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Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering

Journal of
the Architectural Institute of Korea

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  • ISSN : 2733-6239(Print)
  • ISSN : 2733-6247(Online)
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Current Issue : Vol.41 No.5, 2025-05

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A Study on Sustainability Assessment of Repurposed Idle Industrial Facilities

김소연(Kim, So-Yeon) ; 김석경(Kim, Suk-Kyung)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.5.3

South Korea has focused on constructing new building rather than preserving existing structures, and in the pose-information age, the problem of abandoned facilities has emerged. These facilities can deteriorate the quality of life by damaging urban aesthetics and hindering regional development. To address this issue, many countries are actively implementing regeneration strategies that preserve both local history and spatial characteristic through conservation and vertical extension. This study aims to propose space reuse strategies for declining urban areas by analyzing successful international cases from a sustainability perspective. The research methods include: (1)Analysis of research trends related to the adaptive reuse of idle industrial facilities, (2)Development of evaluation criteria that link the utilization characteristics of idle industrial facilities with aspects of sustainability(Environmental, Social, Economic, and (3)Analysis of international cases based on the derived evaluation criteria. The result of this study indicates that building adaptive reuse achieved environmental improvements and positively impacted local economies through programs promoting community integration and inclusivity, along with various economic revitalization strategies. Conversely, the lowest-scoring case, despite some efforts toward environmental preservation and economic opportunity creation, showed limitations in social interaction due to user-specific operations and demonstrated constraints in integrated approaches with other aspects. Comprehensively, all five case study sites were found to facilitate community interaction by providing opportunities to participate as part of the cultural industry, beyond mere spatial reuse. This indicates that when the adaptive reuse of abandoned industrial facilities takes an integrated approach balancing environmental, social, and economic aspects, the regenerated spaces can develop into sustainable spaces for communities and economies, transcending physical redevelopment.

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Study on Sustainable Architectural Space Planning and Design Direction of School Complex Facilities

김혜인(Kim, Hye-In) ; 이경선(Lee, Kyung-Sun)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.5.15

In Korea, the school-age population is declining due to low birth rates and inner city decline, while demand for living SOCs?such as culture, sports, and welfare?is increasing with improved living standards and aging. In response, school complex facilities have been introduced to expand infrastructure and optimize school space with government support. However, insufficient design review has caused inefficient layouts, poor circulation, and weak demand analysis, and the lack of standardized guidelines hinders operation. This study identifies architectural challenges in school complex facilities and proposes strategies through a mixed-method approach using literature review, field surveys, interviews, and analysis with ATLAS.ti, SPSS, and Excel. Based on literature review, three key indicators were derived: space variability, environmental adaptability, accessibility and mobility. These indicators guided ATLAS.ti analysis, and SPSS multiple response frequency and Pareto analysis were used to identify and prioritize seven key issues: (1)students' main movement route problem, (2)need for regional specialization, (3)noise problem, (4)parking space shortage problem, (5)need for flexible space, (6)limited accessibility for people with mobility impairments, and (7)shuttle bus operation restrictions. Based on these, sustainable planning directions are proposed to improve efficiency and integration through architectural and spatial strategies, supporting future policies and standards.

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Dispatch Guidelines and Unit Configuration for Rapid Response Mobile Modular Hospitals

이세연(Lee, Se-Yeon) ; 김성현(Kim, Sung-Hyun) ; 정다혜(Jung, Da-Hye) ; 양내원(Yang, Nae-Won) ; 임태호(Lim, Tae-Ho) ; 안용한(Ahn, Yong-Han)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.5.27

This study proposes dispatch criteria and unit configurations for mobile modular hospital to enhance rapid medical response capabilities during disasters. Unlike traditional platforms such as tents or containers, modular construction offers scalability, structural flexibility, and improved spatial integration, making it a suitable solution for various emergency scenarios. Focusing on the initial response stage?termed the Rapid Unit (RU)?this research defines essential medical spaces including triage, treatment, observation beds, nurse station, storage, and sanitation, each housed in a standardized 3m × 6m modular unit. Through analysis of domestic and international guidelines, disaster case studies, and expert surveys, four alternative RU layouts are proposed, balancing architectural efficiency with medical functionality. Each alternative is evaluated based on installation speed, functional adequacy, and adaptability to different field conditions. Among these, Alt 4 demonstrates the most effective integration of spatial and medical requirements. This study provides a practical planning framework to guide the development and deployment of mobile modular hospital, supporting flexible and efficient medical operations in diverse disaster environments.

