Journal of
the Architectural Institute of Korea

Monthly
  • ISSN : 2733-6239(Print)
  • ISSN : 2733-6247(Online)

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Adaptive Reuse Methods for Historic Public Architecture in Apple Store Case Studies

정구헌(Chung, Ku Hun)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.5.3

This study investigates adaptive reuse methodologies for historic public architecture, focusing on seven Apple stores established within heritage buildings. Public architecture often loses its original function over time, making sustainable redevelopment approaches essential to balance cultural preservation with contemporary use. The research analyzes cases selected for their historical significance and design excellence, including locations on New York’s Upper East Side, London’s Regent Street, and Washington, D.C.’s Carnegie library. The analysis reveals a consistent dual attitude strategy: exterior facades are carefully restored to preserve historic authenticity, while interior spaces undergo bold transformations to support modern retail functions. These changes occur through specific typologies such as structural integration, insertion, and partial reconstruction. The study also finds that spatial configuration verbs such as carving and puncturing are used strategically to improve vertical visibility and openness, aligning with Apple’s Town Square concept, which aims to restore a sense of publicness. In addition, the research identifies a repurposing strategy that respects original spatial hierarchies by transforming former public areas into community forums. The study concludes that this approach offers a sustainable model for urban regeneration, demonstrating that commercial functions can successfully reopen underused heritage assets to the city while restoring their communal value.

A Comparative Study of Indoor Environmental Quality and Resident Satisfaction in Public Rental Housing During Summer and Winter

권현주(Kwon, Hyun Joo) ; 고지윤(Ko, Ji-Yun) ; 오지영(Oh, Jiyoung)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.5.15

This study examines how indoor environmental quality and resident satisfaction vary with seasonal changes in aging public rental housing occupied by older adults. Field measurements of temperature, humidity, noise, illuminance, and carbon dioxide were conducted, along with a satisfaction survey, in 75 households of residents aged 65 or older in a permanent public rental housing complex in Busan that is more than 35 years old. Measurements and surveys were carried out during both winter in January 2024 and summer in July 2024. The results indicate that most measured values did not meet recommended standards for older adults. During summer, all spaces showed high temperatures and humidity levels exceeding recommended ranges, and open windows led to issues with external noise intrusion. In winter, low indoor temperatures and significantly insufficient illuminance were identified as major problems. Analysis of resident satisfaction revealed that the thermal environment, including temperature and humidity, had the greatest impact. Specifically, satisfaction with temperature and humidity in secondary rooms, kitchens, and bathrooms was significantly lower in summer than in winter. These findings suggest that poor physical conditions directly reduce resident satisfaction, and that older adults in aging public rental housing face complex indoor environmental challenges that change with the seasons. Such conditions can threaten both health and quality of life. Future housing welfare policies should focus on integrated improvements in indoor environmental quality that account for the physical characteristics of older residents and their seasonal vulnerabilities. Practical measures may include insulation reinforcement, assistance with heating and cooling, and ensuring adequate indoor lighting.

Typologies of Flood-Resilient Design in Architecture and Their Urban Implications

김동윤(Kim, Dong-Yun) ; 원정연(Won, Chung-Yeon) ; 김수아(Kim, Su-Ah)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.5.25

As floods grow more frequent and severe under climate change, understanding how regulations shape architectural strategies is vital for flood-resilient design. This study analyzes ten projects - f ive residential and five non-residential- in the U.S. and U.K., operating under different flood-risk regulations, to identify regulation-design linkages and implications for Korea. Major regulatory frameworks (e.g., NFIP, NPPF) were reviewed, and projects were selected from published magazines, books, and credible online sources. Nine design elements were examined within three categories: Elevation & Avoidance (elevated entry, use of space below flood level, raised site level, upper-level mechanical equipment); Reduction & Retention (permeable ground, flood discharge outlet, rainwater retention tank); and Resistance & Protection (waterproof materials, flood barriers/gates). Findings indicate a strong correlation between regulatory rigor and the range and sophistication of design measures. Elevated entry was universal, while nature-based and protective systems were more frequent under stricter regulations. Several designs exceeded minimum standards, underscoring the regulation’s potential to drive innovation. These insights can inform flood-responsive design guidelines and policy improvements in Korea’s flood-prone regions.

