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Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers

ISO Journal TitleJ Korean Inst. IIIum. Electr. Install. Eng.

  1. (Researcher, Smart Electrics Researcher Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Korea)



Electric propulsion, Fuel cell, HILS, Liquid hydrogen, P-HILS

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด์™€ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค(GHG)๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์„ ์ €๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•ด ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์šด๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(IMO)๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๊ทœ์ œ์ฒญ์žญ์„ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. IMO๋Š” 1973๋…„ ์ œ์ •๋œ MARPOL ์˜์ •์„œ์˜ ๋ถ€์†์„œVI ๊ฐœ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ 2023๋…„ 80์ฐจ ํ•ด์–‘ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ์œ„์›ํšŒ(MEPC)์—์„œ๋Š” โ€˜2023 ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ฐ์ถ•์ „๋žตโ€™์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ 2050๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค(GHG)์˜ ์ˆœ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ 0์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” Net-Zero๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. EEDI(Energy Efficiency Design Index), EEXI(Energy Efficiency eXisting Index), CII(Carbon Intensity Indicator) ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์  ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ฐ์ถ•๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ด์šด๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค[1].

์ด์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์šด, ์กฐ์„ ์—…๊ณ„์™€ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ„, ์•”๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์•„, ์ˆ˜์†Œ ๋“ฑ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ „๋™ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์•ก์ฒด์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ ์ถ”์ง„๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•œํŽธ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ๊ฑด์กฐ์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์†Œ์š”๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ค๊ณ„๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ž์žฌ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ HILS๋‚˜ P-HILS์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ๊ทผ๋ž˜ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ •์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์™€ ์‹ค์ œ ์ „๋ ฅ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ชจํ„ฐ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ, ์ถ”์ง„๋ชจํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์„ค๊ณ„์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ค€๋‹ค.

์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์ถ”์ง„์„ ๋ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง๋ฅ˜์ „์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์™€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ „์› ๋ฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ „์›/๋ถ€ํ•˜์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•œ P-HILS ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ ์šฉ ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์€ ์ˆ˜ MW์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ MW์— ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ „์›/๋ถ€ํ•˜์žฅ๋น„๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ถ•์†Œ๋œ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ P-HILS ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ์•ก์ฒด์ˆ˜์†Œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ

์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ Fig. 1์˜ (a)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€, ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ(Generator Set), ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ(ESS), ํ’๋ ฅ, ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ „์›์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„๋ชจํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ํ”„๋กœํŽ ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‹จ์ผ ์ „์› ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ์ „์›์„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ์ถ”์ง„๋ชจํ„ฐ ์™ธ ์„ ๋‚ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜์—๋„ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค[2]. Fig. 1์˜ (b)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ”„๋กœํŽ ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ชจํ„ฐ์™€ ๋””์ ค์—”์ง„์˜ ๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋„ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ• ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์™€ ๋””์ ค์—”์ง„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋“œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ชจํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถฉ์ „์ด๋‚˜ ์„ ๋‚ด ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋กœ๋„ ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค[3]. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ „๊ธฐ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ „์›์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์—”์ง„๋™๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ์ „์›์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์šดํ•ญํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํƒ๋œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 1. (a) Electric propulsion system by various electric power sources(fuel cell, generator, battery(ESS)) and (b) hybrid propulsion system using mechanical power of motor and engine for rotating propeller shaft[4, 5]

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.506/fig1.png

์ „๊ธฐ์ถ”์ง„์„ ๋ฐ• ์ „์› ์ค‘ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๊ธฐ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜์ด๋‹ค. 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ ์šฐ์ฃผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ AFC๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ PEMFC, SOFC, MCFC, PAFC ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์™”๊ณ [4], ์„ ๋ฐ• ์ˆ˜์†ก๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ PEMFC์™€ MCFC, SOFC ๋“ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด ์ค‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ PEMFC์ด๋‹ค[5]. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์†Œ, ๋ฉ”ํƒ„(์ฒœ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค), ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ์ „๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์ด ์ ์€ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋  ํ•ด์šด๋ถ€๋ฌธ ๊ทœ์ œ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ์•ก์ฒด์ˆ˜์†Œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ CO2, ์งˆ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ(NOx) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ ๋ฐ•์šฉ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ ์•ก์ฒด์ˆ˜์†Œ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ๋ฐ•์šฉ ๋””์ ค์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฐ€๋„(Wh/kg)๊ฐ€ ๋†’์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฐ€๋„(Wh/L)๊ฐ€ 1/3์ •๋„๋กœ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด์•„๋„ ์•”๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์•„, ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ, LNG์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค[6, 7]. ์ด์— ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €์žฅ์šฉํƒฑํฌ์™€ BOP(Balance of Plant)๋ผ ์ง€์นญ๋˜๋Š” ์„ค๋น„๋กœ์„œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๊ณต๊ธ‰, ๋ณด๊ด€ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณด์กฐ์„ค๋น„๊ฐ€ ์„ ๋ฐ• ๋‚ด ์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ €์žฅ ๋ฐ ์•กํ™”์œ ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ธํ”„๋ผ, ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋น„์šฉ ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค[8, 9].