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Correlation Analysis of Multi-Family Housing Changes and Architectural Indicators in Busan

김준(Kim, Jun) ; 임성훈(Lim, Sung-Hun)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.5.39

This study analyzes the characteristics of apartment complexes in Busan Metropolitan City across different time periods. To examine changes over time, five key factors were indexed: price, number of households, number of floors, land area, and total floor area. Additionally, the spatial distribution of these residential types was analyzed diachronically using GIS. The analysis found that architectural indicators tended to reflect changes in price index with a time difference. When reclassifying the study subjects into apartments and non-apartments, it was observed that non-apartments, despite being only about one-third the physical size of apartments, supplied a similar number of households. Non-apartments also showed a greater impact on the trends within the analysis indexes. In terms of spatial patterns, apartments built before 2000 were concentrated in specific local areas, while non-apartments were more widely distributed throughout the city. Since 2000, both types have increasingly concentrated in central Busan. Although Via Apartments have recently been supplied intensively in central areas, comprehensive management strategies and supporting statistical data remain lacking.

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A Study on the Architectural Typology Through the Work of Antonio Monestiroli

박민용(Park Minyong)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.5.51

This research aims to investigate the architectural typology revealed in the work of Antonio Monestiroli, an architect who left his thoughts on architectural history in many books and works in modern Italian architecture. Among his many works, which put more importance on the completion of the project through the relationship between the history of persistence as a universal value of architecture and the special situation faced by the architect, the analysis focuses on works that show more historicality, which is a universal value. We examine the various architectural typology that appeared in the process and analyze how they affect his works from form to form. As a result, the architectural typology is closely related to the historical nature of architecture and is an important element that unites the partial relationships of spaces until they are revealed as forms through universal values. In this sense, the architectural typology seems to him to be one of the important methodologies in the design process that established relationships before it emerged as a form rather than a simple classification system.

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The Impact of Architectural Detail Variation on Attention and Emotional Responses in Virtual Environments

정유미(Jung, Uemee) ; 이종호(Lee, Jongho) ; 최규진(Choi, Kyujin) ; 김소영(Kim, Soyeong) ; 손동욱(Sohn, Dongwook)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.5.59

This study explores the cognitive and psychological impacts of varying Levels of Detail (LoD) in architectural facades within virtual urban environments to inform user-centered urban design. Unlike prior research focusing on LoD for design efficiency, this study examines its neurophysiological effects through EEG. A VR environment with five LoD stages was created to simulate progressive facade complexity. Forty-one adults experienced each stage using a Vive Pro 2 headset, while EEG data were recorded via the Emotiv EPOC+ system. Beta (13 ?30 Hz) and alpha (8?12 Hz) wave activities were analyzed using Friedman and Wilcoxon tests. Results showed a significant increase in beta activity and decrease in alpha activity from LoD1 to LoD2, especially in frontal and occipital regions, suggesting enhanced attention and reduced relaxation. However, from LoD3 onward, neural responses became less significant or localized, implying possible cognitive overload or adaptation. These findings indicate a nonlinear relationship between visual complexity and neural engagement, suggesting an optimal threshold. The integration of VR and EEG offers a quantitative framework for evaluating spatial experience, supporting a neuroarchitectural approach. The study proposes a shift from maximizing detail to achieving perceptual balance, emphasizing cognitive well-being in future urban design.