Analysis of Illegal Street Dumping in Yeonmujang-gil, Seongsu-dong, Seoul, Using Spatial Data

최아영(Choi, A-Young) ; 유해연(Yoo, Hae-Yeon) ; 최원준(Choi, Won-Joon)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.5.37

This study examines the spatial factors contributing to street littering in Yeonmujang-gil, Seongsu-dong, a rapidly commercializing district in Seoul, and suggests management strategies. The focus is on waste generated by the growth of pop-up stores and food and beverage (F&B) businesses, alongside challenges in urban infrastructure such as public bins and CCTV coverage. Spatial analysis was performed using QGIS, integrating data on littering complaints, commercial permits, and infrastructure locations from 2023 to 2025. Findings reveal that littering hotspots align with areas of high commercial density, especially along Seoyeonmujang-gil, where pop-up stores and caf?s concentrate. Complaints rose during warmer months, indicating links to outdoor activities and takeaway consumption. The analysis also highlights limited bin accessibility in busy alleys, insufficient beverage disposal options, and potential CCTV blind spots. These results suggest that street littering arises from the combined effects of intense commercial activity, inadequate infrastructure, and specific spatial conditions. To address these issues, the study recommends strategic placement of bins, infrastructure enhancements, improved CCTV coordination, and adaptive waste collection systems to strengthen management in rapidly changing commercial zones.

Community Spaces Characteristics and Social Interaction Potential in Senior Welfare Housing

조현경(Cho, Hyun Kyung) ; 성주은(Sung, Jooeun)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.5.47

As societies age, preventing social isolation among older adults has become an increasingly important issue, emphasizing the need for residential environments that encourage everyday social encounters. This study examines how the physical characteristics of community spaces in senior welfare housing relate to the potential for social interaction, with a focus on early-stage social engagement. Five senior welfare housing projects completed between 2015 and 2025 were analyzed using DepthmapX visibility graph analysis (VGA) under two conditions: circulation-based door-opening conditions and visual-based conditions considering doors and windows. Connectivity, visual integration, and through-vision were used to identify spatial locations with high interaction potential where movement and visibility intersect. In addition, spatial interfaces, including solid walls, glazing, glass doors, soft partitions, and folding doors, were examined in terms of permeability and adjustability, which may influence behavioral access. The findings indicate that the potential for indirect and incidental interaction is associated less with isolated open spaces than with comprehensive spatial configurations, including circulation intersections, entrances, corners, and view-expanding elements such as sunken gardens and atria. Combinations of solid, varied, and soft boundaries, together with stay-supporting programs, may also facilitate transitions from observation to conversation. Overall, community spaces can be understood as a sequence of everyday settings where social interaction is more likely to occur, offering spatial planning principles for residential environments designed for later life.

A Comparative Analysis of Home Modification Support Systems Under Long-Term Care Insurance in Korea and Japan

이용민(Lee, Yong-min)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.5.59

This study examines how institutional design shapes residential environmental interventions through a comparative analysis of home modification support systems within the long-term care insurance frameworks of Japan and Korea. With aging in place as a central policy objective in aging societies, the analysis focuses on differences in policy goals, support structures, and implementation processes between the two countries. A qualitative comparative methodology was used, based on policy documents, operational manuals, and publicly available guidelines related to long-term care insurance home modification programs. The comparison considers eligibility criteria, support amounts, scopes of modification, and implementation procedures, with particular attention to planning and decision-making processes. Findings indicate that Japan's home modification system, introduced as a statutory benefit in 2000, follows a goal-oriented approach prioritizing functional improvements in daily activities through flexible spatial interventions. Professional involvement at the planning stage, including care managers and housing specialists, enables tailored responses to diverse housing conditions. In contrast, Korea's home modification support, launched as a pilot program in 2023, uses a standardized, item-based framework with limited subsidies, restricting design adaptability and comprehensive spatial improvement. Korea also lacks a formal mechanism for expert-led assessment and planning before construction. The study concludes that effective home modification policies require a shift from item-based provision to goal-oriented spatial planning supported by professional assessment. It contributes to housing and architectural research by clarifying the institutional conditions that shape the quality and scope of residential environmental interventions.

Development of LOS Indicator for Performance Assessment of Human-Robot Coexistence in Robot-Friendly Buildings

한기성(Han, Gisung) ; 송요안(Song, Yoan) ; 한재원(Han, Jaewon) ; 차승현(Cha, Seung Hyun)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.5.71

This study proposes a Level of Service (LOS)?based indicator framework to evaluate human?robot coexistence in buildings, extending assessment from static checklists to operational performance during building operation. Candidate measures were derived from pedestrian LOS and HRI/HRC literature and robot-inclusive building guidelines, and were refined through focus group interviews. The final framework comprises four domains?mobility/crowdedness, safety/collision, communication/acceptance, and interoperability, efficiency, and maintenance? and includes 12 indicators computable from robot and facility logs, video/LiDAR tracking, and user surveys. An expert panel (n=11) rated each indicator on six criteria using a 10-point scale. Ratings indicated overall high relevance, with acceptable content validity (S-CVI/Ave = 0.84). Event-based safety indicators and user acceptance were prioritized, while charging accessibility and operational efficiency showed greater disagreement, highlighting the need for clearer operational definitions and standardized measurement protocols. The proposed indicator set can complement existing certification schemes by enabling performance monitoring and supporting targeted design and operational improvements. Future work will validate the indicators and establish LOS grading thresholds through field measurements across building types.

