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Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers

ISO Journal TitleJ Korean Inst. IIIum. Electr. Install. Eng.

  1. (M.S and Ph.D student, Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Korea)



Blue laser light, Heat transfer simulation, Laser application, Stomal stenosis

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

๊ธฐ๊ณต ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์ฆ(Stomal stenosis)์€ ํ›„๋‘ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ (Laryngectomy) ์ดํ›„ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์™€ ํ›„๋‘, ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐœํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์ด ์ข์•„์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์งํ›„ ๋˜๋Š” 6๊ฐœ์›” ์ด๋‚ด์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ธํก ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค(1). 1873๋…„์— ์ฒซ ํ›„๋‘ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์ด ์‹œํ–‰๋œ ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์ฆ์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ €ํ•ด์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ›„๋‘์•” ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ํ›„๋‘ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํ›„๋‘ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ 28%๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋‘ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ  ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณต ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์›์ธ์€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ์ ๋ง‰์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜ํ” ๊ฒฝ์ถ•๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ํ›„๋‘ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ€ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ข…์–‘ ์นจ์œค์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ  ์ดํ›„ ํ˜ธํก์„ ๋ณด์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ์™€ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ›„ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์„ ์žฌ๊ฑดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์„ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” Y-V, ์ด์ค‘ ์›ํ˜• ์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(2). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ ˆ๊ฐœ ๋ถ€์œ„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ํšŒ๋ณต ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํ˜‘์ฐฉ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์‘์šฉํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒยท์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ €์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์€ ์ƒ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์— ์—ด์ ์ธ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋น„์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ, ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ์จ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ 405 nm ํŒŒ์žฅ์˜ ๋น›์€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ง์— ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค(3). ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ํฌ๋ฅดํ”ผ๋ฆฐ(Porphyrins)์€ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ํ™œ๋™์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ 405 nm ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ด‘์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ญํ• ๋กœ์จ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฅดํ”ผ๋ฆฐ์˜ ๊ด‘ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ™œ์„ฑ์‚ฐ์†Œ์ข…(Reactive oxygen species)์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹๊ณผ ๋ถ„ํ™”์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ™œ๋™, ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ, ์ „ํ™˜์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž (TGF-ฮฒ), ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ ํƒ€์ž… 1์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค(4). ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 405 nm ๋น›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ €์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ์ ˆ์ œ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ณ‘๋ณ€ ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ˜‘์ฐฉ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ด‘ ์ƒ์ฒด ๋ฐ˜์‘์—๋Š” ์ผ์ • ์ค€์œ„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ด‘ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์—ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น›์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„, ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋น”์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์ ์ธ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋‹ค์ธตํ˜• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ, ์—ด-๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ์„ฑ์งˆ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €์˜ ๊ด‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ ˆ์ด์ €์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ด ์†์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ 46 ยฐC ์ด์ƒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์— ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์  ์†์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์‘๊ณ (60 ยฐC) ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํ™”(100 ยฐC) ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋œ ์—ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ , ์กฐ์ง์— ์—ด ์†์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ›„๋‘ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ 405 nm ๋ ˆ์ด์ €์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž„์ƒ ์ ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฝค์†”(COMSOL) ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ด‘์—ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ๊ด‘ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฝค์†” ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ธตํ˜• ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์—ด-๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒด ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ›„๋‘ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ๋ถ€์œ„์™€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์  ์—ด ์†์ƒ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์‘์šฉ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 405 nm ๋ ˆ์ด์ €์˜ ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋‚ด ์ƒ์ฒด ์—ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„์ƒ์— ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2. ์‹คํ—˜ ์›๋ฆฌ

2.1 ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ตฌ์กฐ

๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น› ํก์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ์˜ ์—ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฝค์†” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด(COMSOL Multiphysics, MA, USA)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒด ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋‹ค์ธตํ˜• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ํ”ผ๋ถ€(Skin), ์™ธ๋ง‰(Adventitia), ์—ฐ๊ณจ(Cartilage), ์ ๋ง‰์ƒํ”ผ(Epithelium) 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 1. The geometry of laryngectomy model: (a) isotropic, (b) top, and (c) cross-sectional view of bio-heat transfer simulation.
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2021.35.5.010/fig1.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1(a)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น›์€ ์ƒ๋‹จ์— ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ด‘์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ง์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น”์˜ ์ง๊ฒฝ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ 16 mm๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ณต๊ณผ ๋™์‹ฌ์›์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋„๋ก ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1(b)๋Š” ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด๋ฉฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋„ˆ๋น„์™€ ๊นŠ์ด๋Š” 30$\times$30 (mm$\times$mm)์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1(c)์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ ์กฐ์ง์ธต์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€ 1.5 mm, ์™ธ๋ง‰ 1 mm, ์—ฐ๊ณจ 1.5 mm, ์ ๋ง‰์ƒํ”ผ 1.5 mm๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ๊ณต์˜ ์ง€๋ฆ„์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 14 mm(ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ธต)์—์„œ ์ตœ์†Œ 11 mm(์ ๋ง‰์ƒํ”ผ์ธต)๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์กฐ์ง์ธต์˜ ์—ด-๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ‘œ 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค(5).

