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Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering

Journal of
the Architectural Institute of Korea

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  • ISSN : 2733-6239(Print)
  • ISSN : 2733-6247(Online)
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Current Issue : Vol.41 No.6, 2025-06

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Site Planning and Location Characteristics of Independent Children’s Public Medical Centers at Korean National University Hospitals Using Space Syntax

정태종(Jeong, Tae-Jong)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.6.3

Understanding the site planning and location characteristics of children’s specialized public medical centers, based on national university-affiliated hospitals in Korea, is essential for improving hospital architecture and the overall healthcare system. This research aims to provide foundational data for hospital design planning. A literature review on space syntax, along with an investigation of the current status of children’s specialized public medical centers in Korea, was conducted. Site plans of five standalone children’s hospitals were analyzed using the S3 axial analyzer within the space syntax framework. The findings of the study were summarized in four key points. First, the site plan of a children’s hospital is significantly influenced by the location of the main hospital within the medical campus. Second, while connectivity and integration levels vary by case, the ERAM(3) value for children’s hospitals is consistently lower than that of the main hospital, indicating close and easy access. Third, based on campus layout and spatial composition, the spatial relationship between children’s hospitals and main hospitals falls into two categories: loop type and linear grid type. Fourth, medical campuses tend to be located on the outskirts of the main university campus and provide separate access routes for patients. Analyzing the site plan and spatial arrangement of children’s hospitals in relation to main hospitals is important for advancing specialized urban healthcare systems.

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A Study on the Revitalization of Vacant House Management in Urban and Rural Areas through case study in Chungcheongbuk-do

장은혜(Jang, Eun-Hye) ; 김미경(Kim, Mi-Kyung)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.6.11

As the number of vacant houses is rapidly increasing due to the low birth rate and aging population, various utilization for managing vacant houses are emerging in South Korea. The purpose of this study was to identify the main characteristics of vacant houses in terms of planning and maintenance through case studies in urban and rural areas of Chungcheongbuk-do and to suggest implications for the utilization of vacant houses. The research team conducted a field survey including in-depth interviews on four cases of utilizing vacant houses in Chungcheongbuk-do. The results of the study were as follows. First, in the case of urban type, it was excellent in terms of reflecting regional characteristics and improving the surrounding environment, but it was found to be inadequate in considering the socially disadvantaged in terms of safety and accessibility. In the case of urban vacant houses, it is possible to consider operating living labs based on the needs of residents and utilizing parks, parking lots, and community facilities. Second, in the case of rural type, it was found to be difficult to utilize various methods due to the restrictions of water supply protection zones, and it was found that measures to consider accessibility for the elderly and to activate the influx of young people. The results of this study can be used as basic guides for developing guidelines for the utilization of vacant houses that consider the regional characteristics of urban and rural areas.

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Spatial Planning and Facility Use for Communal Childcare-Integrated Urban Regeneration in Low-Rise Residential Areas

이효창(Lee, Hyo-Chang) ; 박성준(Park, Sung-Jun)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.6.23

This study explores the spatial and functional design of communal childcare facilities as a strategy for advancing childcare-integrated urban regeneration in low-rise residential areas. In response to the growing childcare burden and insufficient local support systems in South Korea, recent urban regeneration policies have increasingly incorporated childcare as a core component of neighborhood renewal. Communal childcare, as a resident-led and community-embedded model, offers an alternative to conventional facility-centered approaches. Using a mixed-methods approach, including a literature review and a structured survey of 194 parents residing in low-rise urban districts, the study identifies and evaluates 36 facility and use-related components based on perceived necessity and importance. The findings suggest that childcare-integrated urban regeneration should be implemented as a resident-driven initiative, supported by community capacity and characterized by the integration of physical upgrades with cooperative childcare hubs and participatory governance. Key priorities include multi-functional spaces such as cooperative childcare centers, resident-run after-school programs, and shared environments for play, learning, and social connection. Conversely, limited awareness of leadership and caregiver training highlights the need for stronger professional support structures. These results underscore the importance of creating integrated childcare environments that link spatial design, family support, and sustainable operation through public-private partnerships. By addressing the planning and operational needs of communal childcare infrastructure, this study establishes a foundation for embedding childcare into urban regeneration, offering strategic insights into how localized childcare ecosystems can enhance community-based parenting and respond to demographic challenges such as low birth rates.