Building Cluster Composition and Transformation in Hanok Cluster Areas and City Wall Villages in Seoul

한유진(Han, Yoojin) ; 박소현(Park, So-Hyun)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.5.83

Hanok Cluster Areas and City Wall Villages are residential areas that embody Seoul’s historic and cultural identity. These areas once experienced concentrated construction of urban Hanok and Culture Houses. However, during Seoul’s period of rapid growth, many buildings were demolished and replaced with new construction. With the shift in historic city management toward the Historic Urban Landscape approach, informed decisions that balance development and conservation require a clear understanding of building characteristics and their physical transformations. This study therefore selected Bukchon, Gyeongbokgung Palace West, Hyehwa, Seongbuk-A, and Gwanghui-Jangchung as research sites and examined the morphological characteristics of buildings based on form and scale. Clustering of the entire building stock revealed three predominant types across all five sites: wood structures with Giwa roofs, masonry structures with concrete roofs, and concrete structures with concrete roofs. When these clusters were further analyzed using the years 1990, 2000, and 2003 as reference points, years when legislative changes significantly altered construction trends, changes in building occupancy permit patterns appeared across all sites, though the degree of impact varied by location. Analysis of development-related attributes also showed that some clusters shared standardized characteristics across sites, while others reflected distinctive local traits. These findings provide a basis for assessing how building clusters support or weaken local identity and offer practical guidance for future urban design frameworks.

Development of a Data-Driven Evaluation Model for Prioritizing Closed School Utilization Considering Publicness and Regional Revitalization

조유리(Cho, Yu-Ri) ; 이강주(Lee, Gahng-Ju)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.5.95

Demographic changes, including population decline and rapid aging, have led to a steady increase in the number of closed public schools in South Korea. Closed schools represent more than the discontinuation of educational facilities; they serve as symbolic and spatial anchors of local communities. However, in the absence of systematic utilization strategies, current management practices have largely relied on sale- or lease-oriented approaches, emphasizing asset management efficiency over public value. As a result, the issue of closed schools extends beyond educational administration and is closely linked to the decline of local publicness, highlighting the need for an objective evaluation framework that considers both public interest and efficiency. This study develops an objective priority-setting index designed to support both public value and efficient utilization through clearly defined quantitative indicators. Based on previous domestic and international research, as well as evaluation systems used in public architecture and urban development, a comprehensive evaluation framework was established, incorporating economic feasibility, community relevance, and balanced regional development. The proposed index system was empirically tested using a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approach, specifically the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method. An empirical analysis of closed schools in Gyeongsangnam-do Province demonstrates that the model effectively distinguishes priority levels among sites and provides objective evidence to support policy decisions related to public asset reuse. The significance of this study lies in the development of an objective decision-making index for prioritizing the utilization of closed schools. By incorporating public value into a quantitative evaluation framework, the study provides a practical basis for establishing efficient and publicly accountable priorities in the management of closed school facilities.

Analysis of Space and Operational Characteristics for the Sustainable Use of Urban Closed Schools

최준수(Choi, Jun-Soo) ; 이경선(Lee, Kyung Sun)

https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK.2026.42.5.105

This study examines spatial and operational factors influencing the sustainable reuse of closed schools in urban South Korea. Six repurposed facilities, education centers, cultural and arts venues, and libraries, were analyzed through site visits and semi-structured interviews with facility operators. Data were coded in ATLAS.ti and examined using reflexive thematic analysis, with priorities identified through relative-frequency and Pareto analysis. Eight key factors were identified, including selective preservation of school elements to maintain identity, demand-driven program planning, spatial and operational reconfiguration for multi-use, collaborative governance, and recurring challenges such as aging infrastructure and unclear role allocation. The study recommends early integration of program planning, spatial adaptation, and operational design during remodeling. It also suggests combining selective preservation with performance upgrades and formalizing responsibilities and maintenance protocols to reduce governance and operational risks.