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Improvement Strategies for the Barrier-Free(BF) Certification System Through Comparative Analysis of Building Certification Systems

김용국(Kim, Yong-Gook) ; 이주경(Lee, Joo-Kyung) ; 배선혜(Bae, Sun-Hye)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.5.69

This study examines the current operation of the Barrier-Free (BF) certification system in Korea and proposes improvements through a comparative analysis with other building-related certification systems. The BF certification system faces several challenges, including a complicated certification process, a high reliance on qualitative evaluation criteria, and the lack of an integrated management system. Additional issues include prolonged certification timelines and inconsistencies in interpreting certification standards. To address these problems, five key improvements are proposed: simplifying the certification process, creating standardized operational guidelines, introducing an integrated management system, revising the certification fee structure, and consolidating related laws and regulations to establish comprehensive accessibility standards. Since this study focuses on building certification, further research is recommended to examine other certification areas, such as parks, roads, and transportation facilities. More detailed strategies tailored to these sectors will help strengthen the system overall. These improvements are expected to enhance the effectiveness of the BF certification system and promote better accessibility for socially disadvantaged groups.

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Development of a Vacant Building Estimation Model Based on Parcel and Administrative Data in Sejong City

남기천(Nam, Ki-Cheon) ; 이정원(Lee, Jung-Won) ; 조영진(Cho, Young-Jin)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.5.81

This study developed a method to estimate vacant buildings using administrative data, with Sejong City used as a case study. As population decline and regional deterioration have increased, vacant buildings have become a growing concern. However, the lack of basic data has made it difficult to create effective responses. Focusing on non-residential buildings, this study proposed an estimation process that combines business registration records, local permit data, and electricity usage. The findings showed the distribution and features of vacant buildings in both urban and rural parts of Sejong City. Field surveys were conducted to verify the accuracy of the method. The results offer foundational data for better management and use of vacant buildings, with potential for broader application. Future research should refine exclusion criteria based on local characteristics, address missing information in building records, shift analysis from land parcels to individual buildings, and set clear electricity usage thresholds to identify unused properties.

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Quantification and Analysis Methods of Architectural Styles Using Image-Text AI Models

유영진(Yoo, Youngjin) ; 이진국(Lee, Jin-Kook)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.5.93

This study introduces a quantitative method for analyzing architectural styles, addressing the limitations of traditional qualitative approaches. An objective measurement system was developed using an Image-Text AI model to analyze architectural images and convert visual characteristics into numerical values. The analysis focuses on four key features: curvature, color saturation, transparency, and symmetry. Each feature is measured on a normalized scale between two opposing states, with the results including mean values, standard deviations, and standout characteristics. The method was validated using approximately 9,000 images from works by 30 renowned architects, including Pritzker Prize winners. Feature modification tests confirmed consistent results, with minimal variation (±0.05) in features that were not altered. Clustering analysis revealed meaningful patterns within individual architects’ work and across different architects, aligning closely with traditional qualitative classifications. This method provides a structured framework for objectively comparing and classifying architectural styles, especially valuable as digital visualization becomes more common in architectural design. Although currently limited to four visual features, the approach lays a foundation for future expansion, with potential applications in style evaluation, building similarity searches, architectural database organization, and curated style exploration.

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A Study on Crime Characteristics and CPTED Application of Neighborhood Walking Trails

오하늘(Oh, Ha-Neul) ; 강석진(Kang, Seok-jin)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2025.41.5.103

This study aims to propose tailored crime prevention strategies for hiking trails from a CPTED perspective by identifying key vulnerabilities through crime script analysis, field surveys, resident and CPO surveys, and workshops. The crime script analysis revealed that offenders exploited environmental and situational weaknesses, such as the absence of CCTV, concealment due to dense tree coverage, and low pedestrian traffic during certain hours. Field surveys further identified blind spots created by vegetation, poorly positioned CCTV cameras, and low visibility of informational signage. Survey results pointed to a mismatch between patrol schedules and actual hiking road usage times, as well as low public awareness of crime prevention facilities. Workshops with CPOs generated practical recommendations, including flexible patrol schedules, improved visibility and design of emergency devices, tree maintenance, and public guidance for safe usage behavior. This findings suggest that crime prevention strategies for hiking trails should go beyond conventional measures like installing CCTV or increasing patrols, and instead address the unique spatial and behavioral characteristics unique of these environments. Future research should focus on developing clear design standards for visibility and revising legal frameworks to better reflect the specific conditions of hiking trails.

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