Table 1. Thermo-physical properties of tissue

Layer

Density

(kg/me)

Specific heat

(J/kgโˆ™K)

Thermal conductivity

(W/mโˆ™K)

Skin

2000

3657

0.758

Adventitia

1027

2372

0.39

Cartilage

1100

3568

0.49

Epithelium

1102

3150

0.34

2.2 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น›์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ €์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ธ 1000 mW/cm2 ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹ ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋Š” 250 mW/cm2์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(6). ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 500 mW/cm2์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒญ์ƒ‰๊ด‘ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž„์ƒ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์„ ๋Ÿ‰์ด 300 J/cm2์„ ๋„˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” 300 s๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 405 nm ๋น›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ ์กฐ์ง์ธต์˜ ํก์ˆ˜ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ‘œ 2์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋น„์–ด์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™(Beerโ€™s law)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํก์ˆ˜๋œ ๊ด‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ฒด์  ์—ด์› Qext(W/me)์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Table 2. Optical properties of tissue

Layer

Absorption coefficient (cm-1)

Skin

27

Adventitia

0.002

Cartilage

60

Epithelium

10

(1)
$Q_{ext}(z)=\mu_{a}I_{0}\exp\left[-\mu_{a}\bullet z\right]$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $ฮผ_{a}$(cm-1)๋Š” ํก์ˆ˜ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜, $I_{0}$(W/cm2)๋Š” ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—๋„ˆ์ง€, $z$๋Š” ์กฐ์ง ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง ์•„๋ž˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋น›์ด ํก์ˆ˜๋œ ๊นŠ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค(7). ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋œ ๋น›์€ r ($r=\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}$) ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ๋น” ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ(Uniform beam profile)๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น›์ด ๊ฐ ์กฐ์ง์ธต์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํก์ˆ˜๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒํผ ๊ด‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, r์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ์ฐจ์› ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„์Šค๋“ฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๊ด‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ์‡  ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 405 nm ํŒŒ์žฅ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ์˜จ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(Finite element method)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์ฒด ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ’($T_{0}$)์€ 36.5 ยฐC๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์€ ์‹(2)์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ Pennes bioheat equation์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

(2)
$\rho C\dfrac{\partial T}{\partial t}=\nabla\bullet(k\nabla T)+\rho_{b}C_{b}\omega_{b}\left(T_{b}-T\right)+Q_{ext}$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $ฯ$(kg/me), $C$(J/kgโˆ™K), $k$(W/mโˆ™K)๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ€๋„, ๋น„์—ด, ์—ด์ „๋„๋„๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ‘œ 1์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์ˆœํ™˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ด ๊ตํ™˜($\rho_{b}C_{b}\omega_{b}\left(T_{b}-T\right)$)์€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•„ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค(8). ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋Š” ์ „๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ด ๊ตํ™˜์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ์œ—๋ฉด๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์™€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ด์†์‹ค($q_{conv}$)์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

(3)
$q_{conv}=h\bullet(T_{air}-T)$

$h$(W/m2โˆ™K), $T_{air}$(K)๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ‘œ 3์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์˜†๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ ๋ง‰์ƒํ”ผ์˜ ์•„๋žซ๋ฉด์€ ์—ด ์†์‹ค์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋‹จ์—ด ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 3. Coefficients for simulation

Property

Value

$h$ (W/m2โˆ™K)

10

$T_{air}$ (K)

293.15

$A_{f}$ (1/s)

3.1ร—1098

$E_{a}$ (J/mol)

6.27ร—105

$R$ (J/molโˆ™K)

8.36

๋ ˆ์ด์ €์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์—ด ์†์ƒ์€ ์‹(4)์˜ ์•„๋ฅดํ—ค๋‹ˆ์šฐ์Šค(Arrhenius) ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