ํ•œํŽธ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๋Š” ์ถ”์ง„๋ชจํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณด์กฐ์ ์ธ ์ „์›์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ „์›์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์†๋„ ๋ฐ ์šดํ•ญํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚จ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Fig. 2๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋‹จ์„ ๋„๋กœ์„œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ(ESS), ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜, ์ถ”์ง„๋ชจํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ„ฐ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ, ์„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 2. Single line diagram of liquid hydrogen fuel cell propulsion system

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.506/fig2.png

3. P-HILS ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ

HILS(Hardware in the Loop Simulation)๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ์—†์ด ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž„๋ฒ ๋””๋“œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ Plant ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•ด ๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ์™ธ์—๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์šด์šฉ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์—†์ด ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„ ์‹œํ—˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ์ž‘์— ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—๋Š” HILS๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์€ ํฐ ์žฅ์ ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

HILS๋Š” Fig. 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•˜๋Š” Host PC, ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ, ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์šฉ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค(SCU), ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค[10].

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of HILS(Hardware in the Loop Simulation)

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.506/fig3.png

P-HILS(Power HILS)๋Š” HILS ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณต๊ธ‰์žฅ๋น„์ธ ํŒŒ์›Œ์•ฐํ”„(Power Amplifier)๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ์„œ ๋ชจํ„ฐ, ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜ ๋“ฑ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์šด์˜์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์–ด์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค[11].

์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์ถ”์ง„์„ ๋ฐ• ๋“ฑ ์ „๊ธฐ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ ๋ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ P-HILS๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์ถ”์ง„ ๊ธฐ์ž์žฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ฐ•์— ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์‹ค์ œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of power-HILS

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.506/fig4.png

Fig. 5. Configuration of P-HILS system for electric propulsion system

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.506/fig5.png

Fig. 4๋Š” P-HILS์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋„์ด๋ฉฐ Fig. 5๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ P-HILS ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์žฅ๋น„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๋ž˜ P-HILS ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์‹ค์ œ ์žฅ๋น„๋‚˜ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒŒ์›Œ์•ฐํ”„(Power Amplifier) ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŒŒ์›Œ์•ฐํ”„ ๋Œ€์‹  ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ „์›๊ณต๊ธ‰์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ถ•์†Œ๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” P-HILS ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ์ถ”์ง„ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ์ˆ˜ MW ์ด์ƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ํŒŒ์›Œ์•ฐํ”„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์›Œ์•ฐํ”„๋Š” 2์ƒํ•œ ๋˜๋Š” 4์ƒํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‘๋‹ต์†๋„์—์„œ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋‚˜ ์„ ๋ฐ• ์ „๊ธฐ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ํšŒ์ƒ์ œ๋™์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

4. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ

์šด์†ก์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐ•์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์ถœํ•ญ ์‹œ ์™ธ์— ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ถ”์ง„์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์ ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ํ„ฐ๊ทธ๋ณดํŠธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์–‘ ๋ฐ ์šดํ•ญํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ก์ฒด์ˆ˜์†Œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์™€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ „์›๋ถ€, ์ถ”์ง„๋ชจํ„ฐ์™€ ์„ ๋‚ด์ „๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜, ์ „์›๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ํ„ฐ๊ทธ๋ณดํŠธ์˜ ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด ํ„ฐ๊ทธ๋ณดํŠธ์˜ ๋””์ ค์—”์ง„์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์–‘์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ฃผ์ „์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ 1,800kW๊ธ‰ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ 2๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ 3.6MW๊ธ‰ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 250kWh ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(ESS) 2๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์›์œผ๋กœ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ฉ”์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์€ AC450V์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ „๋ ฅ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ์„œ ์ถ”์ง„๋ชจํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ, ์„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํ•˜(General Service)๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค.

