introduced, its basic mechanism implemented, and its operational performance tested in real-world situations through living lab experiments. Across two prototype stages, the smart door system proved effective in generating data useful for disaster response, though further improvements are needed in areas such as cost-design optimization, standardization for broader application, and platform integration. Potential applications in buildings and data-sharing methods with disaster response organizations are also discussed. This research highlights the significance of human-centered data, suggesting new directions for architecture and urban design in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

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