(4)
$\Omega =A_{f}\exp(-E_{a}/(R\bullet T))$

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ $\Omega$, $A_{f}$(1/s), $E_{a}$(J/mol), $R$(J/molโˆ™K), $T$(K)๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋น„๋ก€ ์ƒ์ˆ˜, ๋นˆ๋„ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜, ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€, ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ƒ์ˆ˜, ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ํ‘œ 3์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์œ ๋„ ์—ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด $\ln(\Omega)$ ๊ฐ’์ด 0.53 ์ด์ƒ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 1๋„ ํ™”์ƒ, 1 ์ด์ƒ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 2๋„ ํ™”์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์ ๋ถ„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™”์ƒ์˜ ์ •๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(7). ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ 1 s ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜๋Š” 300 s ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ์˜ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹œ์ ์— ํšก๋‹จ๋ฉด(Cross-sectional)์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ์˜จ๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง์„ (x=-15-15, y=0, z=5.5)์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ๋ถ€์œ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ ์˜ ๊ฐ ์ธต๋ณ„ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธก์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 2. (a) Cross-sectional image of spatial temperature distribution under various laser intensity with 300 s irradiation times. Note that a color legend is on the right side. (b) Temperature distribution at the top surface of skin layer along with x-axis.
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2021.35.5.010/fig2.png

3. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2(a)๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹œ์ ์— ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ ํšก๋‹จ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์˜จ๋„์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 250, 500, 1000 mW/cm2 ๊ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ 405 nm ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ 300 s ๋™์•ˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์œ ๋„ ์—ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 39.6, 45.6, 57.8 ยฐC๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น›์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ธต์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋•Œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ธต์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ x์ถ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์˜จ๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2(b)์— ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. x์ขŒํ‘œ โ€“15 mm์—์„œ 15 mm๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ๊ณต์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋†’์€ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 3. Time-dependent temperature development in (a) skin, (b) adventitia, (c) cartilage, and (d) epithelium layer by 405 nm laser irradiation for 300 s.
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2021.35.5.010/fig3.png

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3์—์„œ๋Š” 405 nm ํŒŒ์žฅ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜๋Š” 300 s ๋™์•ˆ ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€, ์™ธ๋ง‰, ์—ฐ๊ณจ, ์ ๋ง‰์ƒํ”ผ์ธต ํ•œ ์ ์—์„œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ (a), (b), (c), (d)์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ธต์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์™ธ๋ง‰, ์—ฐ๊ณจ, ์ ๋ง‰์ƒํ”ผ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์˜จ๋„ ์ƒ์Šน์˜ ํญ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1000 mW/cm2 ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ 57.8 ยฐC, ์™ธ๋ง‰์—์„œ 51.3 ยฐC, ์—ฐ๊ณจ์—์„œ 47.6 ยฐC, ์ ๋ง‰์ƒํ”ผ์—์„œ 46.6 ยฐC๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ธต์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ฒด์  ์—ด์›์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ 1000 mW/cm2 ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ 300 s ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€, ์™ธ๋ง‰์ธต์—์„œ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ 46 ยฐC์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์€ ์˜จ๋„์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์  ์—ด ์†์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 500 mW/cm2 ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ 300 s ๋™์•ˆ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ”ผ๋ถ€, ์™ธ๋ง‰, ์—ฐ๊ณจ, ์ ๋ง‰์ƒํ”ผ์ธต์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 45.6, 42.4, 40.5, 40.0 ยฐC๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 500 mW/cm2 ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ธต์—์„œ๋„ 46 ยฐC ์ด์ƒ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ด ์†์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 250 mW/cm2 ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ธต์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ณ  39.5 ยฐC๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์™ธ๋ง‰, ์—ฐ๊ณจ, ์ ๋ง‰์ƒํ”ผ์ธต์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 37.9, 37.0, 36.7 ยฐC์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ 250 mW/cm2 ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ์—ด์ „๋„์™€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์™€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜ ์—ด ๊ตํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

Fig. 4. Expected thermal damage induced by laser irradiation under various light intensity for 300 s.
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2021.35.5.010/fig4.png

๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜จ๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ์ด์–ด ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๊ตญ์†Œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ด์ ์ธ ์†์ƒ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์  ์—ด ์†์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์•„๋ฅดํ—ค๋‹ˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ 300 s ๋™์•ˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์—ด ์†์ƒ์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 250, 500 mW/cm2 ๋‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜จ๋„์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ™”์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1000 mW/cm2์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ธต์—์„œ ์—ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ™”์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฝค์†” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์ ๋ถ„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ด ์†์ƒ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 15.4 mme์˜ 1๋„ ํ™”์ƒ๊ณผ 50.5 mme ์ฒด์ ์˜ 2๋„ ํ™”์ƒ์ด ์ƒ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ •์˜ํ•œ ๊ด‘ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ค‘ 1000 mW/cm2์˜ 405 nm ๋น›์„ 300 s ๋™์•ˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ƒ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ 2๋„ ํ™”์ƒ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์—ด์ ์ธ ์†์ƒ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ํ˜‘์ฐฉ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ €์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋ถ€์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  500 mW/cm2 ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๊ด‘ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ 46 ยฐC ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์–ด ํ™”์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, 40 ยฐC ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์˜จ๋„์— ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋ฉด ์„ธํฌ ์†Œ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋‚ด ๋ง‰ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ณ€์„ฑ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(9). ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด 250 mW/cm2 ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” 300 s ๋™์•ˆ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ 40 ยฐC ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์–ด ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด ์—ด์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ด‘ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” 40 ยฐC ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ด์  ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋œ 250 mW/cm2์˜ ๊ด‘ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ํ˜‘์ฐฉ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ €์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ ์ฆ๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ 250 mW/cm2 ์ดํ•˜์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด‘ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ํ˜‘์ฐฉ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ 405 nm ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ›„๋‘ ์ ˆ์ œ ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ์˜ ์—ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋‚ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น›์€ ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜(Collimation) ๋˜์–ด ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ์ผ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋น› ์‚ฐ๋ž€(Light scattering)๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง์ธต ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด‘์ž์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฌํ…Œ์นด๋ฅผ๋กœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค(10). ๋‘˜์งธ, ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์— ํ˜ธํก์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์—์„œ์˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ธํก ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์—ด ์†์‹ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ์†๋„ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—ด ์†์‹ค๋ฅ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค(11). ๋˜ํ•œ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์˜จ์Šต๋„, ์—ฐ๋ น, ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์˜ ๊ด‘ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ์—ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์˜จ์Šต๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์—ด ์†์‹ค ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ, ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ด-๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น›์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ๋กœ๋ชจํฌ์–ด(Chromophore)์˜ ๋†๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ 405 nm ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์—ด์  ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์œ ๋„ ์—ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ํ˜‘์ฐฉ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ 405 nm ๋ ˆ์ด์ €์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 405 nm ๋ ˆ์ด์ €์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ํ˜‘์ฐฉ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์ธตํ˜• ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์ƒ์ฒด ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ยท๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 405 nm ๋ ˆ์ด์ €์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜จ๋„ ์ƒ์Šน์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ด‘ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์  ์—ด ์†์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 500๊ณผ 1000 mW/cm2์˜ ์ฒญ์ƒ‰๊ด‘ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ 45.6๊ณผ 57.8 ยฐC๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์  ์†์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ํ˜‘์ฐฉ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์—ด ์†์ƒ ์—†์ด ๊ด‘ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 250 mW/cm2 ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์ฒญ์ƒ‰๊ด‘์ด ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ด-๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ , ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ์ˆ˜์น˜์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์—ด์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ํ•ด์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด‘ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ทธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒด ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2020ํ•™๋…„๋„ ๋ถ€๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์œก์„ฑ์‚ฌ์—…์ง€์›๋น„(PhiNX ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•™๋ฌธ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€์œก์„ฑ)์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ.

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Biography

Hanjae Pyo
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He received the B.S. degrees in biomedical engineering from Pukyong National University in Busan, Republic of Korea in 2019.

He is working toward his M.S. degree on laser therapy for gastric tumor treatment.

Hyeonsoo Kim
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He received the B.S. degree in biomedical engineering from Pukyong National University in Busan, Republic of Korea in 2020.

He is now an M.S. student at the Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering of the Pukyong National University.

His research interests include the areas of laser therapy for gastrointestinal disease.

Yeachan Lee
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He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in biomedical engineering from Pukyong National University in Busan, Republic of Korea in 2018 and 2020, respectively.

He is now a Ph.D. student at the Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering of the Pukyong National University.

His research interests include the areas of laser therapy for endoscopic applicators.

Hyun Wook Kang
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He received the B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Yonsei University, Republic ok Korea, in 2002 and the M.S. degree in mechanical engineering and the Ph.D. degree in biomedical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA, in 2004 and 2006, respectively.

From 2002 to 2006, he was a Research Assistant with the Biomedical Engineering Laser Laboratory.

In 2007, he joined the Laser Therapeutics Research Laboratory at American Medical Systems, San Jose, CA and worked as a senior research scientist on advanced laser therapy of urological diseases.

Since 2012, he has been a Professor with the Biomedical Engineering Department, Pukyong National University in Busan, Republic of Korea.

He is the author of more than 100 articles and more than 30 inventions.

His research interests include laser-tissue interactions, multifunctional endoscopic laser treatment, design of disease-targeted therapeutics, and commercialization of biomedical devices.

He has been a conference chair of the urology program at SPIE BiOS.