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A Study on the Reciprocity of 'Form and Content' in Yung Ho Chang's Architecture

항강우(Xiang, JiangYu) ; 김남훈(Kim, NamHoon)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.6.35

Yung Ho Chang, one of China’s most influential architects, offers a deep and distinctive interpretation of the relationship between form and content. This study analyzes a range of his works, from early experimental designs like the Vertical Glass House to significant public buildings such as the Jishou Art Museum, illustrating how form and content collaborate to create innovative and engaging spatial experiences. Drawing on Chang’s lectures, writings, and realized projects, the research examines how architectural form can actively shape and influence user behavior while also highlighting how cultural contexts, user needs, and community interactions inform and transform that form. The findings illustrate that Chang's approach fundamentally challenges the traditional modernist principle of "form follows function," proposing instead a new architectural paradigm that emphasizes the integration of spatial creativity with cultural and social relevance. This perspective not only redefines architectural practice but also encourages a deeper engagement with the societal and cultural dynamics that shape our built environment, paving the way for future developments in contemporary architecture.

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A Neuroaesthetic Analysis of Architectural Representation Through the Case of Heatherwick Studio

조택연(Cho, Taig-Youn) ; 조인영(Cho, In-Young)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.6.45

Contemporary architectural design has moved beyond formal aesthetics to focus more on user experience and sensory engagement. This study explores the neuroaesthetic and evolutionary psychological foundations of architectural form, examining how aesthetic perception relates to visual processing and symbolic meaning. Using the concepts of Neural Fluency and Semantic Fluency, the research analyzes aesthetic preferences in architecture and the neuropsychological mechanisms behind shifts in design paradigms. It begins with the modernist era, highlighting how rectilinear and symmetrical forms enhance visual clarity. It then transitions to the digital design era, where complex, shape-based structures stimulate the magnocellular and koniocellular pathways, deepening sensory immersion. This progression reflects a broader shift toward feedback-driven design that reduces cognitive load while enhancing conceptual impact. A case study of Heatherwick Studio’s major works, such as Rolling Bridge, Bund Finance Center, Seed Cathedral, Vessel, and Little Island, illustrates how form can convey meaning and promote embodied interaction. Findings suggest that contemporary architecture balances visual simplicity with neural efficiency while enriching symbolic depth, leading to stronger emotional connections. The study ultimately proposes a framework for understanding non-formal aesthetic values in architecture. By integrating neuroscience and evolutionary psychology, it offers new perspectives on designing spaces that are emotionally resonant and human-centered, guiding future design practices.

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Natural Ventilation Performance in Horizontal Expansion Remodeling of Aging Apartment Complexes Focused on 2-Bay Floor Plans

최준호(Choi, Junho) ; 박지은(Park, Jee Eun) ; 이영인(Lee, Yeong-In)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.6.57

This study quantitatively examines how horizontal expansion in remodeled apartment complexes affects natural ventilation performance. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were used to evaluate six remodeling options for 2-bay corridor-type units with varying expansion areas. The simulations analyzed ventilation performance at the complex level, using velocity and pressure values at inlets and outlets as input data. Each remodeling alternative was assessed both overall and at the individual room level, including spaces such as the living room, bedrooms, and kitchen. Key indicators included airflow velocity and Age of Air (AOA), which represent essential metrics for understanding how effectively fresh air is circulated indoors. Results showed that horizontal expansion led to a decrease in indoor airflow velocity by approximately 11.24% to 18.93%, while AOA increased by around 26.08% to 59.69%. In some alternatives, airflow either improved or stagnated in specific areas, suggesting the need for careful consideration of these effects when designing remodeling layouts that aim to balance spatial enlargement with environmental performance.

