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Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering

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the Architectural Institute of Korea

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  • ISSN : 2733-6239(Print)
  • ISSN : 2733-6247(Online)
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Current Issue : Vol.42 No.7, 2026-07

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An Integrated ISO-UTAUT Model for Evaluating AI-supported Architectural Design Systems

조경진(Jo, Kyung-Jin) ; 박승우(Park, Seung-Woo) ; 전한종(Jun, Han-Jong)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.7.3

This study proposes an integrated evaluation model for assessing AI-supported architectural design systems by combining the ISO/IEC 25010 software quality model with the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Forty measurement items were derived through semantic similarity analysis and hierarchical clustering. To examine the applicability of the proposed model, a pilot study was conducted using Autodesk Forma. The empirical analysis investigated the interplay between technical quality attributes and user acceptance factors. The results showed that usability, compatibility, and efficiency were positively evaluated, while system quality and reliability had statistically significant effects on performance expectancy and intention for continued use. In addition, social influence was identified as a key determinant of user satisfaction. These findings suggest that sustainable adoption of AI-enabled design environments requires not only improvements in functional performance but also greater emphasis on reliability, adaptability, and collaborative interaction. Furthermore, the proposed evaluation model is meaningful in that it provides a theoretical foundation while remaining adaptable across different user groups and contexts.

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Media Facade Information Delivery under Installation Conditions

김지현(Kim, Ji-Hyun) ; 남성우(Nam, Seong-Woo) ; 김원필(Kim, Won-Pil)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.7.15

This study examines whether design-coded installation conditions?installation method (IM), building-envelope type (BET), and spatial context (SC)?were associated with different relative rankings of perceived information delivery in media facades across attentional salience (A), legibility (L), and cognizability (C). In a full-block online survey (Primary N=153; Strict n=134), all participants rated six standardized still stimuli on two-item ordinal indices for A, L, and C. Because stimuli were presented in a fixed order, a within-participant linear order-adjustment step was applied before Friedman and Holm-adjusted Wilcoxon analyses; the resulting estimates should therefore be interpreted as order-adjusted rather than order-free effects. In the Strict sample, SC showed significant global differences across A, L, and C, and BET differed globally for A and L but not for C. For IM, pairwise comparisons showed that wall-mounted LED exceeded both projection mapping and media glass across A, L, and C; projection mapping exceeded media glass only for A, no significant difference was observed for L, and media glass exceeded projection mapping for C. For SC, Open plaza ranked highest for A, whereas Walk-space ranked highest for L and C; Open plaza and Street-facing did not differ significantly for C. Because stimuli were not fully crossed and order effects remained substantial, the findings are best read as order-adjusted relative patterns within the observed stimulus?condition combinations, not as general causal effects of installation conditions.

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Changes and Characteristics in the Site Planning of Professional Baseball Stadiums in Korea

박성호(Park, Sung-Ho) ; 서현(Seo, Hyun)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.7.27

This study analyzes changes in the site planning of professional baseball stadiums in Korea and identifies their characteristics and limitations through a comparative analysis with cases from the United States and Japan. The findings show that in the United States and Japan, stadium development began in suburban areas through private-sector initiatives. Over time, successive relocations followed patterns of urban growth, and stadium planning later evolved into mixed-use urban redevelopment strategies supported by local governments for regional revitalization. In contrast, stadiums in South Korea were developed under strong central government direction and have consistently been located within urban sports complexes since the introduction of professional baseball. While this approach has ensured urban accessibility through the reuse of existing sports complex sites, limited integration with surrounding commercial and cultural facilities has reduced everyday use. Although the three countries followed different trajectories shaped by their social and institutional contexts, they have recently converged toward suburban mixed-use development. By organizing these transitions within their urban contexts, this study provides a foundational reference for future planning and policy directions for professional baseball stadiums in South Korea.