Table 1์€ ์„ ๋ฐ• ๊ธฐ์ž์žฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์–‘์ด๋ฉฐ ์‹ค์ œ ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ถ”์ง„๋ชจํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ž์žฌ๋„ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋กœ ์šด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ž์žฌ๊ฐ€ 1๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜๋„๋ก Fig. 6๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 6. Diagram of simplified propulsion system for simulation

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.506/fig6.png

Table 1. Specification of fuel cell propulsion tugboat and equipment

Vessel Type

Tugboat

Fuel cell

PEMFC

1,800kW 2EA

Battery(ESS)

Li-ion

250kWh 2EA

Power System

AC 450V

Propulsion Motor

3-phase

Induction

1,600kW 2EA

General Service

~297kW

Max Speed

12knot

Max Power of Propulsion Motor

Normal

Towing

768kW

2600kW

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์„ ๋ฐ• ์šดํ•ญ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ธ ์šดํ•ญ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ํ„ฐ๊ทธ๋ณดํŠธ์˜ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐ์ถ”์ง„ ์„ ๋ฐ•์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ์†(knot), ์ถ”์ง„๋ชจํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ(kW), ์„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํ•˜(kW)๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ Table 2์— ๊ฐœ๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ„ฐ๊ทธ๋ณดํŠธ์˜ ์šดํ•ญํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋˜ ์šดํ•ญํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ™•์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋งŒ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด ์šดํ•ญ์‹œ๊ฐ„ 680์ดˆ์— 5๊ฐœ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์šดํ•ญ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ Fig. 7๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 7. Time series graph of the operating profile representing power(kW) of total load(red), propulsion motor(blue), general service(green)

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.506/fig7.png

Table 2. Operating profile for simulation

Operation

Mode

Time

(sec)

Speed

(knot)

Max.

Motor Power

(kW)

Max.

Total Load

(kW)

Maneuvering

(Departure)

170

0~12

768

961

Normal

(Departure)

100

12

768

998

Towing

140

0~6

2600

2897

Normal

(Arrival)

90

12

768

998

Maneuvering (Arrival)

180

0~12

768

961

Entire

Duration

680

0~12

2600

2897

5. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Fig. 6์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”๋œ ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ Fig. 8์˜ (a)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. AC๊ณ„ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ „์›๋ถ€(Power Source)์™€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ถ€(Load)๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ „์›์žฅ๋น„์™€ ์—ฐ๋™๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 6์˜ (b)๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์žฅ๋น„ ๊ฐ„ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง(Scope) ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋‚ด ์ „์› ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ CV์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ „์›์žฅ๋น„๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ชจ๋ธ์—์—์„œ CC์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์žฅ๋น„๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์›๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ „์›, ๋ถ€ํ•˜์žฅ๋น„ ๊ฐ„์—๋งŒ DC์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „์›๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์ „์••์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ „์›์žฅ๋น„์˜ CV์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์šดํ•ญํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์žฅ๋น„์˜ CC์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์žฅ๋น„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ผ์‹ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋‚ด Scope๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์žฅ๋น„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๋™์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 8. (a) Simulink model of electric propulsion system for liquid hydrogen propulsion ship and (b) signal linkage relation between simulation model and power device

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.506/fig8-1.png../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.506/fig8-2.png

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜(Total Load)์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 2,897kW์ด๋‹ค. 3์ƒ AC 450V๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ์ง๋ฅ˜์ „์••์€ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์‹ (1)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 577.147V์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ „์••์—์„œ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 5.02kA์ด๋‹ค.

(1)
$450\times\dfrac{\pi}{\sqrt{6}}=577.147$ [V]

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋™๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ „์›, ๋ถ€ํ•˜์žฅ๋น„์—๋Š” 1000:1๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œ๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ, ์ฆ‰ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 2.897kW๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ „์›, ๋ถ€ํ•˜์žฅ๋น„์— ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ์ „์••, ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ CV, CC์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์••์€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ 577.147V๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ•˜์žฅ๋น„์— ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ’(CC)์€ 1/1000๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 5.02A๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๋„๋ก ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ์ „์›์žฅ๋น„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ 1000๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋œ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 9์˜ (a)โˆผ(c)๋Š” Table 2์˜ ์ถ•์†Œ๋œ ์šดํ•ญ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ ๋ฐ Table 3์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋น„์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 680์ดˆ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ ํ›„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์žฅ๋น„์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์ „์••, ์ „๋ฅ˜, ์ „๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ด๋‹ค. (a)์™€ (b)๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ „์›์žฅ๋น„์— ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ์ „์•• ์ง€๋ น๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์žฅ๋น„์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์ „์••์ด๋‹ค. 577.147V์˜ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ „์••์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€๋™์€ ์—†๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ•˜์žฅ๋น„์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ๊ฐ’๋„ ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.