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Development and Trends in Restorative Environment Research in Environmental Design

장신웨(Zhang, Xin-Yue) ; 박수빈(Park, Soo-Been)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.6.67

This study investigates the development, research trends, and thematic evolution of restorative environment scholarship within the field of environmental design. In light of increasing urbanization and the growing demand for spaces that enhance mental and physical well-being, a comprehensive understanding of the field’s trajectory is essential. A bibliometric approach was employed to identify major research themes, emerging trends, and prospective directions. A total of 358 relevant publications from 1998 to 2024 were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) database. Analytical tools CiteSpace and VOSviewer were utilized to visualize knowledge structures, keyword clusters, and co-citation networks. The analysis encompassed publication trends, keyword frequency, thematic clustering, and co-citation patterns to trace the intellectual development of the field. Results indicate a marked increase in research activity, particularly in the post-COVID-19 period, reflecting heightened global attention to psychological restoration. Keyword clustering revealed four principal themes: biophilic restoration, stress recovery, utilization of natural environments, and psychological responses. Co-citation analysis underscored the interdisciplinary character of the field, with influential studies focusing on biophilic design, urban green infrastructure, mechanisms of stress reduction, and the application of virtual reality in restorative contexts. The findings suggest that future research should prioritize the enhancement of indoor restorative environments, integration of biophilic design in therapeutic and occupational settings, and adoption of emerging technologies such as virtual reality to simulate restorative experiences. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the field’s evolution and offers valuable insights for scholars and practitioners in environmental design, psychology, and urban planning.

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An Exploratory Analysis of Turnover Factor Perceptions Among Principals and Employees in Small Architectural Firms

김덕수(Kim, Duksu) ; 권준범(Kwun, Joon-Beom)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.6.77

This study explores the perception gap between principals and employees regarding the factors contributing to employee turnover in small architectural firms, with a focus on identifying key elements that influence turnover intentions. The research is based on a quantitative survey conducted among small firms located in Daejeon, South Korea. Data were collected from both principals and employees and analyzed separately to capture the nuanced differences in perspective between the two groups. The results indicate that although both parties recognize the significance of environmental, job-related, and personal factors, they differ in the relative importance assigned to each. Principals tend to emphasize external business challenges and compensation-related issues, viewing turnover primarily as a managerial and financial concern. In contrast, employees place greater importance on internal organizational factors such as workplace culture, communication, and daily working conditions. Additionally, perception gaps were observed depending on variables such as gender, prior turnover experience, current turnover intentions, and levels of job satisfaction. These findings highlight the complexity of turnover dynamics within small professional firms and suggest that tailored, role-sensitive strategies are essential for effective human resource management. The study provides practical insights into improving organizational stability and reducing turnover by aligning management approaches with the diverse expectations and experiences of staff members.

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Development of a Framework for Evaluating Healing Environments Through a Review of Korean Research Literature

정창헌(Cheong, Chang Heon) ; 이선혜(Seonhye Lee)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.6.89

This study explores the components of healing environments and develops a framework for their evaluation through a literature review. The review focused on Korean-language publications using keywords such as healing, environment, architecture, and space. A total of 38 relevant articles were identified and analyzed. Korean research tends to emphasize social, psychological, and cognitive aspects of healing spaces, though quantitative and systematic approaches to these subjective factors remain underdeveloped. The elements of healing environments appear both as physical indicators used in design and as values that serve as design goals. Some evaluation methods found in the literature lack generalizability and objectivity. To address this, the study differentiates between the values a healing environment aims to achieve and the key elements used to support those values. It also categorizes healing spaces based on function into individual, social, and supportive spaces. This study establishes a foundational framework for evaluating healing environments and highlights the need for future research to develop quantitative tools for assessing specific elements that support their intended values.

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A Study on the Environmental Improvement through the Analysis Elderly Usage Characteristics and Fear of Crime in Public Rental Housing

박승연(Park, Seung-Yeon) ; 강석진(Kang, Seok-Jin)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.6.101

This study aims to examine the relationship between elderly residents use of public areas and their fear of crime in public rental housing, and to propose environmental improvement strategies. Field surveys, questionnaires, and interviews were conducted in two housing complexes with a high proportion of elderly residents in a small city. The results showed that deteriorated pedestrian environments, poor entrance control, low lighting, and surveillance blind spots reduced access to public areas, limited social interaction, and heightened fear of crime. Pedestrian paths, playgrounds, and pavilions were identified as key fear-inducing spaces due to outsider access and neglect. Based on these findings, this study proposes measures such as enhanced natural surveillance, territorial reinforcement, barrier-free design, improved facility legibility, and better maintenance. The findings emphasize the need for crime prevention environmental planning that reflects the psychological and behavioral characteristics of elderly residents and provide foundational insights for improving the safety and usability of public areas in aging communities.

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