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Effectiveness of the Public Architectural Planning System and Stability of Design Conditions Following Its Institutionalization

성기관(Seong, Ki-Gwan) ; 김기수(Kim, Ki-Soo)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.7.39

Although public architecture planning has been increasingly institutionalized, limited empirical evidence exists on whether preliminary planning procedures effectively stabilize key conditions during the architectural design stage. This study examines the impact of the Business Plan Pre-review System on the architectural design process and argues that design-stage instability in public architecture is closely related to the interaction between institutional procedures and organizational capacity. The research was conducted through a comparative analysis of legal frameworks, an examination of reports from the National Public Building Center, and a survey of public building designers. The analysis shows that the pre-review process is frequently implemented after critical conditions such as budget and site have already been determined, thereby limiting its effectiveness as an early planning mechanism. While the system contributes to procedural tasks such as supplementing design competition guidelines, its influence on core planning functions?particularly budget estimation and program formulation?remains limited. Budget increases exceeding 20% were observed in 32.1% of projects, while program adjustments occurred in 30.6%, with higher frequencies reported in organizations with relatively limited planning capacity, such as basic local governments. Based on these findings, this study identifies a Structural Mismatch between institutional design and organizational capacity as the key mechanism producing design-stage instability and proposes strengthening planning capacity and introducing differentiated procedural tracks to improve the effectiveness of the public architecture planning system.

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Reliability Assessment of Photogrammetry-Based 3D Models for Digital Management of Cultural Heritage

고명환(Ko, Myong-Hwan) ; 강석진(Kang, Seok-Jin)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.7.51

This study evaluates the reliability of UAV photogrammetry?based 3D models for the management of built cultural heritage exposed to increasing hydro-meteorological hazards. Based on a reliability assessment framework integrating accuracy, precision, and consistency (repeatability and reproducibility), experiments were conducted at Daanseong Hyanggyo (Myungryundang Hall), Korea. Five photogrammetric models were generated using Pix4D Matic and analyzed in CloudCompare. Accuracy was assessed through vertical projection?based height difference (|ΔZ|) analysis using GNSS and total station reference data, while precision was evaluated using check-point residual RMSEs from repeated model reconstructions. Consistency was examined through Cloud-to-Cloud (C2C) distance analysis under varying acquisition conditions. Results show stable vertical accuracy on ground surfaces (0.07?0.11m), while larger local errors occurred at roof edges and ridge elements. Precision and consistency remained stable overall, with 86?95% of points within 0.20m, indicating high repeatability and reproducibility. Comparative analysis with LiDAR data also demonstrated high geometric agreement despite differences in acquisition methods. These findings suggest that UAV photogrammetry provides reliable 3D data for cultural heritage monitoring and change detection, although careful interpretation is required for complex or occluded elements.

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The Analysis of Perceptual Effectiveness and Improvement on Direct Staircase Installation Criteria for Strengthening the Safety of Evacuation of Buildings

임종율(Lim, Jong-yul) ; 김원필(Kim, Won-pil)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.7.63

Safe Evacuation in large-scale buildings including medical facilities is important for the safety of users. However, it is questionable for the effectiveness of staircase as a means of egress because the walking distance of any rooms leading to staircase is not enough for the disabled including patients from the standpoint of the general populace. This study examines the effectiveness of standards for installing direct access stairways to enhance evacuation safety, focusing on the applicability of the 50-meter travel distance standard to general hospitals. A questionnaire survey was conducted among professionals involved in building evacuation and fire safety, and 202 valid responses were analyzed using SPSS. The results indicated that the uniform application of the 50-meter travel distance standard did not adequately reflect the evacuation characteristics of general hospitals, where many occupants have limited mobility. Multiple regression analysis showed that perception of operational and management response had the strongest influence on the perceived necessity for institutional improvement, followed by perception of travel distance validity and evacuation environmental risk. These findings suggest that improving evacuation safety in general hospitals require not only revising numerical travel distance criteria but also strengthening operational management and evacuation response systems.

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Distribution and Differences in G-SEED Achievement Rates between Residential and Non-residential Buildings

조성진(Cho, Seong-Jin) ; 권현아(Kwon, Hyun-Ah)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.7.73

This study analyzes G-SEED achievement-rate patterns (2019?2025) across 60 buildings (30 residential, 30 non-residential). Achievement rates (earned/available, %) are summarized by category and compared using Mann?Whitney U tests with bootstrap confidence intervals. Only Indoor Environment (Category 7) shows a higher median rate in residential projects, while Energy & Environmental Pollution (Category 2) shows no confirmed difference. Sub-credit analyses of Categories 2 and 7 reveal that category-level similarity can mask item-level gaps, and cross-tabulations with odds ratios link performance to adopted technologies (e.g., monitoring/BEMS, renewables). The results indicate where baseline compliance dominates and where targeted technical strategies can improve scores for design and policy.