(b)์˜ ์ ์ƒ‰ ํŒŒํ˜•์€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ถ”์ง„๋ชจํ„ฐ์™€ ์„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•œ ์ด๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜๋Š˜์ƒ‰ ํŒŒํ˜•์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์žฅ๋น„์— CC์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ ๋’ค ๋ถ€ํ•˜์žฅ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค.

(c)๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์žฅ๋น„์—์„œ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ (a), (b)์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์ „์••, ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค.

์ „๋ฅ˜์™€ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ์šดํ•ญ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์˜ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์‹ค์ œ ์šดํ•ญ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ถ•์†Œ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์„ ์†์ด๋‚˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์žฅ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ผ์น˜๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 9. (a) Input voltage to the load in the simulation model(navy) and voltage measured from the power load device(orange), (b) total load current value in the simulation model(red) and total load current value measured from the power load device(sky blue), (c) load power (kW) in the simulation model(red) and load power (kW) measured from the power load device(sky blue)

../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.506/fig9.png

Table 3. Power value of the simulation model and converted value for device output

Max Value

in Simulation Model

Max Value

of Power Device

Ratio

Power

2,897kW

2.897kW

1000:1

Voltage

577.147V

577.147V

1:1

Current

5,019A

5.019A

1000:1

6. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์ถ”์ง„์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์šดํ•ญํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  P-HILS ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ„ฐ๊ทธ ๋ณดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์„ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์™€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ „์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์ถ”์ง„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ธ ์šดํ•ญ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์ž‘์„ฑ, ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ํ„ฐ๊ทธ ๋ณดํŠธ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์šดํ•ญ ์‹œ์˜ ์šด์ „ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ถ”์ง„์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ 680์ดˆ 5๊ฐœ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์šดํ•ญ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. P-HILS ์‹œํ—˜ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์›๊ณต๊ธ‰์žฅ๋น„ ๋ฐ ์‹œํ—˜๋Œ€์ƒ ์žฅ๋น„๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐ• ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋Œ€๋น„ 1000:1 ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ „์›๊ณต๊ธ‰์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ „์›๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ฐ›์€ ์ „์›/๋ถ€ํ•˜์žฅ๋น„์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ฐ’์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์„ ๋ฐ• ์šดํ•ญ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ P-HILS ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ์žฅ๋น„ ๊ฐ„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ–ฅํ›„ ์„ ๋ฐ• ๊ธฐ์ž์žฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•œ P-HILS๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์ถ”์ง„์„ ๋ฐ• ๋ฐ ์ „๊ธฐ์ถ”์ง„์„ ๋ฐ•, ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์„ ๋ฐ• ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ธฐ์ž์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํญ๋„“๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Acknowledgement

์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2024๋…„ ํ•ด์–‘์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ถ€ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์–‘์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ง„ํฅ์›์˜ ์ง€์›(์ „๊ธฐ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์ถ”์ง„์–ด์„  ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ธฐ์ž์žฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ : No. 20210369) ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ†ต์‚ฐ์ž์›๋ถ€ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€์›์˜ ์ง€์›(์•ก์ฒด์ˆ˜์†Œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์ถ”์ง„์„ ๋ฐ• ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ : No. 20213030030290)์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„.

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Biography

Du-San An
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.506/au1.png

He received his B.S. degree in Economics from Chonnam National University in 2008. He is currently pursuing the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from Chonnam National University and since 2021 he has been working on Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Gwangju, Korea. He is interested in power electronics converter, battery management and HILS.

Sang-Taek Lee
../../Resources/kiiee/JIEIE.2024.38.6.506/au2.png

He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Seoul National University of Technology, Seoul, Korea, in 1999 and the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from Hanyang University, Seoul, in 2001. From 2003 to 2009, he was with the Digital Appliances Research Laboratory, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Korea. He is currently a director of the Smart Electrics Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Gwangju, Korea. His current research interests are in the control of electric machine drives and power electronics converters.