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A Study on Climate Change Perception of Vulnerable Dwelling Residents

김석경(Kim, Suk-Kyung) ; 신수영(Shin, Soo-Young) ; 김소연(Kim, So-Yeon) ; 이은주(Lee, Eunjoo)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.7.83

This study examines the relationship between climate disaster damage experience and perceptions of climate change among residents living in vulnerable housing, particularly semi-basement and rooftop dwellings. It also explores whether this relationship differs according to length of residence and whether perceived housing vulnerability acts as a mediating factor. A structured survey was conducted with 259 residents of semi-basement and rooftop housing in the Seoul metropolitan area. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, hierarchical regression, and mediation analysis with bootstrapping. The findings show that residents of vulnerable housing reported a high level of awareness of climate change, with heat waves and heavy rainfall perceived as the most significant threats to their living environment. Experience with climate-related damage was strongly associated with perceptions of the impacts of heavy rainfall, while no significant relationship was found for other weather events. The relationship between damage experience and perceptions of heavy rainfall impacts also varied according to residence duration, appearing only among long-term residents who had lived in the same housing for five years or more. This suggests that accumulated residential experience strengthens the connection between disaster experience and risk perception. In addition, perceived housing vulnerability partially mediated the relationship between damage experience and perceptions of heavy rainfall impacts. In particular, awareness of the need for inspection and repairs related to water leakage and flooding played an important role in shaping risk perception. These findings suggest that climate adaptation policies for vulnerable housing should address not only physical improvements but also residents’ perceptions of housing vulnerability. The results further highlight climate change perception as a context-dependent construct shaped by lived residential experience.

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A Study on Educational Objectives and Operational Systems for the Design of an Architectural Culture and Arts Education Model

유해연(Yoo, Haeyeon) ; 최원준(Choi, Won-joon) ; 김경환(Kim, Gyeonghwan)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.7.93

This study proposes a foundational framework for developing an architectural culture and arts education model based on comparative analysis of domestic and international programs and a review of educational objectives in architectural environment education. Representative cases are examined in terms of participants, program duration, pedagogical approaches, content composition, and operational structure. The analysis indicates that domestic programs are primarily centered on elementary-level learners and periodic formats, while interdisciplinary integration and long-term continuity remain limited. In contrast, international programs demonstrate age-differentiated curricula, family participation models, exhibition-linked learning outcomes, and collaborative governance involving public institutions and professional organizations. Based on these findings, key components for model development are identified, including a learner-centered educational philosophy, integrated content across architecture, urban and environmental contexts, experiential and problem-based instruction, place-based engagement, and collaborative operational systems. In addition, educational objectives are examined with reference to the UIA Charter for Architectural Environment Education, establishing a conceptual basis for the structured development of sustainable architectural culture and arts education programs.

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A Comparative Study of Architectural Policy Master Plans Across Regions

이승재(Lee, Seung-Jae)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.7.105

This study aims to objectively identify trends and characteristics in architectural policy by conducting a comprehensive survey of 42 national and metropolitan architectural basic plans, constructing text-based data, and performing quantitative analysis. Architectural policies in South Korea show distinct patterns of change over time. First, in terms of chronological shifts, the first plan period primarily focused on creating physical environments and establishing basic guidelines. However, during the second plan period, keywords such as happiness, welfare, and safety emerged, signaling a shift toward citizen-centered and tangible policy goals. In the most recent third plan, key agendas have expanded to include daily life, the future, and smart technology. Second, a comparative analysis by governing entities shows that the national government concentrates on macro-level directions and institutional frameworks, whereas local governments focus on region-specific implementation tasks. Third, regional differences are also evident. Metropolitan cities place strong emphasis on urban regeneration and the adoption of smart construction technologies to address urban density challenges. In contrast, non-metropolitan areas prioritize improving settlement conditions by utilizing architectural assets and expanding social overhead capital. In conclusion, this study provides objective indicators for evaluating architectural policy trends and offers direction for future improvements in the upcoming Architectural Policy Plan.

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